STAT-Descriptive Stat

Statistics
Topic 1: Descriptive statistics

Descriptive statistics
• Study on the numerical and graphical ways to

describe and display your data.
• We will learn to calculate and interpret
measurements and graphs
Stem-and-leaf graphs
• To create the plot, divide each observation of data into a stem and a
leaf.
• The leaf consists of a final significant digit. For example, 23 has stem
two and leaf three. The number 432 has stem 43 and leaf two.
• Write the stems in a vertical line from smallest to largest
• Then write the leaves in increasing order next to their corresponding
stem.
• The stemplot is a quick way to graph data and gives an exact picture
of the data. You want to look for an overall pattern and any outliers
Example-1
• Scores for the midterm exam of students of ACO-22 &
MAR-22 were as follows (smallest to largest):
33; 42; 49; 49; 53; 55; 55; 61; 63; 67; 68; 68; 69; 69; 72;
73; 74; 78; 80; 83; 88; 88; 88; 90; 92; 94; 94; 94; 94; 96;
100
✓Please complete the stem-leaf plot for the data shown
and give an analysis
Solution-1
The stemplot shows that most scores fell in
the 60s, 70s, 80s, and 90s. Eight out of the
31 scores or approximately 26% were in the
KEY→ 3 | 3 90s and 100s
represents 33
Example-2
• The data are the distances (in kilometers) from a
home to local supermarkets. Create a stemplot using
the data: 1.1; 1.5; 2.3; 2.5; 2.7; 3.2; 3.3; 3.3; 3.5; 3.8;
4.0; 4.2; 4.5; 4.5; 4.7; 4.8; 5.5; 5.6; 6.5; 6.7; 12.3
Do the data seem to have any concentration of

values?
Solution-2
Values appear to
concentrate at three and
KEY→ 1 | 1 represents 1.1
four kilometers
Practice Problem!
Hint: This will be a side-by-side stemplot.
Two leaves going out from one stem
Line Graph
• A general frequency table needs to be prepared first

• The x-axis (horizontal axis) consists of data values and the
y-axis (vertical axis) consists of frequency points.
• The frequency points are connected using line segments.
Example-1
Solution-1
Practice Problem
Bar Graphs
• Consist of bars that are separated from each other

• The bars can be rectangles or they can be rectangular
boxes (used in three-dimensional plots), and they can
be vertical or horizontal
Example-1
Solution-1
Example-2
Solution-2
Ice cream sold in July and August
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4
July August
Example-3
Solution-3
Pie Chart
• A pie chart is a circle which is divided into slices (sectors) to show
proportion
• They show the relative size of categories of data compared to each
other, rather than their actual size or number
• For example, if we were looking at the proportions of men and women
working in a company, we are more interested in the relative sizes than
the actual numbers of men and women
• There are 360° in a circle, and we can use this to help us calculate the
size of each slice of the pie chart
Example-1
• The following data is collected for a class of 30 students about their
favourite colour
• STEP 1 – Find the number of degrees that represents 1 student
There are 30 students in total, so 360° = 30 students
Divide both sides by 30, so 12° = 1 student
• STEP 2 - Calculate the angle for each category by finding a
Solution 1 fraction of 360°
• 11 students out of 30 said red was their favourite colour, so this is
11 over 30 cross times 360 degree equals 132 degree
Solution 1 (CTD.)
• STEP 3 – Draw the pie chart, using a protractor to
measure the angles, Start by drawing a vertical line
from the centre of the circle to the top ("12
o'clock")
Then use your protractor to measure the first
angle, and draw a line to this point
Move your protractor to this line, and repeat for
each category
• You should include a key or labels to show which
slice represents which category
Solution 1 (complete)
Practice Problem
• 20 students from Alatoo College run 5km. Their times, correct to the
nearest minute, are recorded and the results are shown in the table.
• a) Complete the table with accurate information

• b) Draw the pie chart representing the data
Histograms
One advantage of a histogram is that it can readily display large data sets
A rule of thumb is to use a histogram when the data set consists of 100 values or more
A histogram consists of side-by-side (adjoining) boxes. It has both a horizontal axis and a vertical axis.
The horizontal axis is labeled with what the data represents (for instance, distance from your home to
school)
The vertical axis is labeled either frequency or relative frequency (or percent frequency or probability).
The histogram (like the stemplot) can give you the shape of the data, the center, and the spread of the
data
Explanations!
Example-1
• The table below shows
information regarding the
average speeds travelled
by trains in a region of the
UK.
The data is to be plotted
on a histogram. Work out
the frequency density for
each class interval
Solution-1
Example
A histogram is shown representing the
distances achieved by some athletes
throwing a javelin.
There are two classes missing from the
histogram. Add them on the diagram
Solution
• Before completing the histogram, remember to show clearly you've
worked out the missing frequency densities.
Example
The table below and its
corresponding histogram show the
mass, in kg, of some new born
bottlenose dolphins.
Example
a) Use the table and histogram to find the value of k in the formula
b) Estimate the number of dolphins whose weight is greater than 13 kg.

Solution
Solution
Solution
Practice Problem
Practice PRoblem

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Statistics

Topic 1: Descriptive statistics

• Study on the numerical and graphical ways to

Do the data seem to have any concentration of

• A general frequency table needs to be prepared first

• Consist of bars that are separated from each other

• a) Complete the table with accurate information

b) Estimate the number of dolphins whose weight is greater than 13 kg.

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