Biological Conversation

190 Selected abstracts
survival and exposure to low-level flying was seen during metals and hydrocarbons, organic enrichment by sewage,
the pre-calving period, during the late post-calving period agricultural run-off, land-claim and sea-level rise are iden-
to insect harassment, and during fall. Jets should avoid tiffed as major threats posed to Scottish estuaries. Land-
overflying woodland caribou calving range at least during claim and sea level rise both lead to large-scale and per-
the last week of May and the first three weeks of June. manent loss of intertidal area and they are consideredthe
-from Authors most pressing comervation problems. -Author
93Z/00028 Aspects of intertidal ecology with reference

Regional to conservation of Scottish seashores
M. Wilkinson, Proceedings - Royal Society of Edinburgh,
93Z/00024 The ecology of H u m b o l d t Bay, California, Section B, 100, 1992, pp 77-93.
an estuarine profile In the Scottish context there is a particular variety of
R . A . Bamhart, M. J. Boyd & J. E. Pequegnat, Biological shores meriting conservation on the west coast sea laths.
Report - US Fish & Wildlife Service, 1, 1992,121 pp. So far, no intertidal effects of fish farming have been
Synthesizes data on the ecological relationships and func- demonstrated on them. Seaweed harvesting is Ioealised
tions of the estuary, including information on physical although it may need control in the longer tenn. A change
aspects of the bay environment; describes the biotic com- in the approach to protect areas might enable such habitats
munities and their relationships; provides management to be given protection without necessarily pursuing all the
considerations in terms including environmental concerns; biological survey possible in such diverse habitats. East
and identifies research and management information gaps. coast shores a n d those of the Solway area are less well-
Portions of the bay are managed as a national wildlife known but merit further study. -from Author
refuge. Management issues for this ecosystem include loss
of habitat and degradation of the environment by addi- 93Z/00029 The ecology and conservation of sublittoral
tional industrial development and nonpoint source pollu- h a r d s u b s t r a t u m ecosystems in Scotland
tion. -from Authors K. Hiscock, Proceedings - Royal Society of Edinburgh,
Section B, 100, 1992, pp 95-112.
93Z/00025 Biotic impoverishment of Amazonian
forests by r u b b e r tappers, loggers and cattle ranchers Conservation of sublittoral hard substratum habitats and
D . C . Nepstad, I. F. Brown, L. Luz, A. Alechandre & V. communities requires: description of the character and dis-
Viana, in: Non-timber products from tropical forests, ed tribution of habitats, communities and species; evaluation
D.C. Neptstad & S. Sehwartzman, (New York Botanical of survey information through application of nature conser-
Garden; Advances in Economic Botany, 9), 1992, pp 1-14. vation criteria; identification of areas/sites of nature con-
servation importance; establishment of appropriate consul-
Drawing on Brazilian ease studies from Acre (non-timber tative and statutory frameworks; obtaining information on
forest product (N'TFP) extraction) and NE Para (ranching biology of species, dynamics/longevity of natural com-
and logging), the authors compare the ecological impacts munities and species, and mechanisms 'driving' communi-
of these three land uses and conclude that biotic impover- ties; evaluation of damage and recovery; evaluation of
ishment associated with them is qualitatively similar but effects of diffuse pollution; informing, consulting and edu-
quantitatively distinct. Each land use reduces populations cating. -from Author
of native plant and animal species and reduces mature
forest cover. However, NTFP extraction depletes only a
handful of i?lant and animal species and leads to mature 93Z/00030 The benthos of soft sublittoral habitats
forest clearing at a rate that is comparable to natural T . H . Pearson, Proceedings - Royal Society of Edinburgh,
treefall gap formation. Logging and cattle ranching alter Section B, 100, 1992, pp 113-122.
100s to 1000s of species populations and remove roughly A brief outline of the characteristics and habitat of marine
one half of forest cover. Forest conversion to pasture, prac- sedimentary benthos is given together with a consideration
ticed by both ranchers and, to a leser extent, NTFP extrac- of the factors influencing the structure and distribution of
tors, clearly provokes the greatest biotic impoverishment benthic communities and the role of larval stages in
of the activittes discussed, for it can virtually eliminate the influencing recruitment to such communities. The bearing
native biota, reduces carbon storage in biomass, alters these ecological factors have for the conservation of such
hydrology and, potentially, provokes regional climate communities in Scottish waters is discussed in the context
change. -from Authors of current and potential threats to their present stability and
distributions. The rich communities of the fjordic and shelf
93Z/00026 A healthy North Sea ecosystem and a areas of the western coast and island groups merit the
healthy North Sea fishery: two sides of the same regula- greatest current concern for conservation, in the face of
tion increasing pressures from a range of developmental
E. Hey, Ocean Development & International Law, 23(2-3), actions. -Author
1992, pp 217-238.
Fishing activities axe not generally regulated in order to 93Z/00031 Ecological effects of afforestation: a case
protect and preserve the marine ecosystem, but rather to study of B u r r a t o r , D a r t m o o r
conserve stocks for future exploitation. This may have to S. Essex & A. Willlams, Applied Geography, 12(4), 1992,
.change,. as evidence shows that fishing activities axe hav- pp 361-379.
ing serious negative effects on the marine ecosystem. The less intensive management regime for the forests at
Although the obligation to ensure the protection of the Burrator has resulted in a woodland ecosystem with a more
environment also applies to fishing activities, international
complicated structure than might have been expected from
instruments are not tailored to deal with this issue. Within
the Euroupean Community the required integration of a more intensively managed scheme. -from Authors
environmental considerations into other policies, however,
provides an opportunity for tackling the matter. A precau- 93Z/00032 Steget fore - en presentation (The project
tionary approach should be adopted in regulating fishing One Step A h e a d . a presentation)
activities. -from Author M. Karstrom, Svensk Botanist Tidskrifl, 86(3), 1992, pp
103-113.
93Z/00027 Conservation of Scottish estuaries Jokkmokk, a commune in N Sweden, comprises 20
D. Raffaelli, Proceedings - Royal Society of Edinburgh, 000km 2 and is mainly covered with forests, mires and
Section B, 100, 1992, pp 55-76. alpine areas. A relatively great part of the ground which is
Reviews the physical and biological characteristics of now clear-felled for the first lame is more or less virgin
Scottish estuaries. A case is made for the conservation of a spruce forest. The project One Step Ahead was started in
range of habitats, including sand dunes, saltmarshes and 1987. The aim was to find forests with high nature conser-
intertidal flats, although the large-scale protection of estua- vation values well before felling was planned. Forests are
fine intertidal areas may depend more on their perceived ~uickly scanned .for the presence of vascular plants,
importance as feeding areas for shorebirds and fish, rather lichens and fungi mdicaung conlmuity. Rotting wood only
than their very real intrinsic value. Contamination by exists in (near) virgin forest. -from English summary

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190 Selected abstracts

93Z/00028 Aspects of intertidal ecology with reference

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