THIRD DIVISION

[G.R. No. 138322. October 2, 2001.]

GRACE J. GARCIA, a.k.a. GRACE J. GARCIA-RECIO, petitioner,

vs. REDERICK A. RECIO, respondent.

Olivia Velasco-Jacoba for petitioner.

Gomez & Associates for respondent.

DECISION

PANGANIBAN, J : p

A divorce obtained abroad by an alien may be recognized in our

jurisdiction, provided such decree is valid according to the national law of the
foreigner. However, the divorce decree and the governing personal law of
the alien spouse who obtained the divorce must be proven. Our courts do not
take judicial notice of foreign laws and judgments; hence, like any other
facts, both the divorce decree and the national law of the alien must be
alleged and proven according to our law on evidence. aHTCIc

The Case
Before us is a Petition for Review under Rule 45 of the Rules of Court,
seeking to nullify the January 7, 1999 Decision 1 and the March 24, 1999
Order 2 of the Regional Trial Court of Cabanatuan City, Branch 28, in Civil
Case No. 3026-AF. The assailed Decision disposed as follows:
"WHEREFORE, this Court declares the marriage between Grace J.
Garcia and Rederick A. Recio solemnized on January 12, 1994 at
Cabanatuan City as dissolved and both parties can now remarry under
existing and applicable laws to any and/or both parties." 3

The assailed Order denied reconsideration of the above-quoted

Decision.
The Facts
Rederick A. Recio, a Filipino, was married to Editha Samson, an
Australian citizen, in Malabon, Rizal, on March 1, 1987. 4 They lived together
as husband and wife in Australia. On May 18, 1989, 5 a decree of divorce,
purportedly dissolving the marriage, was issued by an Australian family
court.
On June 26, 1992, respondent became an Australian citizen, as shown
by a "Certificate of Australian Citizenship" issued by the Australian
government. 6 Petitioner — a Filipina — and respondent were married on
January 12, 1994 in Our Lady of Perpetual Help Church in Cabanatuan City. 7
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 In their application for a marriage license, respondent was declared as
"single" and "Filipino." 8
Starting October 22, 1995, petitioner and respondent lived separately
without prior judicial dissolution of their marriage. While the two were still in
Australia, their conjugal assets were divided on May 16, 1996, in accordance
with their Statutory Declarations secured in Australia. 9
On March 3, 1998, petitioner filed a Complaint for Declaration of Nullity
of Marriage 10 in the court a quo, on the ground of bigamy — respondent
allegedly had a prior subsisting marriage at the time he married her on
January 12, 1994. She claimed that she learned of respondent's marriage to
Editha Samson only in November, 1997. TDCaSE

In his Answer, respondent averred that, as far back as 1993, he had

revealed to petitioner his prior marriage and its subsequent dissolution. 11 He
contended that his first marriage to an Australian citizen had been validly
dissolved by a divorce decree obtained in Australia in 1989; 12 thus, he was
legally capacitated to marry petitioner in 1994.
On July 7, 1998 — or about five years after the couple's wedding and
while the suit for the declaration of nullity was pending — respondent was
able to secure a divorce decree from a family court in Sydney, Australia
because the "marriage ha[d] irretrievably broken down." 13
Respondent prayed in his Answer that the Complaint be dismissed on
the ground that it stated no cause of action. 14 The Office of the Solicitor
General agreed with respondent. 15 The court marked and admitted the
documentary evidence of both parties. 16 After they submitted their
respective memoranda, the case was submitted for resolution. 17
Thereafter, the trial court rendered the assailed Decision and Order.
Ruling of the Trial Court
The trial court declared the marriage dissolved on the ground that the
divorce issued in Australia was valid and recognized in the Philippines. It
deemed the marriage ended, but not on the basis of any defect in an
essential element of the marriage; that is, respondent's alleged lack of legal
capacity to remarry. Rather, it based its Decision on the divorce decree
obtained by respondent. The Australian divorce had ended the marriage;
thus, there was no more marital union to nullify or annul. HDTISa

Hence, this Petition. 18

Issues
Petitioner submits the following issues for our consideration:
"1

The trial court gravely erred in finding that the divorce decree
obtained in Australia by the respondent ipso facto terminated his first
marriage to Editha Samson thereby capacitating him to contract a
second marriage with the petitioner.

"2
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 The failure of the respondent, who is now a naturalized
Australian, to present a certificate of legal capacity to marry
constitutes absence of a substantial requisite voiding the petitioner's
marriage to the respondent.

"3

The trial court seriously erred in the application of Art. 26 of the

Family Code in this case.

"4

The trial court patently and grievously erred in disregarding Arts.

11, 13, 21, 35, 40, 52 and 53 of the Family Code as the applicable
provisions in this case.

"5

The trial court gravely erred in pronouncing that the divorce

decree obtained by the respondent in Australia ipso facto capacitated
the parties to remarry, without first securing a recognition of the
judgment granting the divorce decree before our courts." 19

The Petition raises five issues, but for purposes of this Decision, we
shall concentrate on two pivotal ones: (1) whether the divorce between
respondent and Editha Samson was proven, and (2) whether respondent was
proven to be legally capacitated to marry petitioner. Because of our ruling on
these two, there is no more necessity to take up the rest.
The Court's Ruling
The Petition is partly meritorious.

First Issue:
Proving the Divorce Between
Respondent and Editha Samson
Petitioner assails the trial court's recognition of the divorce between
respondent and Editha Samson. Citing Adong v. Cheong Seng Gee, 20
petitioner argues that the divorce decree, like any other foreign judgment,
may be given recognition in this jurisdiction only upon proof of the existence
of (1) the foreign law allowing absolute divorce and (2) the alleged divorce
decree itself. She adds that respondent miserably failed to establish these
elements.
Petitioner adds that, based on the first paragraph of Article 26 of the
Family Code, marriages solemnized abroad are governed by the law of the
place where they were celebrated (the lex loci celebrationis). In effect, the
Code requires the presentation of the foreign law to show the conformity of
the marriage in question to the legal requirements of the place where the
marriage was performed.
At the outset, we lay the following basic legal principles as the take-off
points for our discussion. Philippine law does not provide for absolute
divorce; hence, our courts cannot grant it. 21 A marriage between two
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 Filipinos cannot be dissolved even by a divorce obtained abroad, because of
Articles 15 22 and 17 23 of the Civil Code. 24 In mixed marriages involving a
Filipino and a foreigner, Article 26 25 of the Family Code allows the former to
contract a subsequent marriage in case the divorce is "validly obtained
abroad by the alien spouse capacitating him or her to remarry." 26 A divorce
obtained abroad by a couple, who are both aliens, may be recognized in the
Philippines, provided it is consistent with their respective national laws. 27
A comparison between marriage and divorce, as far as pleading and
proof are concerned, can be made. Van Dorn v. Romillo Jr . decrees that
"aliens may obtain divorces abroad, which may be recognized in the
Philippines, provided they are valid according to their national law." 28
Therefore, before a foreign divorce decree can be recognized by our courts,
the party pleading it must prove the divorce as a fact and demonstrate its
conformity to the foreign law allowing it. 29 Presentation solely of the divorce
decree is insufficient. STHAID

Divorce as a Question of Fact

Petitioner insists that before a divorce decree can be admitted in
evidence, it must first comply with the registration requirements under
Articles 11, 13 and 52 of the Family Code. These articles read as follows:
"ART. 11. Where a marriage license is required, each of the
contracting parties shall file separately a sworn application for such
license with the proper local civil registrar which shall specify the
following:

xxx xxx xxx

"(5) If previously married, how, when and where the previous
marriage was dissolved or annulled;
xxx xxx xxx"

"ART. 13. In case either of the contracting parties has been

previously married, the applicant shall be required to furnish, instead
of the birth or baptismal certificate required in the last preceding
article, the death certificate of the deceased spouse or the judicial
decree of the absolute divorce, or the judicial decree of annulment or
declaration of nullity of his or her previous marriage. . . . .
"ART. 52. The judgment of annulment or of absolute nullity of
the marriage, the partition and distribution of the properties of the
spouses, and the delivery of the children's presumptive legitimes shall
be recorded in the appropriate civil registry and registries of property;
otherwise, the same shall not affect their persons."

Respondent, on the other hand, argues that the Australian divorce

decree is a public document — a written official act of an Australian family
court. Therefore, it requires no further proof of its authenticity and due
execution.
Respondent is getting ahead of himself. Before a foreign judgment is
given presumptive evidentiary value, the document must first be presented
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 and admitted in evidence. 30 A divorce obtained abroad is proven by the
divorce decree itself. Indeed the best evidence of a judgment is the
judgment itself. 31 The decree purports to be a written act or record of an
act of an official body or tribunal of a foreign country. 32
Under Sections 24 and 25 of Rule 132, on the other hand, a writing or
document may be proven as a public or official record of a foreign country
by either (1) an official publication or (2) a copy thereof attested 33 by the
officer having legal custody of the document. If the record is not kept in the
Philippines, such copy must be (a) accompanied by a certificate issued by
the proper diplomatic or consular officer in the Philippine foreign service
stationed in the foreign country in which the record is kept and (b)
authenticated by the seal of his office. 34
The divorce decree between respondent and Editha Samson appears to
be an authentic one issued by an Australian family court. 35 However,
appearance is not sufficient; compliance with the aforementioned rules on
evidence must be demonstrated.
Fortunately for respondent's cause, when the divorce decree of May
18, 1989 was submitted in evidence, counsel for petitioner objected, not to
its admissibility, but only to the fact that it had not been registered in the
Local Civil Registry of Cabanatuan City. 36 The trial court ruled that it was
admissible, subject to petitioner's qualification. 37 Hence, it was admitted in
evidence and accorded weight by the judge. Indeed, petitioner's failure to
object properly rendered the divorce decree admissible as a written act of
the Family Court of Sydney, Australia. 38
Compliance with the quoted articles (11, 13 and 52) of the Family Code
is not necessary; respondent was no longer bound by Philippine personal
laws after he acquired Australian citizenship in 1992. 39 Naturalization is the
legal act of adopting an alien and clothing him with the political and civil
rights belonging to a citizen. 40 Naturalized citizens, freed from the
protective cloak of their former states, don the attires of their adoptive
countries. By becoming an Australian, respondent severed his allegiance to
the Philippines and the vinculum juris that had tied him to Philippine personal
laws. aSDCIE

Burden of Proving Australian Law

Respondent contends that the burden to prove Australian divorce law
falls upon petitioner, because she is the party challenging the validity of a
foreign judgment. He contends that petitioner was satisfied with the original
of the divorce decree and was cognizant of the marital laws of Australia,
because she had lived and worked in that country for quite a long time.
Besides, the Australian divorce law is allegedly known by Philippine courts;
thus, judges may take judicial notice of foreign laws in the exercise of sound
discretion.
We are not persuaded. The burden of proof lies with the "party who
alleges the existence of a fact or thing necessary in the prosecution or
defense of an action." 41 In civil cases, plaintiffs have the burden of proving
the material allegations of the complaint when those are denied by the
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 answer; and defendants have the burden of proving the material allegations
in their answer when they introduce new matters. 42 Since the divorce was a
defense raised by respondent, the burden of proving the pertinent Australian
law validating it falls squarely upon him.
It is well-settled in our jurisdiction that our courts cannot take judicial
notice of foreign laws. 43 Like any other facts, they must be alleged and
proved. Australian marital laws are not among those matters that judges are
supposed to know by reason of their judicial function. 44 The power of
judicial notice must be exercised with caution, and every reasonable doubt
upon the subject should be resolved in the negative.
Second Issue:
Respondent's Legal Capacity to Remarry
Petitioner contends that, in view of the insufficient proof of the divorce,
respondent was legally incapacitated to marry her in 1994. Hence, she
concludes that their marriage was void ab initio.
Respondent replies that the Australian divorce decree, which was
validly admitted in evidence, adequately established his legal capacity to
marry under Australian law.
Respondent's contention is untenable. In its strict legal sense, divorce
means the legal dissolution of a lawful union for a cause arising after
marriage. But divorces are of different types. The two basic ones are (1)
absolute divorce or a vinculo matrimonii and (2) limited divorce or a mensa
et thoro. The first kind terminates the marriage, while the second suspends
it and leaves the bond in full force. 45 There is no showing in the case at bar
which type of divorce was procured by respondent.
Respondent presented a decree nisi or an interlocutory decree — a
conditional or provisional judgment of divorce. It is in effect the same as a
separation from bed and board, although an absolute divorce may follow
after the lapse of the prescribed period during which no reconciliation is
effected. 46
Even after the divorce becomes absolute, the court may under some
foreign statutes and practices, still restrict remarriage. Under some other
jurisdictions, remarriage may be limited by statute; thus, the guilty party in a
divorce which was granted on the ground of adultery may be prohibited from
marrying again. The court may allow a remarriage only after proof of good
behavior. 47
On its face, the herein Australian divorce decree contains a restriction
that reads:
"1. A party to a marriage who marries again before this
decree becomes absolute (unless the other party has died) commits
the offense of bigamy." 48

This quotation bolsters our contention that the divorce obtained by

respondent may have been restricted. It did not absolutely establish his legal
capacity to remarry according to his national law. Hence, we find no basis
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 for the ruling of the trial court, which erroneously assumed that the
Australian divorce ipso facto restored respondent's capacity to remarry
despite the paucity of evidence on this matter.
We also reject the claim of respondent that the divorce decree raises a
disputable presumption or presumptive evidence as to his civil status based
on Section 48, Rule 39 49 of the Rules of Court, for the simple reason that no
proof has been presented on the legal effects of the divorce decree obtained
under Australian laws.
Significance of the Certificate of Legal Capacity
Petitioner argues that the certificate of legal capacity required by
Article 21 of the Family Code was not submitted together with the
application for a marriage license. According to her, its absence is proof that
respondent did not have legal capacity to remarry.
We clarify. To repeat, the legal capacity to contract marriage is
determined by the national law of the party concerned. The certificate
mentioned in Article 21 of the Family Code would have been sufficient to
establish the legal capacity of respondent, had he duly presented it in court.
A duly authenticated and admitted certificate is prima facie evidence of legal
capacity to marry on the part of the alien applicant for a marriage license. 50
As it is, however, there is absolutely no evidence that proves
respondent's legal capacity to marry petitioner. A review of the records
before this Court shows that only the following exhibits were presented
before the lower court: (1) for petitioner: (a) Exhibit "A" — Complaint; 51 (b)
Exhibit "B" — Certificate of Marriage Between Rederick A. Recio (Filipino-
Australian) and Grace J. Garcia (Filipino) on January 12, 1994 in Cabanatuan
City, Nueva Ecija; 52 (c) Exhibit "C" — Certificate of Marriage Between
Rederick A. Recio (Filipino) and Editha D. Samson (Australian) on March 1,
1987 in Malabon, Metro Manila; 53 (d) Exhibit "D" — Office of the City
Registrar of Cabanatuan City Certification that no information of annulment
between Rederick A. Recio and Editha D. Samson was in its records; 54 and
(e) Exhibit "E" — Certificate of Australian Citizenship of Rederick A. Recio; 55
(2) for respondent: (a) Exhibit "1" — Amended Answer; 56 (b) Exhibit "2" —
Family Law Act 1975 Decree Nisi of Dissolution of Marriage in the Family
Court of Australia; 57 (c) Exhibit "3" — Certificate of Australian Citizenship of
Rederick A. Recio; 58 (d) Exhibit "4" — Decree Nisi of Dissolution of Marriage
in the Family Court of Australia Certificate; 59 and Exhibit "5" — Statutory
Declaration of the Legal Separation Between Rederick A. Recio and Grace J.
Garcia Recio since October 22, 1995. 60 EHaASD

Based on the above records, we cannot conclude that respondent, who

was then a naturalized Australian citizen, was legally capacitated to marry
petitioner on January 12, 1994. We agree with petitioner's contention that
the court a quo erred in finding that the divorce decree ipso facto clothed
respondent with the legal capacity to remarry without requiring him to
adduce sufficient evidence to show the Australian personal law governing his
status; or at the very least, to prove his legal capacity to contract the second
marriage.
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 Neither can we grant petitioner's prayer to declare her marriage to
respondent null and void on the ground of bigamy. After all, it may turn out
that under Australian law, he was really capacitated to marry petitioner as a
direct result of the divorce decree. Hence, we believe that the most judicious
course is to remand this case to the trial court to receive evidence, if any,
which show respondent's legal capacity to marry petitioner. Failing in that,
then the court a quo may declare a nullity of the parties' marriage on the
ground of bigamy, there being already in evidence two existing marriage
certificates, which were both obtained in the Philippines, one in Malabon,
Metro Manila dated March 1, 1987 and the other, in Cabanatuan City dated
January 12, 1994.
WHEREFORE, in the interest of orderly procedure and substantial
justice, we REMAND the case to the court a quo for the purpose of receiving
evidence which conclusively show respondent's legal capacity to marry
petitioner; and failing in that, of declaring the parties' marriage void on the
ground of bigamy, as above discussed. No costs.
SO ORDERED.
Melo, Vitug and Sandoval-Gutierrez, JJ., concur.

Footnotes
1. Penned by Judge Feliciano V. Buenaventura; rollo, pp. 7-9.
2. Rollo, p. 10.
3. Ibid., p. 9.
4. Rollo, p. 37.
5. Ibid., p. 47.
6. Id., p. 44.
7. Id., p. 36.
8. Annex "1"; temporary rollo, p. 9.
9. The couple secure an Australian "Statutory Declaration" of their legal
separation and division of conjugal assets. See Annexes "3" and "4" of
Respondent's Comment; rollo, p. 48.

10. Id., pp. 33-35.

11. Id., p. 39.
12. Amended Answer, p. 2; rollo, p. 39.
13. Id., pp. 77-78.
14. Id., p. 43.
15. Rollo, pp. 48-51.
16. TSN, December 16, 1998, pp. 1-8; records, pp. 172-179.
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 17. RTC Order of December 16, 1998; ibid., p. 203.
18. The case was deemed submitted for decision on January 11, 2000, upon
this Court's receipt of the Memorandum for petitioner, signed by Atty. Olivia
Velasco-Jacoba. The Memorandum for respondent, signed by Atty. Gloria V.
Gomez of Gomez and Associates, had been filed on December 10, 1999.

19. Petitioner's Memorandum, pp. 8-9; rollo, pp. 242-243.

20. 43 Phil. 43, 49, March 3, 1922.
21. Ruben F. Balane, "Family Courts and Significant Jurisprudence in Family
Law," Journal of the Integrated Bar of the Philippines, 1st & 2nd Quarters,
2001, Vol. XXVII, No. 1, p. 25.

22. "ART. 15. Laws relating to family rights and duties, or to the status,
condition and legal capacity of persons are binding upon citizens of the
Philippines, even though living abroad."
23. "ART. 17. The forms and solemnities of contracts, wills, and other public
instruments shall be governed by the laws of the country in which they are
executed.
xxx xxx xxx
"Prohibitive laws concerning persons, their acts or property, and those
which have for their object public order, public policy and good customs
shall not be rendered ineffective by laws or judgments promulgated, or by
determinations or conventions agreed upon in a foreign country."

24. Tenchaves v. Escaño, 15 SCRA 355, 362, November 29, 1965; Barretto
Gonzalez v. Gonzalez, 58 Phil. 67, 71-72, March 7, 1933.
25. "Art. 26. All marriages solemnized outside the Philippines in accordance
with the laws in force in the country where they were solemnized, and valid
there as such, shall also be valid in this country, except those prohibited
under Articles 35(1), (4), (5), and (6), 36, 37, and 38. (71a)
"Where a marriage between a Filipino citizen and a foreigner is validly
celebrated and a divorce is thereafter validly obtained abroad by the alien
spouse capacitating him or her to remarry, the Filipino spouse shall have
capacity to remarry under Philippine law." (As amended by EO 227, prom.
July 27, 1987)
26. Cf. Van Dorn v. Romillo Jr. , 139 SCRA 139, 143-144, October 8, 1985; and
Pilapil v. Ibay-Somera, 174 SCRA 653, 663, June 30, 1989.
27. Van Dorn v. Romillo Jr. , supra.
28. Ibid., p. 143.
29. For a detailed discussion of Van Dorn, see Salonga, Private International
Law, 1995 ed. pp. 295-300. See also Jose C. Vitug, Compendium of Civil Law
and Jurisprudence, 1993 ed., p. 16.
30. "SEC. 19. Classes of documents — For the purpose of their
presentation in evidence, documents are either public or private.
"Public documents are:
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 "(a) The written official acts, or records of the official acts of the
sovereign authority, official bodies and tribunals, and public officers,
whether in the Philippines, or of a foreign country.
xxx xxx xxx."

31. Burr W. Jones, Commentaries on the Law of Evidence in Civil Cases, Vol. IV,
1926 ed., p. 3511; §3, Rule 130 of the Rules on Evidence provides that "when
the subject of inquiry is the contents of a document, no evidence shall be
admissible other than the original document itself."
32. "SEC. 19. Classes of documents.—For the purpose of their presentation
in evidence, documents are either public or private.
Public documents are:
(a) The written official acts, or records of the official acts of the sovereign
authority, official bodies and tribunals, and public officers, whether in the
Philippines, or of a foreign country.
xxx xxx xxx."
33. "Sec. 25. What attestation of copy must state. — Whenever a copy of a
document or record is attested for the purpose of evidence, the attestation
must state, in substance, that the copy is a correct copy of the original, or a
specific part thereof, as the case may be. The attestation must be under the
official seal of the attesting officer, if there be any, or if he be the clerk of a
court having a seal, under the seal of such court."
34. "Sec. 24. Proof of official record. — The record of public documents
referred to in paragraph (a) of Section 19, when admissible for any purpose,
may be evidenced by an official publication thereof or by a copy attested by
the officer having the legal custody of the record, or by his deputy, and
accompanied, if the record is not kept in the Philippines, with a certificate
that such officer has the custody. If the office in which the record is kept is in
a foreign country, the certificate may be made by a secretary of the embassy
or legation, consul general, consul, vice-consul, or consular agent or by any
officer in the foreign service of the Philippines stationed in the foreign
country in which the record is kept, and authenticated by the seal of his
office."
See also Asiavest Ltd. v. Court of Appeals, 296 SCRA 539, 550-551,
September 25, 1998; Pacific Asia Overseas Shipping Corp. v. National Labor
Relations Commission, 161 SCRA 122, 133-134, May 6, 1988.
35. The transcript of stenographic notes states that the original copies of the
divorce decrees were presented in court (TSN, December 16, 1998, p. 5;
records, p. 176), but only photocopies of the same documents were attached
to the records (Records, Index of Exhibits, p. 1.).
36. TSN, December 15, 1998, p. 7; records, p. 178.

37. TSN, December 16, 1998, p. 7; records, p. 178.

38. People v. Yatco, 97 Phil. 941, 945, November 28, 1955; Marella v. Reyes,
12 Phil. 1, 3, November 10, 1908; People v. Diaz , 271 SCRA 504, 516, April
18, 1997; De la Torre v. Court of Appeals, 294 SCRA 196, 203-204, August
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 14, 1998; Maunlad Savings & Loan Asso., Inc. v. Court of Appeals, GR No.
114942, November 27, 2000, pp. 8-9.
39. Art. 15, Civil Code.

40. Joaquin Bernas, The 1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines: A
Commentary, 1996 ed., p. 566.
41. Ricardo J. Francisco, Evidence: Rules of Court in the Philippines, second
edition, p. 382.

42. Ibid., p. 384.

43. Wildvalley Shipping Co., Ltd. v. Court of Appeals, GR No. 119602, October 6,
2000, p. 7
44. Francisco, p. 29, citing De los Angeles v. Cabahug, 106 Phil. 839, December
29, 1959.

45. 27A CJS, 15-17, §1.

46. Ibid., p. 611-613, §161.
47. 27A CJS, 625, §162.
48. Rollo, p. 36.
49. "SEC. 48. Effect of foreign judgments or final orders. — The effect of a
judgment or final order of a tribunal of a foreign country, having jurisdiction
to render the judgment or final order is as follows:

xxx xxx xxx

"(b) In case of a judgment or final order against a person, the judgment

or final order is presumptive evidence of a right as between the parties and
their successors in interest by a subsequent title.

"In either case, the judgment or final order may be repelled by evidence
of a want of jurisdiction, want of notice to the party, collusion, fraud, or clear
mistake of law or fact."
50. In passing, we note that the absence of the said certificate is merely an
irregularity in complying with the formal requirement for procuring a
marriage license. Under Article 4 of the Family Code, an irregularity will not
affect the validity of a marriage celebrated on the basis of a marriage license
issued without that certificate. (Vitug, Compendium, pp. 120-126; Sempio-
Diy, Handbook on the Family Code of the Philippines, 1997 reprint, p. 17;
Rufus Rodriguez, The Family Code of the Philippines Annotated, 1990 ed., p.
42; Melencio Sta. Maria Jr., Persons and Family Relations Law, 1999 ed., p.
146.)

51. Records, pp. 1-3.

52. Ibid., p. 4.
53. Id., p. 5.
54. Id., p. 180.
55. Id., pp. 170-171.
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 56. Id., pp. 84-89.
57. Id., pp. 181-182.
58. Id., pp. 40-41.
59. Id., p. 183.
60. Id., pp. 184-187.

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