EEE 2205

Electrical Machine II

WELCOME
Saturday, January 30, 2021 Topic and Personal Acquaintance 1
Fundamentals of DC Machinery
Kusum Tara
Assistant Professor
Dept. of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology
 FARADAYS LAW OF ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

First Law :
Whenever the magnetic flux linked with a circuit changes, an
e.m.f. is always induced in it.
or
Whenever a conductor cuts magnetic flux, an e.m.f. is induced in that
conductor.
Second Law :
The magnitude of the induced e.m.f. is equal to the rate of change of
flux linkages.
 FARADAYS LAW OF ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
(FIRST LAW)

A changing magnetic flux through a loop or loops of wire induces an

electromotive force (voltage) in each loop.
 Basic requirements to be satisfied for generation of E.M.F

1.A uniform Magnetic field

2. A System of conductors
3. Relative motion between the magnetic field and conductors

• Magnetic field :-
Permanent Magnet
(or)
Electro Magnet (practical)

• Conductor :- Copper (or) Aluminum bars placed in

slots cut around the periphery of cylindrical rotor
• Relative motion:-
By Prime Mover
Turbine
I.C Engine (Internal combustion)
 Induced voltage for one conductor

eind  Blv Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetism

w. r. t conductor

where
B = magnetic flux density (T)
l = length of conductor (m)
v = velocity of the conductor (ms-1)

The induced voltage depends on three factor:

1. The flux, Ф in the machine
2. The speed ωm of the machine’s rotor
3. A constant depending on the construction of the machine
 Generator action

Requirements are:
 Magnetic flux density(ß)
 Conductor with length(l)

 Relative motion between flux density and length(ß &l)

The energy conversion is based on the principle of dynamically induced emf, whenever a
conductor cut magnetic flux, dynamically induced emf is produced in it by faraday’s law.
This emf cause a current flow if the conductor is closed. Generated

voltage = BlVsinø
 D.C. GENERATORS PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION

 DC generator converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.

when a conductor move in a magnetic field in such a way
conductors cuts a magnetic flux of lines and e.m.f. produces in a
generator and it is defined by faradays law of electromagnetic
induction e.m.f. causes current to flow if the conductor circuit is
closed.
 Fleming's Right Hand Rule
• The Thumb represents the direction of Motion of
the conductor.
•The Index finger represents Field.
•The Middle finger represents
Current
 Lenz’s Law
“When a conductor is moved through a magnetic field a
voltage is induced in the conductor. If the circuit is closed, the
induced voltage will cause a current flow. The magnetic field
produced by the current will always oppose the motion of the
conductor. This is known as Lenz’s law”.
 D.C. GENERATORS
The figure below shows the schematic diagram of a simple machine consists of a coil ABCD
rotating in the magnetic field of a strong permanent magnet or powerful electromagnet. The
magnetic lines in the space between N and S poles are directed from the North Pole N to the
South Pole S. The ends of the coil ABCD are connected to two copper rings R1 and R2, fixed
on the shaft. Two brushes B1 and B2 connected to the external load circuit make contact with
the copper rings R1 and R2 respectively.
D.C. GENERATORS
DC Generators
DC Generators
D.C. GENERATORS
D.C. GENERATORS
D.C. GENERATORS
D.C. GENERATORS
Current obtained from a simple generator reverses its direction after every half revolution.
Such current undergoing periodic reversals is known as alternating current.
 •In the first half revolution, Figure (a),
current flows along ABLMCD through
brush No. 1
which is in contact with segment ‘a’ that
acts as the positive end of the supply and
brush No. 2 and ‘b’ as the negative end.
⚫ In the next half revolution as in
Figure (b), the direction of the
induced current in the coil is
reversed. But at the same time, the
positions of segments ‘a’ and ‘b’ are
also reversed with the result that
brush No. 1 comes in touch with
that segment which is positive i.e.
segment ‘b’.

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 Commutator Details
Commutator combined with
Brushes forms a mechanical
rectifier

Insulation

Copper Segments

Segments connect the armature coils to the load through the brushes.
Slip- rings are replaced by split- rings commutator.

• Unidirectional current from alternating current

 Commutation process in D.C Generator

 Commutation is the positioning of the DC generator brushes so that the

commutator segments change brushes at the same time the armature current
changes direction.
 Effects of Adding More Armature Coils

Two coils require four commutator segments Adding more coils and commutator segments gives
smoother dc output. Each coil needs 2 commutator segments.

eout

eout

Communtation
point

Unidirectional current wave shape

Resultant current wave shape when number of

conductors used result current wave shape
 Voltage induced in a rotating loop

Saturday, January 30, 2021 S. J. Chapman, Electrical Machinery Fundamentals, Art: 8.1 27
 Voltage induced in a rotating loop
The voltage on each segment is given by:

Saturday, January 30, 2021 S. J. Chapman, Electrical Machinery Fundamentals, Art: 8.1 28
 Voltage induced in a rotating loop

Saturday, January 30, 2021 S. J. Chapman, Electrical Machinery Fundamentals, Art: 8.1 29
The total induced voltage on the loop eind is given by;
eind = eba + ecb + edc + ead Induced voltage for
a loop
eind = vBl + 0 + vBl + 0
eind = 2B l v
eind = 2vBl
 Voltage induced in a rotating loop

Saturday, January 30, 2021 S. J. Chapman, Electrical Machinery Fundamentals, Art: 8.1 31
 Voltage induced in a rotating loop

Saturday, January 30, 2021 S. J. Chapman, Electrical Machinery Fundamentals, Art: 8.1 32
 Getting DC voltage out of the rotating loop

Saturday, January 30, 2021 S. J. Chapman, Electrical Machinery Fundamentals, Art: 8.1 33
 Induced Torque in the rotating loop

Saturday, January 30, 2021 S. J. Chapman, Electrical Machinery Fundamentals, Art: 8.1 34
 Induced Torque in the rotating loop

Saturday, January 30, 2021 S. J. Chapman, Electrical Machinery Fundamentals, Art: 8.1 35
 Induced Torque in the rotating loop

Saturday, January 30, 2021 S. J. Chapman, Electrical Machinery Fundamentals, Art: 8.1 36
 Induced Torque in the rotating loop

Saturday, January 30, 2021 S. J. Chapman, Electrical Machinery Fundamentals, Art: 8.1 37
 Induced Torque in the rotating loop

Example 8-1

Saturday, January 30, 2021 S. J. Chapman, Electrical Machinery Fundamentals, Art: 8.1 38
 DC Machine Construction

Field System of
a dc machine

Rotor of a dc machine Cutaway view of a dc machine

 A. Stator
 Stator Frame (name plate, terminal box, basement):
provides support for the machines, provides for the pole flux & carries half
of it.
 Stator core ( yoke mechanical, support)
 Stator pole
 Field winding ( produce stator magnetic flux i.e. main flux)
 Commutating poles( inter poles (improving commutation )), avoids spark b/n brush & comutater
 Compensating windings:- in large DC machines only, placed in the slots connected in series with
armature windings, cancels armature reaction and flux weakening.
 Brush:- attached to stator end covers made up of Carbone, graphite & to collect the current from the
commutator
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 B. Rotor

 The rotating part of the machine where electromechanical energy conversion takes place.
It consists of :
 Rotor core
 Armature winding:- consists of large no. of coils, each coil having one or more turns,
embedded in rotor slots. each side of the turn is called conductor.

 Rotor shaft

 Bearings to support the rotor shaft

 Commutator :- mounted on the shaft, insulated each other. Convert AC to

DC (mechanical rectification ) Keeps the rotor MMf stationary in space

 The Practical DC Generator

 The actual construction and operation of

a practical dc generator differs somewhat
from our elementary generators
 Nearly all practical generators use
electromagnetic poles instead of the
permanent magnets used in our
elementary generator
 The main advantages of using
electromagnetic poles are:
 (1) increased field strength and
 (2) possible to control the strength
of the fields. By varying the input
voltage, the field strength is
varied. By varying the field strength, the
output voltage of the generator
can be controlled.

Four-pole generator (without armature)

 Constructional Details Of DC Machine
 Yoke:
 Rotor:
 Stator:
 Field electromagnets:
 Pole core and pole shoe:
 Brushes:
 Shaft:
 Armature:
Stator Stationary part of the machine with poles that carries field
 Coil: winding
 Commutator: Rotor The rotating part of the machines that carries the armature
winding
 Bearings:
 Construction of real DC machine

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 Construction details of DC generator
Cross section view of dc machine

shaft

S
 1)Yoke
1) Yoke:-
- Acts as frame of the machine
- Mechanical support
- low reluctance for magnetic flux
- High Permeability Large DC machine Small DC machine
-- For Small machines -- Cast iron—low cost
-- For Large Machines -- Cast Steel (Rolled steel)
 2)pole cores and pole shoes
2) Field Magnets:-
a) Pole core (Pole body) :- --Carry the field coils
--Rectangle Cross sections
-- Laminated to reduce heat losses
--Fitted to yoke through bolts
b) Pole shoe:- Acts as support to field poles
and spreads out flux
Pole core & Pole shoe are laminated of annealed steel
(Of thickness of 1mm to 0.25 mm)
 Pole shoes serve two purposes:

Saturday, January 30, 2021 48

 2)pole cores and pole shoes

2) Field Magnets:-
c) Field coils (Magnetizing coils):- -- Provide
excitation (exciting coils) I . e field flux
--Number of poles depends speed of armature on and the
output for which the machine designed
--Frame to used for design for exciting coils
Different types of fields
i) Separately Exciting
ii) Self Exciting
 Field coils
A coil consisting of many turns of fine wire is generally wound around the core, This
coil is called shunt field. Also around the core a few turns of heavy wire may be
found. This is called series field.

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3)Armature core
3) Conductor system:-
a) Armature core (Armature):-
-- To support armature windings
--To rotate conductors in a magnetic field
-- it is cylindrical or drum shaped is built
--Made of high permeability silicon steel stampings
(of 0.5 mm thick)
-- Each stamping is separated from its neighboring one by
thin varnish as insulation
--Laminated to reduce eddy current losses
-- A small air gap between pole pieces and armature so
that no rubbing between them
-- High grade silicon steel used to reduce
i) Hysteresis loss
ii) Eddy current loss
-- Ventilating ducts are provided to dissipate heat to
dissipate heat generated by above losses
b) Armature Winding:-
Main flux cuts armature and hence E.M.F is induced
--winding made of Copper (or) Aluminum
--windings are insulated each other
 4)commutator

4) Commutator:--Hard drawn copper bars segments insulated from each

other by mica segments (insulation)
-- Between armature & External circuit
-- Split-Rings (acts like Rectifier AC to DC )
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 5&6 Bearings and Brushes

5) Brushes and brush gear:-

Carbon, Carbon graphite, copper used to Collects current
from commutation (in case of Generator)

6) Shaft and bearings:-

Shaft-- Mechanical link between prime over and armature
Bearings– For free rotation
 Armature serves three functions:
(1) It provides a low reluctance path for the flux.
(2) It hold the coils
(3) It produces motion so that the coils can cut the flux

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 Armature winding

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 Thank you

Saturday, January 30, 2021 Topic and Personal Acquaintance 23