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A STUDY ON MACHINE LEARNING TECHNIQUES TOWARDS THE DETECTION

OF DISTRIBUTED DENIAL OF SERVICE ATTACKS

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International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics
Volume 120 No. 6 2018, 7407-7423
ISSN: 1314-3395 (on-line version)
url: http://www.acadpubl.eu/hub/
Special Issue
http://www.acadpubl.eu/hub/

A STUDY ON MACHINE LEARNING

TECHNIQUES TOWARDS THE
DETECTION OF DISTRIBUTED
DENIAL OF SERVICE ATTACKS
Naveen Kumar Rangaraju1 , Shoban Babu Sriramoju2 ,
Dr .SSVN Sarma3
1
Asst Professor, Department of CSE,
Vaagdevi Engineering College,
Warangal, India
2
Professor, Department of CSE,
S R Engineering College,
Warangal, India
3
Retd. Professor, Department of CSE,
Vaagdevi College of Engineering,
Warangal, India
June 14, 2018

Abstract
Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks is a
genuine risk to the network security. Servers of numerous
organizations have been the adversities of such novel sort
of attacks. In a limited ability to focus time, these attacks
from the multiple bots controlled by the botmaster
(cracker) can without much of a stretch deplete the
registering and correspondence assets of the casualty. As
the attacker utilizes the spoofed IP address and thusly
cracker leaves the botnet rapidly after it executes the
charge, accordingly recognizing the attacker is to a great

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degree troublesome. In this manner we require an

intelligent intrusion detection system (IDS) for DDoS
attacks to protect the network services. To build up the
system we used the different machine learning techniques
for detection and investigation of the conduct of DDoS
bundles utilizing anomaly-based approach. In this paper,
the work is completed on the novel kind of the DDoS
attacks that may happen in the network and application
layers, for example, (SIDDoS, HTTP Flood, Smurf and
UDP Flood). This work consolidates different understood
arrangement techniques: Nave Bayes, Multilayer
Perceptron (MLP), and Support Vector Machine (SVM)
and Decision trees.
Keywords:Naive Bayes, Bots, DDoS, IDS, MLP, SVM,
anomaly-based approach, Decision trees.

1 INTRODUCTION
The internet gives the network services to the numerous
associations and the administration firms. As of late the web and
network services have experienced the gatecrasher attacks. The
inaccessibility of these services notwithstanding for a brief span
makes the loss of advantages the two clients and the
organizations. Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks does
not take the information or cash from the casualties, rather its
primary object is to stick the service for quite a while. Since the
client dont have the capacity to re-utilize the services stuck by the
crackers, an organization assaulted by the attacker will lose
numerous advantages.
A DDoS assault can be started from numerous computers
(botnets or zombies) seized by the attacker (botmaster), and
afterward every PC will send an expansive number of packets to
the objective server all the while. The data transfer capacity of
the server gets depleted definitely while reacting to the
approaching packets lastly, the services stop. A botmaster leaves
the botnet rapidly after it had executed the charge and therefore
recognizing the cracker is amazingly troublesome. In this manner
detection of these DDoS attacks is the correct strategy as opposed
to identifying the crackers.

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The intrusion detection system (IDS) is a standout amongst

the most widely recognized answers for identifying the DDoS
attacks and jelly the confidentiality, integrity and the accessibility
of the network resources. IDS system utilizes the machine learning
techniques to identify and dissect the different novel kinds of the
DDoS attacks in an intelligent way. The order and detection of
network activity is based on a few highlights like normal packet
estimate, between entry time, packet measure, packet rate, bit
rate, and so on which are utilized to quantify and decide if the
network movement is authentic or spoofed.

2 BACKGROUND: WHY DDOS

ATTACK?
DDoS attacks have made extreme harm servers and will cause
significantly more noteworthy terrorizing to the advancement of
new Internet services. Recently worldwide ransomware infection
named as Wannacry have stopped network services in around 99
nations. As indicated by late reports by Kaspersky Lab final
quarter of 2015 saw that resources in 69 nations were focused by
Botnet helped attacks. Moreover last quarter saw the longest
Botnet construct DDoS assaults which went in light of for 371
hours i.e. 15.5 days approx. Attackers utilized IoT devices to
complete DDoS attacks for instance, scientists discovered that
900 CCTV cameras around the globe were traded off and shaped
a botnet later on utilized for DDoS attacks. Another kind of
assault was distinguished by Kaspersky lab specialists on web
resources fueled by the Word Press content management
system(CMS), in which JavaScript code was infused into the
collection of web resources which at that point tended to the
objective asset for the benefit of the client’s program. One such
DDoS assault kept going 10 hours and along these lines plainly
the energy of DDoS attacks has not lessened with time.

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3 DDOS ATTACK
Distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks are one of the real
dangers to the present Internet. In DDoS assault an attacker
endeavor to avert real clients of a service from utilizing that
service. DDOS is a distributed denial of service assault did from
numerous sources at the same time, so there’s not only maybe a
couple IP delivers to piece. The outsider services like DNS or
NTP wound up helpless against such attacks, so you are really
observing packets from authentic destinations like organizations
or colleges which can’t be shut down, however there are
continuous tasks to find and inform these locales concerning the
issue and motivate them to fix their service. We layout the subtle
elements of such sort of attacks for clearness as appeared in fig 1.
On the off chance that ’An’ an attacker has IP address 1.2.3.4 and
’B’ casualty has IP address 5.6.7.8, ’A’ can send a packet with ’B’
IP address 5.6.7.8 as the source to xyz.com and say ”disclose to
me about X”. So xyz.com sends a cluster of information to
attacker ’A’ that he didn’t request. In the event that ’A’ do that
to abc.com, def.com and so on all requesting that they send
information to 5.6.7.8, that is a DDOS assault. Subsequently
association cushion of the casualty will be topped off with pending
associations which will never be finished, and in this manner keep
it from noting new demands that might be legitimate.

A. UDP Flood Attack

The most widely recognized sort of the DDoS assault is the
UDP surge assault. Since UDP (User Datagram Protocol) being
the session less networking convention, hence it is defenseless
against the noxious attacks. In UDP Flood assault attacker sends
extensive number of UDP packets to irregular ports of their
objective server, which brings about immersion of the network
and the consumption of accessible data transmission for honest to
goodness service solicitations to the casualty system [10]. On
getting a UDP packet, a casualties system will endeavor to decide
the holding up application on the goal port. An ICMP packet is
generated if there is no application looking out for the port. On
the off chance that UDP packets being conveyed to ports of the
casualty are vast the host resources will be sapped which will

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Figure 1: DDOS attack Types Of DDOS Attack

prompt unavailability [1].The attacker can likewise spoof the IP

address of the packets in the UDP surge assault .therefore, the
arrival ICMP packets won’t achieve their host, consequently
anonymizing the assault.

B. ICMP(Ping) Flood
It is like the UDP flood attack. This attack basically misuses
the Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) utilized at the
network layer, which empowers clients to send a resound packet to
a remote host to check whether it’s alive. In an ICMP flood
attack the casualty’s network is flooded with ask for packets. This
point is to get an answer from the casualty. By and large sending
packets as quick as conceivable without sitting tight for answers
brings about the consumption of the bandwidth of the casualty’s
network. This sort of attack can expend both active and
approaching bandwidth, since the casualty’s servers will often
endeavor to react with ICMP Echo Reply packets, coming about a
critical general system lull. Completing such an attack is reliant
on attackers knowing the IP address of their objective.

C. Smurf Attack
The Smurf attack utilizes the reverberate reaction component
of ICMP and is like the ICMP flood attack .In a Smurf attack, the

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casualty is flooded with Internet Control Message Protocol

(ICMP) resound answer packets. This attack utilizes IP
broadcasting in which when a packet is sent to an IP communicate
address from a machine on the nearby network, that packet is
conveyed to all machines on that network. Under these conditions,
the attacker communicates packets with the spoofed source IP
deliver focused to the casualty. Since the packets are sent at
communicate address, it is gotten by every one of the hubs inside
the network [9]. Every hub reacts back to the casualty machine
since the source IP address is spoofed as that of the casualty’s
address. This makes a lot of reverberate reaction packets along
these lines making the network insecure and making a network
clog the casualty. However Smurf attacks are not compelling
under IPv6 as when a hub gets a packet in IPv6 with a connection
layer communicate address it doesn’t generate a reaction.

D. Ping of Death (PoD)

In Ping of Death Attack (PoD), the victims system is flooded
with various contorted or distorted ping packets to destabilize it
or end the casualty’s system and the attacker utilizes the larger
than usual packets by only a basic ping command. Since the most
extreme packet length permitted at the application layer is 65,535
bytes. In any case, the Data Link Layer restrains the most
extreme casing size to - for instance 1500 bytes over an Ethernet
network. Accordingly the IP packets are fragmented into the
multiple IP packets at the datalink and the beneficiary host
reassembles the IP fragments into the total packet. In a Ping of
Death the attacker controls the piece content and the casualty
winds up with an IP packet which is bigger than 65,535 bytes
when reassembled. This causes memory cushions flood distributed
for the packet, prompting denial of service for honest to goodness
packets [10]. Despite the fact that vulnerabilities prompting PoD
are being fixed in a few systems, unpatched systems are as yet
helpless against these attacks. In Ping of death attacks the
casualty’s personality can be effortlessly spoofed and furthermore
it doesn’t require the itemized information of the casualty’s
machine, along these lines PoD is very effective.

E. HTTP Flood Attack

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HTTP flood attack is the application layer attack in which the

attacker misuses the HTTP GET or POST solicitations to attack
a web server or application. This kind of attack can cause
bandwidth depleting (HTTP flooding) and asset debilitating. The
attacker may utilize the GET strategy to abuse the bandwidth
depleting by focalizing the source movement to a gathering of
focuses and results in the high HTTP ask for rate from the
attacker. These attacks are likewise altogether harder to
distinguish and square. A HTTP customer like a web program
talks to an application or server by sending a HTTP ask for both
of GET or POST compose [1]. A GET strategy is utilized to ask
for a report from the server while a POST technique is utilized to
send some data from the customer to the server or to get to
powerfully generated resources. In any case if the HTTP GET ask
for is fragmented, the Client never sends the entire HTTP header
yet sends only a piece of it. Customer keeps on sending ensuing
headers at general interims to keep attachment alive. The flooding
of these inadequate solicitations brings about the depleting of the
bandwidth of the server’s resources. In this manner all the honest
to goodness clients are denied access to these accessible resources.
HTTP GET-based attacks are more straightforward to make, and
can be more effective if there should be an occurrence of an
extensive number of botnets. The POST strategies misuses the
HTTP flood attack in similar way than the GET strategy by
utilizing the fragmented solicitations. It powers the server or
application to apportion the greatest resources conceivable
because of each single demand. In that capacity it is the most
asset expending.

F. SIDDoS Attacks
SQL Injection Distributed Denial of Service (SIDDoS) is a
cutting edge DDoS application layer attack where attackers embed
a pernicious SQL statement as a string that will go to the site’s
database as a condition (e,g through the information esteems in
the site shape), and afterward wrongfully enabling access to the
resources or to put away information on servers [1]. A SIDDOS
attack devours the server’s resources if the noxious code is then
sent to the server’s execution inconclusively. The SIDDOS attack
make the service inaccessible for customers by changing their own

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data and in this manner can take the client information. This
kind of DDoS will harmfully affect a web service and make it back
off briefly and interfering with the services.

4 MACHINE LEARNING
TECHNIQUES USED IN DDOS
ATTACK DETECTION
Signature based IDS is a human dependent process as it requires a
few worker hours to test, make and send those signature and
again make new signature for obscure attacks. In this manner it
ends up important to offer a less human dependent system.
Anomaly based IDS based on Machine Learning dialects gives an
answer for this issue, they help in actualizing a system that can
gain from information and give expectation to the concealed
information based on the scholarly information. For instance, we
could prepare machine learning system on approaching packets
with the goal that it can recognize nosy and ordinary packet. Fig
underneath demonstrates a portion of the ordinarily utilized
machine learning techniques for detection of DDoS attack.

A. Naive Bayes
Naive Bayes is based on the Bayesian strategy for performing
the classification process. It is a straightforward and simplest
procedure for developing classifiers: models that appoint class
names to issue occurrences, spoke to as vectors of highlight
esteems, where the class marks are drawn from some limited set.
Paper composed by Kanagalakshmi.R et al. [13] suggested that
utilization of Hidden Nave Bayes (HNB) gives more accurate
outcomes than the conventional Nave Bayes demonstrate.
Covered Naive Bayes (HNB) model can be associated with
interruption discovery issues (DOS attacks) that experience the
evil impacts of dimensionality exceedingly related features and
high system Data stream volumes [13]. It is a data mining model
that extricates the naive Bayes strategies Conditional
fair-mindedness presumption. Mouhammad Alkasassbeh et al [1]
in his paper gathered new dataset that comprise of DDOS attacks

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in various network layers. DDoS attacks are distinguished utilizing

three techniques : Nave Bayes, Random Forest and Multilayer
perceptron(MLP). MLP demonstrated the most elevated
exactness rate (98.63%) when contrasted with different techniques.
Jasreena Kaur Bains et al in [15] proposed a progressive layered
approach for detection rate of attacks. The result of one layer is
passed on to another layer to expand the detection rate. In [17] R
Vijayasarathy et al utilizes a Naive Bayesian (NB) classifier to
plan a system to identify DoS attacks. The work incorporates
network demonstrating for two protocols TCP and UDP. V.
Hema et al [18] paper envelops incorporate stream connection
investigation alongside Nave Bayesian classification process with a
specific end goal to decide the barged in packets in the network.
Since the classification plot is based on back contingent
probabilities, it recognizes attacks that happen in a questionable
circumstance .The outcomes demonstrate that the proposed plan
can effectively group packets than existing classification models.

B. Support Vector Machine

Support Vector Machine (SVM) was at first proposed by
Vapnik and from that point forward has pulled in a ton of
consideration in the machine learning research group. SVM
performs the classification and relapse by utilizing the managed
learning technique [7].Given a set of preparing cases, each set
apart as having a place with one of two classifications, a SVM
calculation assembles a model that predicts whether another case
can be categorized as one of the two classes. Vipin Das et al. [9]
in 2010 led an examination to distinguish DOS attacks utilizing
RST (rough set theory) and SVM (support vector machines). At
first packets were caught from the network and RST was utilized
to pre-process the data. At that point the outcomes are
contrasted and PCA (Principal component analysis) and
demonstrates that RST and SMV could decrease false positive
rate thus expanding the exactness. T. Subbulakshmi et al [10]
composed a paper in which the principle objective was to screen
the online network and consequently start a barrier component if
any suspicious movement is encountered. Both non-spoofed and
spoofed IP can be identified utilizing this approach. The creator
utilizes Enhanced Support Vector Machines (ESVM) to recognize

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Non spoofed IPs and Hop Count Filtering (HCF) instrument to

identify spoofed IPs. These IPs are utilized to start the protection
process. Lanchester Law is utilized to compute quality of the
attack which is utilized to starts the barrier component.
Rung-Ching Chen et al [11] composed a paper in which RST and
SMV were utilized to recognize dos attacks with various list of
capabilities (got from RST) provided to SVM. The point of
convergence of paper created by T.Subbulakshmi et al [10] was to
make the Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) recognition
dataset and recognize them using the Enhanced Support Vector
Machines. The Enhanced Multi Class Support Vector Machines
(EMCSVM) is utilized for detection of the attacks into different
classes for a generated dataset and SVM is utilized for the
assessment of EMCSVM.

C. Decision Trees
Decision tree is one of the basic technique utilized as a part of
the machine learning and data mining. It is used as a farsighted
model in which discernments around a thing are mapped to
choices about the thing’s goal regard. In the process of decision
analysis, a decision tree can be utilized to speak to decisions and
decision making outwardly and unequivocally. In this estimation,
the informational collection is learnt and shown. Therefore, at
whatever point another data thing is given for classification, it
will be classified as needs be found out from the past dataset.
Decision Tree calculation can likewise be utilized for DOS attack
detection. Hoda Waguih [2], in his paper proposed a data mining
approach to identify DOS attacks, utilizing classification
techniques. The above approach lays its premise on classifying
”ordinary” traffic against ”strange” traffic in the feeling of DoS
attacks. The paper assesses the performance of J48 decision tree
calculation for the detection of DoS attacks. Md. Farid [3] in their
paper proposed a learning calculation for anomaly based network
intrusion detection system that recognizes attacks from typical
practices and distinguishes distinctive kinds of intrusions utilizing
decision tree calculation. Data set utilized is KDD99 benchmark
network intrusion detection dataset.

D. Artificial Neural Network

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In 1943 McCulloc and Pitts presented a set of disentangled

neurons in artificial neural network. These neurons were spoken to
as models of natural networks into reasonable components for
circuits that could perform computational assignments. The
essential model of the artificial neuron is established upon the
usefulness of the natural neuron. Chandrika Palagiri
demonstrated that a displaying network can accomplish a
reasonable outcome to demonstrate a Neural Network,
particularly for an individual attack. Scientists often center
around a Neural Network that can settle on decisions rapidly and
for continuous detection [14]. Wei Pan and Weihua Li utilized a
half and half Neural Network technique, in which a crossover
Neural Network comprising of a self-organizing map (SOM) and
outspread premise capacities to classify and recognize DDoS
attacks. The proposed technique accomplished an attractive
exactness rate come about for identifying and classifying DDoS
attacks [16]. This paper concentrated on enhancing the
performance of the RBP classifier by a mix of outfit of classifier
yields and Neyman Pearson cost minimization strategy, for
definite classification decision. Detection precision and Cost per
test were the two measurements assessed to examine the
performance of the RBPBoost classification calculation. Results
demonstrate that RBPBoost calculation accomplishes high
detection exactness with less false cautions. It decides whether it
will be it is workable for a firewall to examine its own traffic
patterns to distinguish endeavored denial of service. In this paper,
a gauge of the network was controlled via doing the measurable
examinations of firewall logs for an extensive network. Evaluated
traffic levels were anticipated utilizing straight relapse and
Holt-Winter techniques for correlation with the standard. The
consequences of the exploration were sure with fluctuation from
the anticipated rejected packet levels effectively showing an attack
in the test network.
In the proposed IDS, creator likewise utilized signature-based
technique. IDSs is planned utilizing the neural network that can
distinguish distinctive sorts of DoS attacks and composed a
separate IDS for every one to recognize that particular attack.

E. K-Mean Clustering

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K-means clustering is a clustering technique ordinarily used to

consequently parcel a data set into k gatherings. The K-means
clustering calculation works by choosing k starting cluster focuses
in a data set and afterward iteratively refining them as takes after:
1. Each occasion is relegated to its nearest cluster focus.
2. The mean of its constituent cases is refreshed to every one of
the cluster focus.

The calculation focalizes when there is no further change in

task of cases to clusters. [5] Mangesh, D. Salunke et al[7] proposed
an engineering that catches packets ,these packet are the
controlled by the necessity, for example, include determination,
transformation and so forth then k-means and naive Bayes
classification techniques are utilized to classify whether the packet
is typical or is DOS attack. The recreated botnet follows were
blended with the ordinary Internet traffic in an examination
completed by Xiaonan Zang et al. [6] by bringing together the
RTT removed from genuine hopeful traffic in the wake of filtering.
At that point the botnet C&C traffic are recognized utilizing
various leveled and K mean clustering algorithms. This
preparatory examination has demonstrated the ability of the
Hierarchical and K mean clustering in recognizing botnet streams
and gives a RTT alteration strategy in blending the botnet follow
with the background typical internet traffic.

F. Fuzzy Logic
Fuzzy logic is gotten from fuzzy set theory under which
thinking is estimated instead of definitely gotten from classical
predicate logic. By the assistance of fuzzy factors or phonetic
terms, intrusion detection highlights can be seen effectively and
decision of typical and irregular movement in the network are
based on its fluffiness nature that can distinguish the level of
maliciousness of a hub. This issue separates into two difficulties,
the first being the genuine detection of the DDoS occasion taking
spot and the second being the recognizable proof of the offending
IP addresses. Additionally creator figured out how to acquire
comes about under a 3 sec detection window. R. Shanmugavadivu
planned a fuzzy logic-based system for effectively recognizing the
intrusion exercises inside a network. Creator utilized robotized

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strategy for age of fuzzy rules, which are acquired from the
unequivocal rules utilizing continuous things. The principle
commitment of Fuzzy based detection and prediction system
(FBDPS) was to distinguish the DDoS attackers by contrasting
the vitality utilization of sensor nodes. The nodes with unusual
vitality utilizations are recognized as malicious attacker. Besides,
FBDPS is intended to recognize the kinds of DDoS attack as
indicated by the vitality utilization rate of the malicious nodes.

G. Genetic Algorithms
Genetic Algorithms are another machine learning approach
based on the standards of evolutionary calculation. Genetic
calculation based intrusion detection system is used to recognize
intrusion in view of past direct. A profile is made for the typical
conduct based on that genetic calculation learns and takes the
decision for the concealed patterns. Genetic calculations moreover
used to make rules for organize intrusion detection. Rule set is
generated via preparing GA on KDD Cup 99 data set to recognize
attacks on the system. To generate a rule set, the calculation
considers diverse highlights in network associations of KDD Cup
99. Various Parameters and the evolution processes for GA are
examined and executed. This approach utilizes evolution theory
to information evolution so as to channel the traffic data and in
this manner lessen the multifaceted nature. GA is utilized to
generate rules to distinguish DOS attacks. The GA is prepared on
KDD (Knowledge revelation and data mining) container 99
dataset to generate a rule set that can distinguish DOS attacks.
These rules are connected on IDS system which has a component
of data encryption for shielding packets from intruders.

5 CONCLUSION
After thorough survey, it is reasoned that network attacks are
exceptionally unsafe and IDS/IPS does not take into account the
most recent attacks which are influencing the networks. Machine
learning techniques are assuming imperative part in getting to the
seriousness of the attack and subsequently helping the
associations to take fitting decisions to limit such attacks. In

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future an exhaustive report will be completed on the data sets

which contains the most recent sorts of attacks like HTTP flood,
SIDDoS, Smurf and UDP flood and so forth are gathered from the
college network utilizing machine learning techniques. This will
discover the seriousness of the attacks over the college network or
any association, with the goal that proper firewall rules will be
connected to the network.

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