1

Bachelor of Science in
Mechanical Engineering
Engineering Drawing (ES 1)

By: Engr. Dennis P. Manejero, M.Eng-ME, RMP

This instructional material was collaboratively developed and reviewed by Mindanao

Polytechnic College Academic Council. We encourage teachers and other education
stakeholders to email their feedback, comments and recommendation to
[email protected]

This Self-Learning Material is issued to : __________________

MINDANAO POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE

Engineering Drawing
Self-Learning Material (SLM)
First Edition, 2020

Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names,
trademarks, etc.) included in this SLM are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every
effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their
respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership
over them.

Printed and Distributed at Mindanao Polytechnic College

Office Address: Makar Junction, Labangal, General Santos City, Philippines, 9500
Contact No: 554-0626/09990361177
E-mail Address: [email protected]
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to the Engineering Drawing Self-Learning Material (SLM)!

This SLM was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by the academic council of
the institution to assist you, the teacher or facilitator in helping the learners meet the standards
set by the prescribed CHED PSG’s while overcoming their personal, social, and economic
constraints in schooling.

This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent learning
activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help learners acquire the
needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of the SLM:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies that
will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this SLM. You also need
to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to manage their own learning.
Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist the learners as they do the tasks
included in the SLM.

For the learner:

Welcome to the Engineering Drawing Self-Learning Material (SLM)

The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often used to depict skill,
action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create and accomplish. Hence, the
hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a learner is capable and empowered to
successfully achieve the relevant competencies and skills at your own pace and time. Your
academic success lies in your own hands!

This SLM was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for guided and
independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to process the contents
of the learning resource while being an active learner.
This SLM is composed of three modules: prelim topics, midterm topics and final topics. Each
module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

What I Need to Know This will give you an idea of the skills or
competencies you are expected to learn in the
module.

What I Know This part includes an activity that aims to check

what you already know about the lesson to take. If
you get all the answers correct (100%), you may
decide to skip this module.

What’s New In this portion, the new lesson will be introduced to

you. It provides a brief discussion of the lesson.
This aims to help you discover and understand
new concepts and skills

What I Have Learned This includes questions or blank

sentence/paragraph to be filled in to process what
you learned from the lesson.

Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your level of

mastery in achieving the learning competency.

Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in the

module.

At the end of this SLM you will also find:

References This is a list of all sources used in developing this

Self-Learning Material.

The following are some reminders in using the module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the module.
Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities included
in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in each module, do not hesitate to
consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are not alone.

We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning and gain deep
understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!
 To ensure the coherency of course outcomes to the program outcomes up to the institution’s vision, mission and goal, the Outcome Based
Teaching and Learning Detailed Teaching Syllabus (OBTL-DTS) for this course is hereby presented below.

OUTCOME-BASED TEACHING AND LEARNING

DETAILED TEACHING SYLLABUS
ENGINEERING DRAWING (ES 1)

INSTITUTION:

MPC VISION

The Mindanao Polytechnic College shall be a premier educational institution in Southern Philippines which aims to imbue
its academic community with the values of integrity, honesty, transparency and intellectual excellence.

MPC MISSION

Mindanao Polytechnic College is genuinely concerned with the total development of the human person. It is committed
to attain the ideals of excellence through a well –integrated educational program of instruction, research and community
involvement responsive to the challenges of nation building and global competitiveness.

MPC GOAL

The Mindanao Polytechnic College aims to produce competent professionals.

DEPARTMENT:

BSME VISION
MPC – Mechanical Engineering Department is to be recognized and certified nationally by an accrediting body as one of
the leading programs in education and research.

BSME MISSION
To provide high-quality education, research and service to prepare graduates for successful and diverse careers in
mechanical engineering and related fields.
Employing student – centered and collaborative educational strategies, the program strives to prepare graduates to
address the evolving needs of society, engage in leadership and be creative agents for the development of a more competitive,
innovative, and sustainable industry in the Philippines.

A. Coherency of PEO to HEI’s Mission:

Mindanao Polytechnic College mission statements:

M1. To demonstrate characteristics of total development as a human person.

M2. To attain the ideals of excellence through the well – integrated educational program of instruction, research and
community involvement responsive to the challenges of nation building and global competitiveness.

MPC
Program Educational Objectives (PEOs) Mission
M1 M2
Graduates apply the theoretical knowledge of mathematics and natural sciences as well as the background
PEO1 √
knowledge they have learned to acquire the experience and practical skills required of professional engineers.
Graduates advance in their careers as engineers, to enable them to contribute to the developmental effort of
PEO2 √
the country as entrepreneurs or competent professionals.
Graduates manifest good moral and ethical values and the acute sense of awareness of the conservation of
PEO3 √ √
the environment for the sustainable development of the country.
Graduates continue their development in both theoretical and practical aspects of engineering and exposure to
PEO4 √
industrial setting in the form of field experience.
B. Coherency of PO to PEO:

BSME PEOs:
PEO1. Graduates apply the theoretical knowledge of mathematics and natural sciences as well as the background
knowledge they have learned to acquire the experience and practical skills required of professional engineers.

PEO2. Graduates advance in their careers as engineers, to enable them to contribute to the developmental effort of the
country as entrepreneurs or competent professionals.

PEO3. Graduates manifest good moral and ethical values and the acute sense of awareness of the conservation of the
environment for the sustainable development of the country.

PEO4. Graduates continue their development in both theoretical and practical aspects of engineering and exposure to
industrial setting in the form of field experience.

BSME PEOs
Program Outcomes (POs)
PEO1 PEO2 PEO3 PEO4
Apply knowledge of mathematics and science to solve complex mechanical engineering
PO1 √ √ √
problems
PO2 Design and conduct experiments, as well as to analyze and interpret data √ √
Design a system, component, or process to meet desired needs within realistic constraints, in
PO3 √ √ √
accordance with standard
PO4 Function in multi-disciplinary and multi-cultural teams √
PO5 Identify, formulate and solve complex mechanical engineering problems √ √ √
PO6 Understand professional and ethical responsibility √ √ √ √
PO7 Communicate effectively √ √ √
Understand the impact of mechanical engineering solutions in a global, economic,
PO8 √ √ √ √
environmental, and societal context
PO9 Recognize the need for, and engage in life-long learning √ √ √ √
PO10 Know contemporary issues √ √
Use techniques, skills, and modern engineering tools necessary for mechanical engineering
PO11 √ √ √
practices
Know and understand engineering and management principles as a member and leader of a
PO12 √ √ √
team, and to manage projects in a multidisciplinary environment
C. Coherency of CO to PO:

Program Outcomes:
The graduates of the Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering must have the abilities and skills in hand to
perform the following functions and competencies:

PO1. Apply knowledge of mathematics and science to solve complex mechanical engineering problems
PO11. Use techniques, skills, and modern engineering tools necessary for mechanical engineering practices

Course Outcomes (COs) Program Outcomes (POs)

After completing this course, the student must be able to: PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12

CO1 Use basic drafting instruments properly I

Apply the basic concepts of technical drawing and
CO2 I
sketching
CO3 Prepare technical drawings I I

Credit
Course Code: ES 1 Course Title: Engineering Drawing 1
Unit(s):
Lecture Hour(s): 0
The course deals with the practices and techniques of graphical
Laboratory Hours(s): 3
communication; application of drafting instruments, lettering scale,
Year: 1st Course and units of measure; descriptive geometry; orthographic projections;
Semester: 1st Description: auxiliary views; dimensioning; sectional views; pictorial drawings;
Pre-requisite(s): None requirements of engineering working drawings; and assembly and
exploded detailed drawings.
Co-requisite(s): None
 Overview:

Part 1 – Prelim Topics

Intended Learning Teaching/
Equipment/ Assessment Tasks
Topics CO Outcomes Learning Activities
Materials (AT) Time Frame
(ILO) (TLA)
 Engineering CO 1 After completing the The teacher will introduce the • Laptop/Android 1. Draw and submit take 18 hrs
Lettering CO 2 topics, the student contents of each topic and Phone home plates
will be able to: introduce to the class: • 30-60 degree 2. Draw laboratory or
triangle plates
 Instrumental
• Use properly the a. the importance of drawings • 45 degree 12 sessions
Figures basic drafting tools b. the usage of different drafting triangle
• Write down tools • Technical
 Geometric engineering c. the purpose and different Compass
Construction lettering correctly styles of engineering lettering • Protractor
• Draw instrumental d. the application of drawings and • Ruler
figures letterings in engineering • Pencil
• Construct different technology • Oslo Paper
geometric figures e. the common types of
instrumental and geometric
figures

The students will:

a. write all numbers and letters of

the alphabet appropriately on
an Oslo paper
b. draw sample instrumental
figures and common geometric
figures
Part 2 – Midterm Topics
Intended Learning Teaching/
Equipment/ Assessment Tasks
Topics CO Outcomes Learning Activities
Materials (AT) Time Frame
(ILO) (TLA)
 Orthographic CO 1 After completing the The teacher will introduce the • Laptop/Android 1. Draw and submit take 18 hrs
Projection CO 2 topics, the student contents of each topic and Phone home plates
CO 3 will be able to: demonstrate to the class: • 30-60 degree 2. Draw laboratory or
triangle plates
 Dimensioning
• Draw the a. how to draw the orthographic • 45 degree 12 sessions
orthographic projection of a given object triangle
 Orthographic projection of a b. the proper way of • Technical
Views with given solid dimensioning a drawn figure Compass
Dimensions • Apply c. how to construct orthographic • Protractor
and Section dimensioning and section views with • Ruler
View techniques dimensions • Pencil
appropriately • Oslo Paper
• Draw orthographic The students will:
and section views
with dimensions a. exercise the procedure on how
to draw the orthographic
projection with dimensions and
section view
Part 3 – Final Topics
Intended Learning Teaching/
Equipment/ Assessment Tasks
Topics CO Outcomes Learning Activities
Materials (AT) Time Frame
(ILO) (TLA)
 Pictorial CO 1 After completing the The teacher will introduce the • Laptop/Android 1. Draw and submit take 18 hrs
Drawing CO 2 topics, the student contents of each topic and Phone home plates
CO 3 will be able to: demonstrate to the class: • 30-60 degree 2. Draw laboratory or
triangle plates
 Engineering
• Apply the a. how to construct the pictorial • 45 degree 12 sessions
Working techniques in drawing of a given object triangle
Drawings constructing a b. the proper way of presenting • Technical
pictorial drawing engineering working drawings Compass
 Assembly and • Draw an c. how to construct assembly and • Protractor
Exploded engineering exploded detailed drawings • Ruler
Detailed working drawing • Pencil
Drawings • Draw an assembly The students will: • Oslo Paper
and exploded
detailed drawing a. exercise the procedure on how
to construct the pictorial
drawing
b. present the engineering
working drawings of a given
object
c. draw the assembly and
exploded detailed drawings of
a given object
 D. Assessment Tasks
D.1. Prelim

Class Performance (CP):

Take Home Plates - 20% Class Performance (CP) = 60.00%
Laboratory Plates - 40% Subject Proficiency (SP) = 40.00%
Class Performance - 60% Prelim Grade = 100.00%

Subject Proficiency (SP):

Prelim Exam Grade - 40%

TYPE OF
COs to be
ASSESSMENT WEIGHT DESCRIPTION OF ASSESSMENT TASK
addressed
METHOD
Take home plates will test the students’ attentiveness regarding the currently
presented or previously presented topics. This activity is not time bounded but has a
Take Home Plates 20% COs 1 & 2 deadline. The students will submit the scanned plates online or the actual plates in
person if the situation permits. They may ask assistance from their colleagues. This
also serves as a preparation for the laboratory activities.
Laboratory plates will motivate the students to be more diligent and be aware with the
actual implications of the topic presented so that they may able to finish the
Laboratory Plates 40% COs 1 & 2 requirements individually. This activity is time bounded. The students may be
monitored online or in person if the situation permits. They will work alone during the
activity. This also serves as s preparation for the examination.
Term examination will test the students’ ability to recall the principles and concepts
Prelim Examination 40% COs 1 & 2 presented. This will also assess the students critical thinking in situational analysis in
application to the principles and concepts discussed.
D.2. Midterm

Class Performance (CP):

Take Home Plates - 20% Class Performance (CP) = 60.00%
Laboratory Plates - 40% Subject Proficiency (SP) = 40.00%
Class Performance - 60% Midterm Grade = 100.00%

Subject Proficiency (SP):

Midterm Exam Grade - 40%

TYPE OF
COs to be
ASSESSMENT WEIGHT DESCRIPTION OF ASSESSMENT TASK
addressed
METHOD
Take home plates will test the students’ attentiveness regarding the currently
presented or previously presented topics. This activity is not time bounded but has a
Take Home Plates 20% COs 1-3 deadline. The students will submit the scanned plates online or the actual plates in
person if the situation permits. They may ask assistance from their colleagues. This
also serves as a preparation for the laboratory activities.
Laboratory plates will motivate the students to be more diligent and be aware with the
actual implications of the topic presented so that they may able to finish the
Laboratory Plates 40% COs 1-3 requirements individually. This activity is time bounded. The students may be
monitored online or in person if the situation permits. They will work alone during the
activity. This also serves as s preparation for the examination.
Term examination will test the students’ ability to recall the principles and concepts
Midterm Examination 40% COs 1-3 presented. This will also assess the students critical thinking in situational analysis in
application to the principles and concepts discussed.
D.3. Final

Class Performance (CP):

Take Home Plates - 20% Class Performance (CP) = 60.00%
Laboratory Plates - 40% Subject Proficiency (SP) = 40.00%
Class Performance - 60% Final Grade = 100.00%

Subject Proficiency (SP):

Final Exam Grade - 40%

TYPE OF
COs to be
ASSESSMENT WEIGHT DESCRIPTION OF ASSESSMENT TASK
addressed
METHOD
Take home plates will test the students’ attentiveness regarding the currently
presented or previously presented topics. This activity is not time bounded but has a
Take Home Plates 20% COs 1-3 deadline. The students will submit the scanned plates online or the actual plates in
person if the situation permits. They may ask assistance from their colleagues. This
also serves as a preparation for the laboratory activities.
Laboratory plates will motivate the students to be more diligent and be aware with the
actual implications of the topic presented so that they may able to finish the
Laboratory Plates 40% COs 1-3 requirements individually. This activity is time bounded. The students may be
monitored online or in person if the situation permits. They will work alone during the
activity. This also serves as s preparation for the examination.
Term examination will test the students’ ability to recall the principles and concepts
Final Examination 40% COs 1-3 presented. This will also assess the students critical thinking in situational analysis in
application to the principles and concepts discussed.
LIST OF FIGURES

Fig Title Page

1 Parts of a Letter 5
Single Stroke Gothic Vertical Uppercase Letters, Lowercase Letters 6
2
and Numbers
Single Stroke Gothic Inclined Uppercase Letters, Lowercase Letters 6
3
and Numbers
4 Roman Uppercase Letters, Lower case Letters and Numbers 7
5 Roman Uppercase Letters, Lowercase Letters and Numbers Italics 7
6 Diploma Text 8
7 Guidelines for Uppercase Lettering 8
8 Guidelines for Lowercase Lettering 8
9 Technical Drawing Instruments 10
10 Instrumental Figures 10
11 Basic Lines Used in Technical Drawing 11
12 Regular Hexagon Inscribed in a Circle 12
13 Regular Octagon Inscribed in a Square 13
14 Width across Flats of a Regular Octagon 14
15 Width across Flats of a Regular Hexagon 14
16 Width across Corners of a Regular Hexagon 15
17 Drawing an Arc Tangent to the Sides of a Right Angle 16
18 Drawing an Arc Tangent to the Sides of an Obtuse Angle 17
19 Drawing an Arc Tangent to an Existing Arc and Straight Line 18
20 Drawing Plate Template 21
21 Take-home Plate 1 22
22 Take-home Plate 2 23
23 Take-home Plate 3 24
24 Take-home Plate 4 25
25 Take-home Plate 5 26
26 Take-home Plate 6 27
27 Three Planes of Projection 31
28 The Three Principal Views 32
29 Comparison between First and Third Angle Projection 33
30 Example of a Section View 34
31 Example of an Auxiliary Projection 34
32 Another Example of an Auxiliary Projection 35
33 BS 308 Dimension Standard 37
34 ANSI Dimension Standard 37
35 Normal Dimension Style 38
36 Baseline Dimension Style 39
37 Continuing Dimension Style 40
38 Datum Dimension Style 40
39 Datum and Ascending Text Dimension Style 41
40 Lines Used for Dimensioning Purposes 42
41 Overall Dimensions Illustration 43
42 Detail Dimensions Illustration 43
43 Aligned Dimensioning Illustration 44
44 Unidirectional Dimensioning Illustration 45
45 Not to Scale Dimensioning Illustration 46
46 Cylindrical Objects Dimensioning Illustration 46
47 Cylindrical Holes Dimensioning Illustration 47
48 Cylindrical Holes of the Same Size Dimensioning Illustration 47
49 Radii and Spherical Radii Dimensioning Illustration 47
50 Curves Dimensioning Illustration 48
51 Irregular Curves Dimensioning Illustration 48
52 Holes Dimensioning Illustration 49
53 Staggered Dimensioning Illustration 49
54 Counterbores Dimensioning Illustration 50
55 Chamfers Dimensioning Illustration 50
56 Spotfaces Dimensioning Illustration 51
57 Countersunk Holes Dimensioning Illustration 51
58 Tapers Dimensioning Illustration 52
59 Angular Dimensioning Illustration 52
60 Take-home Plate 7 55
61 Take-home Plate 8 56
62 Isometric Pictorial Drawing 57
63 Oblique Pictorial Drawing 58
64 Axonometric Pictorial Drawing 58
65 Planometric Pictorial Drawing 59
66 Working Drawing Sample 61
67 Take-home Plate 9 63
LIST OF TABLES
Table Title Page
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you master the
course Engineering Drawing. The scope of this module permits it to be used in many different
learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students.
The lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in
which you read them can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.

This self-learning module is divided into three parts, namely:

 Part 1 – Prelim Topics
 Part 2 – Midterm Topics
 Part 3 – Final Topics

After going through this materials, you are expected to:

CO1. Use basic drafting instruments properly
CO2. Apply the basic concepts of technical drawing and sketching
CO3. Prepare technical drawings

2
 What I Know

Write down your answers on the space provided.

1. List the required instruments used in drawings and the care and uses of drawing
instruments.

__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

2. Explain the use of pictorial drawings.

__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

3. Identify simple types of letters.

__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

3
4. Explain the advantage of datum dimensioning.

__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

5. Explain the use auxiliary projection.

__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

6. Draw the isometric projection of a simple solid.

4
 Part
Prelim Topics
1
What’s New

Chapter 1: Engineering Lettering

Objectives
Upon completion of this chapter, the students should be able to:
1. Identify simple types of letters; and
2. Sketch lines and letters using freehand.

Engineering Drawing course is started with this topic because all drawing plates
is embedded of lettering. In fact, Pragados and Sollesta (2000) stated that even though
lettering is considered as another area of discipline, it is essential in any drawing
because other relevant information in the drawing are labeled to describe clearly the
object under construction that the graphical representation alone fails to illustrate.

Freehand Lettering – the construction of letters and numbers are done without the aid
of other drawing tools except the pencil; that means the letters and numbers
are written, or to be exact lettered, in freehand.

Parts of a Letter:
1. Stem – the horizontal or vertical segments of a letter
2. Lobe – the curved segments of a letter
3. Swash Line – the sloping or slanting segments of a letter
4. Serif – a short decorative line at the start or finish of a stroke in a letter
(Microsoft Encarta, 2009)

Figure 1. Parts of a Letter

5
Styles in Lettering:
1. Single Stroke Gothic Lettering Style – letters and numbers are constructed
by series of single strokes that are as wide as the pencil point.

Figure 2. Single Stroke Gothic Vertical Uppercase Letters, Lowercase Letters and
Numbers

Figure 3. Single Stroke Gothic Inclined Uppercase Letters, Lowercase Letters and
Numbers

6
 2. Roman Letters - letters and numbers are composed with accented strokes
of heavy or light and thick or thin.

Figure 4. Roman Uppercase Letters, Lowercase Letters and Numbers

Figure 5. Roman Uppercase Letters, Lowercase Letters and Numbers Italics

7
 3. Text Letters – this style is often used on diplomas and certificates, also known
as Diploma Text

Figure 6. Diploma Text

Need for Guidelines

Guidelines – is used to aid freehand lettering to keep letters and numbers
uniformly vertical or inclined.

Figure 7. Guidelines for Uppercase Lettering

Figure 8. Guidelines for Lowercase Lettering

8
Chapter 2: Instrumental Figures

Objectives
Upon completion of this chapter, the students should be able to:
1. List the required instruments used in drawings and uses of drawing instruments;
and
2. Construct instrumental figures using technical drawing instruments.

In recent years, technical drawings are still vital in many industries. They are
needed in preparing highly precise plans, sectional views, perspectives, projections
and exploded detailed drawings of objects (Staedtler, 2020). To construct these
drawings, technical drawing instruments are required. Some of the basic tools and
materials in technical drawing are listed as follows.

Technical Drawing Instruments:

1. Staedtler Pencils – primary tools used in drawing straight and curve lines
Grades of Pencil:
a. Hard Grade – 9H, 8H, 7H, 6H, 5H, 4H Light Dark
b. Medium Grade – 3H, 2H, H, F, HB, B
c. Soft Grade – 2B, 3B, 4B, 5B, 6B, 7B Dark

2. Ruler – considered as a practical tool for constructing straight lines and can also be
used to measure short distances.

3. Triangles – 30-60 degree and 45 degree triangles; can also be used in constructing
straight lines and when combined, can be a good tool in drawing vertical and
horizontal lines.

4. Technical Compass – used for creating arcs and circles of different radius.

5. Protractors – used to measure angles

6. Eraser – a tool used for wiping out incorrect lines

7. French Curve – an aid in constructing irregular curves

8. Oslo Paper – a material where the drawing is being constructed; 9 in. x 12 in. thick
paper

9
 Figure 9. Technical Drawing Instruments

Instrumental Figures – figures drawn using different technical drawing instruments;

below are some of the examples of these figures.

Figure 10. Instrumental Figures

10
Chapter 3: Geometric Construction

Objectives
Upon completion of this chapter, the students should be able to:
1. Relate example of lines to application and vice – versa; and
2. Draw tangents and geometrical construction as required in practice

Lines Application in Technical Drawing

Basic Lines:

1. Construction Lines – thin, light lines used to construct the views of an object.

2. Projection Lines – construction lines that are used to project the features of an object
from one view to another. They eliminate the need for duplicate measuring.

3. Object Lines – thick, black lines used to indicate the visible features of an object.

4. Hidden Lines – thin, black lines consisting of 3 to 4 mm strokes and 1 to 2 mm

spaces. They indicate the hidden features of an object.

Figure 11. Basic Lines Used in Technical Drawing

11
Geometric Construction

A. Regular Polygons

To construct a regular hexagon (Figure 12) by the circumscribed method:

1. Establish centre of hexagon with two intersecting construction lines. Draw a

light circle with a diameter equal to A/F of hexagon to be drawn.

2. Lightly construct the hexagon by drawing its sides, tangent to the circle. Use
the 30-60 degree square.

3. Erase unnecessary lines. Complete finished line work. Centre lines can be
omitted if not required.

Figure 12. Regular Hexagon Inscribed in a Circle

12
To construct a regular octagon (Figure 13) by the circumscribed method:

1. Establish centre of octagon with two intersecting construction lines. Draw a

light circle with a diameter equal to A/F of octagon to be drawn.

2. Lightly construct the hexagon by drawing its sides, tangent to the circle. Use
the 45 degree square.

3. Erase unnecessary lines. Complete finished line work. Centre lines can be
omitted if not required.

Figure 13. Regular Octagon Inscribed in a Square

13
Figure 14. Width across Flats of a Regular Octagon

Figure 15. Width across Flats of a Regular Hexagon

14
 Figure 16. Width across Corners of a Regular Hexagon

B. Tangency

To Draw an Arc Tangent to the Sides of a Right Angle (Figure 17):

1. Measure radius of arc along one leg of right angle.

2. Place point of compass at corner. Set compass to radius measured. Draw

an arc across each leg of right angle.

3. Place point of compass where arcs intersect legs of right angle. Draw two
intersecting arcs.

4. Place point of compass where arcs intersect. Draw required arc tangent to
sides of right angle.

15
 Figure 17. Drawing an Arc Tangent to the Sides of a Right Angle

To Draw an Arc Tangent to the Sides of an Obtuse Angle (Figure 18):

1. Place compass point anywhere along each leg of obtuse angle. Draw two
non-intersecting arcs. The radius of each arc must equal the radius of the arc
to be drawn in the obtuse angle.

2. Draw lines parallel to legs of obtuse angle and tangent to non-intersecting

arcs.

3. Set compass point at intersection of straight lines. Draw required arc tangent
to sides of obtuse angle.

16
 Figure 18. Drawing an Arc Tangent to the Sides of an Obtuse Angle

To Draw an Arc Tangent to an existing arc and straight line (Figure 19):

1. Establish the arc and straight line to which the required arc is to be drawn
tangent.

2. Draw another arc with a radius equal to the radius or the established arc plus
the radius of the required arc.

3. Draw a second straight line parallel to the first and at a distance from it equal
to the radius of the required arc.

4. Place the compass point at the intersection of the second arc and the second
straight line. Draw the required arc.

17
Figure 19. Drawing an Arc Tangent to an Existing Arc and Straight Line

18
 What I Have Learned

1. What are the parts of a letter?

_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________

2. What are the different styles in lettering?

______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

3. What are the use of each technical drawing instrument?

_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________

4. How to construct different regular polygons?

______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

19
 Assessment

Instruction: On an Oslo Paper, re-draw the following drawing plates. The given dimensions are in inches. Use your drawing tools
properly to ease up the construction.

20
Figure 20. Drawing Plate Template

21
Figure 21. Take-home Plate 1

22
Figure 22. Take-home Plate 2

23
Figure 23. Take-home Plate 3

24
Figure 24. Take-home Plate 4

25
Figure 25. Take-home Plate 5

26
Figure 26. Take-home Plate 6

27
Answer Key

28
 Part
Midterm Topics
2
Chapter 4: Orthographic Projection

Objectives
Upon completion of this chapter, the students should be able to:
1. Demonstrate what is meant by First – angle projection and Third – angle projection,
then sketch the correct symbol for both cases;
2. Re – draw given simple components and provides sufficient dimensions for their
manufacture;
3. Complete orthographic projection of solids;
4. Complete sectional views in orthographic projection;
5. Draw a third – angle projection with hidden detail; and
6. Explain the use of auxiliary projection.

Objects can be observed from six commonly perpendicular directions. The

views drawn from these directions are arranged and edges are traced in lines
recommended by standards organizations such as BS and ANSI. To draw a view out
of place will be a serious fault and this error should not be permitted.

The views that comprised the drawing are those that give complete and
accurate description of the shape of the object. Ordinarily, however, a complete
description of the shape of the object can be adequately represented in three views
and therefore, drawing of six views is not necessary. There are also cases that aside
from the six views, additional views are drawn when an object contains complicated
interior parts or the shapes of the principal faces could not be determined in any of the
six views.

Generally speaking, objects can be classified as either non – cylindrical or

cylindrical. A non – cylindrical object is one whose basic shape has square,
rectangular, or angular contours. A cylindrical object consists of one or more cylindrical
shapes that are concentric about a primary axis.

Orthographic views are used in technical drawing to describe the shapes of

objects exactly and completely.

Imagine an observer looking at an object. The line of vision is such that it is only
the side of the object that is directly in front of the observer that can be seen by him.
The type of view that is obtained from the object is called as the orthographic view.

Orthographic view is a two – dimensional view. The third dimension or width

could not be seen.

29
To Determine the Number of Orthographic Views to Draw

Few objects require six orthographic views to describe their shapes exactly and
completely. For many non – cylindrical objects, three orthographic views are sufficient.
They are usually the front, top, and right side views.

The shapes of some non – cylindrical objects are such that two orthographic
views will describe them adequately. The two views chosen will depend on the shape
of the object under consideration.

From the foregoing it is apparent that the shape of an object determines the
number of orthographic views that must be drawn in order to describe it exactly and
completely.

To Determine the Front View of a Non – Cylindrical Object

Many objects such as those used for assembly component that must be drawn
in orthographic views do not have an apparent front as do ships, houses, and cars. To
choose the front view of an object of these types, observe the tips below.

1. Select the side of the object that gives the most information about its shapes
2. The side of the object that shows its length can also be selected.
3. The front view must be drawn in a position that is pleasant to the viewer.

For most non – cylindrical objects, the front views are drawn with the length in
the horizontal position.

There are some non – cylindrical objects that appear better and more pleasing
to the eye when the front view is drawn with the length of the object in a vertical
position.

To Draw Three Orthographic Views of a Non – Cylindrical Object

The term “project” means to “pass forward”. This refers to the process
whereby the features of an object are passed from one view to another.
Projecting the features of an object from view to view saves drawing time by
eliminating the need to duplicate measuring.

The following are the formal method of drawing three views of a non –
cylindrical object.

1. The first to be constructed will be the front view. Other views shall take
reference from this view.

30
2. The next to be constructed will be the top view. The position of the top view
is directly over the front view if the third angle projection is used, or directly
below the front view if the first angle projection is used.
3. Draw a line at 45° from the upper left going up (or third angle projection or at
the lower left comer of the front view going down for first angle projection.
This line is called as the miter.

4. Project the contours of the front view to the right and project the contour of
the top view to intersect the miter line then to the side view.

Views of an Object

An object can be presented from six commonly perpendicular directions.

These six views may be drawn 1f so required. They are the top view, front view,
end bottom view which line up vertically and the back or rear view, left side view
end right side view which line up horizontally. To draw any view out of place will
reuse a very serious mistake.

Figure 27. Three Planes of Projection

31
The Three Principal Views:
1. Top View
2. Front View
3. Side or End View

In practice of orthographic drawing, only top, front, and right side view are considered
as the three principal views, the other three remaining views are drawn within a very rare case,
where distinct parts involved are necessarily to be shown.

If the plane of projection are parallel to the principal faces of the object, they form a
“glass box”. Since the box has six sides, six views are obtained from the object. Draw only the
number of views actually needed. Sometimes only two is needed, most often three and in rare
cases, four or more.

Figure 28. The Three Principal Views

32
Figure 29. Comparison between First and Third Angle Projection

33
Sectional Views

Figure 30. Example of a Section View

Auxiliary Projection

Figure 31. Example of an Auxiliary Projection

34
 Figure 32. Another Example of an Auxiliary Projection

Chapter Summary:

1. In technical drawing, every line has its own meaning in the drawing. The lines reveal precise
information about the shape of the object drawn. A variety of lines are used on technical
drawings to make them easier to understand.

2. One way of ensuring the consistency of lines is to draw accurately lines or curves tangent
to another.

3. The first angle projection is the arrangement of orthographic drawings wherein when the
image planes are revolved on the plane or paper, the front view will appear above the top
view and to the left of the left side view or to the right of the right side view.

4. The third angle projection is the arrangement of orthographic drawings wherein when the
image planes are revolved on the plane or paper, the front view will appear below the top
view and to the left of the right side view. The third angle projection is always placed
between the observer and the object.

5. The section view is an interior feature of an object which is exposed to the viewer by virtually
cutting the solid portion of the object that obstruct the view of the viewer. Section lines are
representing the cut solid sections. This is usually done to draw of hidden details of objects.

6. Auxiliary view is projected in a direction other than vertically or horizontally projection.

35
Chapter 5: Dimensioning

Objectives
Upon completion of this chapter, the students should be able to:
1. Dimension a simple component, applying all correct standards; and
2. Explain the advantage of datum dimensioning.

Dimension Standards (ISO)

ISO Background:
 The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) is a non –
governmental organization established in 1947.
 It is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies coming from 130
countries.
 Only one body is representing each country in the organization.

Mission:
 The mission of the ISO is to advance the development of standardization and
related activities in the world with a view of facilitating the international
exchange of goods and services, and of developing collaboration in the spheres
of scientific, technological, intellectual, and economic activity.

Some of the major national standard bodies that comprise the ISO:
1. British Standards Institution (BSI)

2. American National Standards Institute (ANSI)

3. Deutsches Institut für Normung (DIN)

4. Association Française de Normalization (AFNOR)

5. Standardiseringen i Sverige (SIS)

36
  BS 308

Dimension text is positioned in such a manner that it can be read from the
bottom right of the drawing and above the dimension line.

Figure 33. BS 308 Dimension Standard

 ANSI

Dimension text will be positioned vertically, breaking the dimension line at the
middle.

Figure 34. ANSI Dimension Standard

37
Dimension Styles
1. Normal
2. Baseline
3. Continuing or Chain
4. Datum
5. Datum and Ascending Text

 Normal
The placement of each dimension line is independent in relation to other dimensions.
Angular and Circular dimensioning are example of this style.

Figure 35. Normal Dimension Style

38
 Baseline
The baseline dimensioning is advantageous for dimensioning a series of points from a
starting reference point. All succeeding dimensions will refer to the first point chosen.
Each dimension will be placed stepped up from previous one by twice the current text
height.

Figure 36. Baseline Dimension Style

39
 Continuing or Chain
In continuing or chain dimensioning, dimensions are placed one after another, that is,
the second end of first dimension line becomes the first end of the following dimension
line. The dimension texts are placed parallel to the dimension lines.

Figure 37. Continuing Dimension Style

 Datum
This similar to baseline dimensioning and the appearance of the dimension is arranged
somewhat like the continuing except that dimension is cut to a half and the arrow is
only pointing at one direction. The datum is particularly useful in drawing where space
is limited. It is usually preferred as compared to other dimension style since all
dimensions are based on a datum, thus, accumulation of error in dimensioning can be
avoided.

Figure 38. Datum Dimension Style

40
 Datum and Ascending Text
This is similar to the datum but the text will be drawn at the end of the dimension line.

Figure 39. Datum and Ascending Text Dimension Style

41
Lines Used for Dimensioning Purposes
1. Dimension Lines
2. Projection/Extension Lines
3. Leader Lines

 Dimension Lines
Dimension lines are 0.3 mm thin black lines and ends with arrowheads. They extends
the distance between pairs of projection lines. The arrowheads touch the projection
lines.

 Projection/Extension Lines
Dimension lines are 0.3 mm thin black lines used to extend the shapes of an object to
a convenient place on a drawing for dimensioning purposes.

 Leader Lines
Leader lines are thin continuous lines that point to features on an engineering drawing
with an arrowhead. They are accompanied by a dimension or local note that
specifically describes that feature.

Figure 40. Lines Used for Dimensioning Purposes

42
 Types of Dimensions
1. Over – all Dimensions
2. Detail Dimensions

 Over – all Dimensions

An over – all dimension indicates the maximum length, width, or height of an
object. Regardless of its shape, every object has three over – all dimensions.

Figure 41. Overall Dimensions Illustration

 Detail Dimension
The detail dimension provides the size or location information concerning any
detail of an object other than its over – all length, width, or height.

Figure 42. Detail Dimensions Illustration

43
 Dimensioning Methods:
1. Dimensioning Non – Cylindrical Objects
2. Dimension Not to Scale
3. Dimensioning Cylindrical Objects
4. Dimensioning Radii and Spherical Radii
5. Dimensioning Curves
6. Dimensioning Irregular Curves
7. Dimensioning Diameters
8. Dimensioning Holes
9. Staggered Dimensioning
10. Dimensioning Counterbores
11. Dimensioning Chamfers
12. Dimensioning Spotfaces
13. Dimensioning Countersunk Holes
14. Dimensioning Tapers
15. Angular Dimension

 Dimensioning Non – Cylindrical Objects

1. Aligned
2. Unidirectional
* Aligned
All dimensions are shown parallel with the related dimension lines and are
positioned so that they can be read from the bottom of the drawing or from
the right hand side.

Figure 43. Aligned Dimensioning Illustration

44
 * Unidirectional
All dimensions and other notes that pertain to the drawing are drawn
parallel with the bottom of the drawing sheets.

Figure 44. Unidirectional Dimensioning Illustration

Steps in dimensioning non – cylindrical objects:

(Dimensioning is usually done once linework of all views has been completed)
1. Draw lightly all projection and dimension lines.
2. Place dimension lines about 12 mm from a view. Leave a space of about 12 mm
between adjacent, parallel dimension lines.
3. Draw all guidelines for dimension texts.
4. Clearly letter all dimension texts.
5. Complete all projection and dimension lines. Projection lines and dimension lines are
drawn continuously thin and black. Projection lines start at about 2 mm from a view
and terminate at about 2 mm outside a dimension line.
6. Draw thin, neat arrowheads on each dimension line. The arrowheads must touch the
enclosing projection lines.

45
 Dimensioning Not to Scale
When the drawing is sketched or not drawn to the correct scale, the dimensions that
accompany the drawing are underlined.

Figure 45. Not to Scale Dimensioning Illustration

 Dimensioning Cylindrical Objects

Objects that are cylindrical in shapes are dimensioned a little bit different from non –
cylindrical objects and shapes. However, it should be remembered that the rules and
information applicable in non – cylindrical objects also apply to cylindrical objects.

Figure 46. Cylindrical Objects Dimensioning Illustration

46
 * Dimensioning Cylindrical Holes
In dimensioning cylindrical holes using the leader lines, the position of the
leader lines depend on the space available on the drawing paper.

Figure 47. Cylindrical Holes Dimensioning Illustration

* Dimensioning Cylindrical Holes of the Same Size

Figure 48. Cylindrical Holes of the Same Size Dimensioning Illustration

 Dimensioning Radii and Spherical Radii

Figure 49. Radii and Spherical Radii Dimensioning Illustration

47
 Dimensioning Curves

Figure 50. Curves Dimensioning Illustration

 Dimensioning Irregular Curves

Figure 51. Irregular Curves Dimensioning Illustration

48
 Dimensioning Diameters
The diameter is usually represented by the symbol ø, and is preceding the numerical
value of the diameter of the figure. It should be written as big as the numerical value
of the figures that denotes the size (e.g. ø96).

 Dimensioning Holes
In dimensioning drilled holes, the depth of the holes that should be indicated in the
note applies only to the depth of the cylindrical portion and not to the point left by the
drill.

Figure 52. Holes Dimensioning Illustration

 Staggered Dimensioning
Parallel dimensions may be staggered to improve clarity. Sometimes leaders are used
to replace dimension lines. The leaders are positioned at the right angles to the outline
of the object.

Figure 53. Staggered Dimensioning Illustration

49
 Dimensioning Counterbores
An allowance in the opening of a casting is provided to dwell a bolthead so that it does
not protrude above the surface. It is called as the counterbores.

Figure 54. Counterbores Dimensioning Illustration

 Dimensioning Chamfers
Chamfers are done to get rid of a sharp edge or corner of the object. The chamfer may
be dimensioned by indicating the distance and the chamfer angle. Chamfers are
usually machined at 45°.

Figure 55. Chamfers Dimensioning Illustration

50
 Dimensioning Spotfaces
A spotface is a flat surface around the hole provided for nuts and bolts.

Figure 56. Spotfaces Dimensioning Illustration

 Dimensioning Countersunk Holes

Dimensioning countersunk holes will provide the machine operator an accurate
information in machining hole to suit to the heads of countersunk screws so that the
heads fit well with the adjoining plane.

Figure 57. Countersunk Holes Dimensioning Illustration

51
 Dimensioning Tapers
Taper is a cone – shaped surface on a hole or shaft. Tapers are used in pins or
machine spindles. Tapers may be dimensioned by:
1. Supplying the amount of taper in a note and then giving the diameter at one end
and the length of taper; or
2. Supplying the diameter at both ends, and on this case, the length of the taper is
not necessary.

Figure 58. Tapers Dimensioning Illustration

 Angular Dimension

Figure 59. Angular Dimensioning Illustration

52
Scaling
To draw an object to a scale means to prepare its orthographic views to any size that is
directly proportional to its actual size. Most objects are drawn full size which is recorded on a
drawing as scale 1:1

Classification of scale:
1. Full Sized Scales
e.g. 1:1
2. Reduced Scales
e.g. 1:2, 1:4
3. Enlarged Scales
e.g. 2:1, 3:1

Chapter Summary:
1. There are two popular dimension standards used in technical drawing; the BS308 and the
ANSI standards. These two standards conform to the SI system.
2. One major advantage of datum dimensioning is that accumulation error can be avoided
since all dimensions are based on a common datum.
3. Scaling is used to reduce, enlarge, or reproduced drawing sizes.

53
 Assessment

Instruction: On an Oslo Paper, re-draw the following drawing plates. The given dimensions are in inches. Use your drawing tools
properly to ease up the construction.

54
Figure 60. Take-home Plate 7

55
Figure 61. Take-home Plate 8

56
 Part
Final Topics
3
Chapter 6: Pictorial Drawings

Objectives
Upon completion of this chapter, the students should be able to:
1. Enumerate the types of pictorial drawing; and
2. Differentiate each type of pictorial drawing.

Types of Pictorial Drawings

There are many types of pictorial drawings and these include:

1. Isometric
2. Oblique
3. Axonometric
4. Planometrics

Figure 62. Isometric Pictorial Drawing

57
Figure 63. Oblique Pictorial Drawing

Figure 64. Axonometric Pictorial Drawing

58
 Figure 65. Planometric Pictorial Drawing

The most common among the four types of pictorial drawings is the Isometric
Projection. It is a two-dimensional representation for viewing a three-dimensional object with
the three primary lines equally tilted away from the viewer. The oblique projection on other
hand is a pictorial view of an object showing its elevation, plan, or section to scale with parallel
lines projected from the corners, at 45 degrees or any other angle, indicating the other sides.
Then the other two are almost similar with the first two, but they just differ on the tilt angle.

59
Chapter 7: Engineering Working Drawings

Objectives
Upon completion of this chapter, the students should be able to:
1. Familiarize the elements of working drawings; and
2. Draw an engineering working drawing

The design, manufacture, assembly, operation, and maintenance of

engineered products need proper documentation. Working drawings are
documentation and communication instruments for simple to complex assemblies.
They are used to convert design graphic models into physical products, that is, they
are the documents of design intent used for constructing or building the designed
product. They should provide a complete description of a product visually and
dimensionally as well as specify standard parts. Working drawings are also known as
production or construction drawings in some discipline. They are fundamental in
manufacturing and construction businesses and are considered as legal documents.
Quality, correctness, and completeness are paramount in their preparation. Prototype
and production designs need working drawings.

Elements of Working Drawings

Working drawings consist of graphic views and annotations. Drawing views depend
on the type of documentation required and annotation content will vary accordingly.
The elements usually found on a working drawing include:
a) Drawing views
b) Title block
c) Name of part/assembly
d) Quantity
e) Part number
f) Material and grade
g) Dimensions
h) Tolerances
i) Scale
j) Notes
k) Drawing number
l) Revision
m) Project number
n) Assembly number
o) Zone markers
p) Surface quality

60
Figure 66. Working Drawing Sample

61
 Assessment

Instruction: On an Oslo Paper, re-draw the following drawing plates. The given dimensions are in inches. Use your drawing tools
properly to ease up the construction.

62
Figure 67. Take-home Plate 9

63
References
Microsoft® Encarta®. (2009). © 1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation. All rights
reserved.

Pragados, E. & Sollesta, F. Jr. (2000). Marine engineering drawing. Quezon City:
Arts & Letter Press.

Staedtler. (2020). In Technical drawing instruments. Retrieved from

https://www.staedtler.com/intl/en/products/technical-drawing-instruments/

Emary, A.B. (1981). Pictorial Drawings. In: A Comprehensive Practical Geometry for
Builders. Palgrave, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-06092-4_19

For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Mindanao Polytechnic College – Mechanical Engineering Department

Makar Junction, Labangal, General Santos City

Telefax No. ________________________________

Email Address: ______________________________