INDEX

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Index Terms Links

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A

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AASHTO system 8
Absorption field 195
Acceptable risks 152
Acquisition, of borrow 130
dM
Aeration 112
Aerobic systems 194 224
Cromaglass 225
Rotordisk 240
Air-drying (laboratory compaction) 23
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Air permeability 103

Air photos 130
Airport construction 63
Allowable bearing pressure 33
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Ambiguity, avoidance 161

Angularity 51 97 252
Anistropy 49 94
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Approach fills 55 61
Architect 2 129
Arrow hammer 110
Co

Artificial fills 53
case histories 56 72
Elastizell 72
expanded polystyrene (EPS) 71

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Index Terms Links

Artificial fills (Cont.)

future usage 69
Geocell 73

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history (of development) 69

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hybrid design 73
patents 70
research 71

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Solite 73
Styrofoam HI 54
Artificial subbase 63
Ash, fills 74
dM
ASTM Compaction Requirements 22
ASTM designations 144
Atterberg Limits 8 130

B
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“Backfill Guide,” 108

Bad weather 116
Ballast 111
Bamboo 74
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Bay muds 102

Bearing capacity 135
allowable 2 3
py

presumptive 139
Bedrock, depth 130
Blasting 131
Co

Blister densities 145

Blow counts 4 6
Blown-in-place foam fills 57 64

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Index Terms Links

Blunders, avoidance 12 16
Boiling 87
Boring(s) 117

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Boring depths 135

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Boring inspection 157
Boring program 138
Borrow:

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area, mound 118
changing 40 103 120
heterogeneous 118
loading equipment 131
dM
sources 130
texture, changes 120
Breaching 91 92
Bridging, in fills 103
Building codes 132
hte

Burmister system 8 212 220

C
California Bearing Ratio 115 122
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Case histories 166

Caving 87
Certification 118 128
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levels of 154
Changing borrow 40 103 120
Cheap jobs 151 152
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Chimney drain 97 228

Chunk samples 145
Chunk-volume determinator 148

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Index Terms Links

Cinder fills 62
Classification:
plastic soils 20

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of soils 104

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Classification system(s) 8 211
auxiliary 5
Clay(s), lean, fat 20

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Clay fill 117
Client 128 129
Coefficient of permeability 87
Cohesionless soils 3
dM
Cohesive soils 3
Cold weather 121
Cold weather gear 157
Collapse, of clays 108
Communication with clients 154
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Compacted clays 94
Compacted density, condition 21
Compaction:
blunders 12
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definition 17
field 3
granular soils 124
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history 12
laboratory 3
modified Proctor 14
Co

moisture content 18 25
standard and modified Proctor 15
standard Proctor 13

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Index Terms Links

Compaction control 119

CBR 122
comprimeter 125

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degree of compaction 119 122

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field density testing 126
by index properties 125
nuclear method 126

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plate loading 123
pocket penetrometer 125
proof rolling 126 132
special circumstances 126
dM
water balloon 126
Compaction curves, locations, shapes 20
Compaction Data Book 40 47
corrections 50
Compaction equipment 132
hte

Compactor(s) 103
hand 109
types 104
Compleat field inspector 156
rig

Completion time 129

Confined spaces 65 106 122 141
Consequences, distress, failure 151
py

Consistency ratings, clays 217

Construction engineer 129
Construction rubble 73
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Contact pressure 135

Contract documents 129
Contractor 129 181

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Index Terms Links

Core wall 86
Coring operations 177 252
Correction 129

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Cost:

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factors 151
pressures 45
Styrofoam 55

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Critical exit hydraulic gradient 91
Cut-and-cover construction 62
Cutoff wall 86
dM
D
D10 size 11 218
Dense sand 108
Density corrections 50
Density gradients 81
hte

Density requirements 130

Density test coordinates 178
Density testing, how much? 149
Development, research 47
rig

Differential icing, of pavements 63 67

Differential settlements 134
Dilatancy test 10 215
py

Direction measurements 157

Disclaimers 155
Distance measurements 157
Co

Drainage characteristics 130

Drainage designations 4
Drainage (drain) field 193

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Index Terms Links

Drum rollers 104

Dry borrow 121
Dry density 19

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Drying, scarification 120

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Dry of optimum 83 95
Dumped backfills 106

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E
Earth dam(s) 2 86 117
caveat 84
Earth structures 87 92
dM
Earthwork contractors 169
Earthwork equipment 131
Elephants 106
Elevation measurements 157
Embankment 95
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stability 99
End-result specifications 26 115 119
End-result and suggested method 119
Energy (of) compaction 110
rig

Energy control 110

Engineering properties 2 123
as design basis 151
py

Engineering technologists 128

Environmental factors 152 190 217
Environmental Protection Agency 102
Co

Equipment imbalance 168

Erosion 94
Ethics 28

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Index Terms Links

Euclid truck(s) 105

as compactors 170
Excavated materials 117

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Excavated surfaces 117

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Excavating 117
Excavation, ease of 131
Excavation equipment 131

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Exclusion, in laboratory compaction test 23
Exculpatory clauses 156
Expansiveness 84 86
Expensive jobs 151
dM
Expert witness 127

F
Fat clays 49
Favors, gratuities 185
hte

Floating foundation 62
Flocculent structure 95
Flood control dams 99
Flooding 109
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Flotation 68
Field clothing 157
Field density checks 120
py

Field density hole 141

Field density techniques 120
Field density tests 14 141 173
Co

locations 120
Field equipment lists 157
Field moisture 116

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Index Terms Links

Field notes 162

Field observations 176
Field testing costs 151

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Field tests, soil texture 214

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Fill 5 101
condition 101 117
controlled 101

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correction measures 121
load-bearing 101
partially controlled 101
placement 118
dM
special 101
texture 101 117
uncontrolled 101
undulation 17 24
use of 117
hte

waste 73
Fill compaction 86
Fill control procedures 134
Fill inspector 44
rig

Fill records 176

Filmstrips 251
Fines 117
py

Foam plastic:
fills 53
poured 64
Co

rigid 64
Foundation:
design 138

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Index Terms Links

Foundation (Cont.)
failure 127
selection 138

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suitability 132

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Four-year fill option 224
Frost action 87 92
Frost-susceptible soils 92

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Frozen soil 121

G
Garbage 74
dM
Garbage In, Garbage Out 156
Geodex 105
Geostick 81 139
Geotechnical engineer 2
Glacial till 131
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Glass, as fill 74
Graded filter 97
Grade-separation case study 61
Grain size distribution 214 218
rig

Grain size limitations 117

H
py

Hand sieving 163

Haul distance 130
Hauling equipment 131
Co

Hazardous fills 153

Hazen’s effective size 50
Heel test 140

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Index Terms Links

Highway(s) 58
insulation 56
Honeycomb structure 95

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Horizontality measurements 157

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Hydraulic fills 101
Hypothetical case histories 57

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I
Index properties 2 123
as design basis 151
Index property variations 42
dM
Infiltrator system 209 223
Infrastructure repair 93
In situ 46
Inspection 128 134
Inspector 128 134 140 143 154
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181 184
Instant moisture balance, use 24
Insulation 56 77
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J
Jacked sample method 145
Jetting 109
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L
Laboratory procedures 251
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Laboratory techniques 220 251 252

Labor costs 106
Laws and regulations 132
Lawsuits 127

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Index Terms Links

Leachate control 102

Leach field 193
Lean clays 49

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Legal costs 243

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Level adjustments 164
Liability insurance 243
Lift preparation 118

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Lift thickness 115 118
Lightweight fills 53
Lime-stabilized soils 122
Limitations, reasonable 155
dM
Limiting zone 193 195
Liquefaction 92
Liquid limit 125
Litigious society 126
Load-bearing fills 116
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Loaded area shapes 135

Load testing 163
setup 164
Long-term compression 68
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Loose sand 108 125

Lunch hour filling 122
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M
Major problems 26
ninety-five percent fixation 29
Co

standard-modified ignorance 26
Making do 105
Marginally permeable 87

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Masking (of drain field) 209

Mechanical compactors 80
Methods specifications 115

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Mineralogy 117

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Moisture computation 111
Moisture content 118
Moisture control 110

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adjustments 118
Moisture and energy sensitivity 21 25
Moisture sensitivity 49 99
Mottling 195
dM
N
National Dam Inspection Program 87
National Sanitation Foundation 225
Non-load-bearing fills 116
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Nonplastic, fines 48
Nonspecialists 1 2 43 114
Nuclear density method 148
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O
Observer 128
Odors 102
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Optimum moisture content 13 21 24

corrections 50
Oral records 178
Co

Organics 103
OSHA 132
Ottawa sand 125 143

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Index Terms Links

Ozone depletion 68

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Pace length 160

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Passes, number of 119
Payment, terms 129
Percentage compaction 119

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for clays 83
example 36
method of determining 32
Percent fines 41 48
dM
Percent saturation 25
Perched water table 197
Percolation testing 193 203
Permanency 55
Permeability 50
hte

Personal safety 186

Photo records 178
PI, of fines 41 48 214
Pickford Bridge 54 65
rig

Pile load, test 60

Pipelines 59
Piping 91
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Placement equipment 131

Plastic, fines 49
Plasticity 214
Co

Plasticity index 117

Plate bearing tests 115 123 140
Plate loading test, field 123

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Index Terms Links

Plumb measurements 157

Pneumatic rollers 104
Pocket penetrometer 139

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Poleset 64

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Postcompaction precautions 121
Precast foam fills 53
Precompaction equipment 131

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Pressure bulb 135
uses, exceptions, limitations 137
Presumptive bearing capacity 81
Proctor density 122
dM
bearing capacities 38
correlations 38
Professional liability insurance 127
Proof rolling 132
Pumping 93
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Q
Qualitative fill control 179
Quantity, of borrow 130
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Quartering, soil samples 25

Quick condition 87
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R
Rain problems 120 121
Random selection technique 179
Co

Range of sizes, CR 218

Rapid drawdown 99
Recompaction effects 22

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Index Terms Links

Reconnaissance 156
Record keeping 157 180
Reinforced earth 63

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Relative density 34 97 107

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Report writing 176
Representative batches, preparation 24
Representative samples 118 173

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Research 47
Retaining structures 63 108
Richter scale 11
Road bases 115 122
dM
Roadway embankments 116
Rock 97
estimate, quantity 131
rippability chart 131
ripping, blasting 131 187
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Roofing 87
Route construction 93
Rubber, as fill 73 74
Rubble fills 103
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S
Sample bags 162
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Sample disturbance 148

Sampling ratio 144
Sand cone apparatus 142
Co

Sand cone method 141

Sand cone test, steps 143
Sanitary fills 102

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Index Terms Links

Scarification, drying 118

Scraper 131 169
Seepage 90

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losses 90

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pressures 90
Select fill 10 22 25 96 117
See also Septic systems

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Seminars available 220 252
Septic systems:
additives (chemical, biological) 237
aerobic systems 224
dM
alternating systems 191 229
background technology 191
bed systems 192 206
Cook County Cortege 211
Department of Environmental Resources 194 202 230 240
hte

design/construction 206
dribble stone 219 228
environmental regulations 191 194 195 197 222
experimental systems 194
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filter fabric, geotextiles 208 209

harsh chemicals 231
honey wagons 235
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maintenance 191 195 230

management 240
mound systems 193 210
Co

oil-eating bacteria (DBC-Plus) 238

pollution science 191
pressure distribution system 211 227

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Septic systems (Cont.)

problem sites 222
renovation/repair 229

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Rotordisk system 224

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seasonal high water table 195
seepage analysis 191
select fill 211

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septic tank no-no’s 231
septic tank pumping 235 236
site investigation/evaluation 195
standard systems 191 206
dM
suspended solids 207 231
Tabasco sauce(!) 223
test pits (probes) 193 195
Thetford system 226
trench backfill 209
hte

trench preparation 208

trench systems 192 206
water conservation 232
Settlement(s) 86
rig

computation 107
plates 120
Shear failure 99
py

Sheepsfoot roller 104

Shelby tube sampling, cohesive soils 217
Shell, of dam 86
Co

Shocks 92
Silts 21 93 98
Simulation, of field conditions 110 142

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Index Terms Links

Sliding 99
Slope stability 99
Soft wet clay 108

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Soil classification, visual 163 215

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Soil Conservation Service (SCS) 130
Soil identification, classification 189 214
Soil maps 130

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Soil sampling 252
Specialist’s services 118 131
Specifications 3 114
authority 128
dM
careless 31
enforcement 126 185
evaluation 129
implementation 126
nontechnical aspects 129
hte

responsibility 128
special criteria 122 126
Specific gravity 19
Split spoon sampling, granular soils 217
rig

Splitting, soil samples 25

Sprinkling, field 112 118 132 170
Stability 5 99
py

of excavations 181
Standard Penetration Test 32 46 216
Static loadings 125
Co

Stripping and grubbing 27 117 130

Structural engineer 2 114 129 134
Structural fill 108 116

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Index Terms Links

Structure of clays 94
Styrofoam HI 54
Subbases 122

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Subgrade 95 115 137

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Subgrade modulus 123
Subgrade stabilization 58
Subsidence 175

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Suggested guide specifications 116
Suggested method and end result 115
Supercompactors 105
Surface damage 121
dM
Surveying techniques 161

T
TALB 20
Tamping rollers 104
hte

Target value density 26 115 141 173

Techonomics 242
Test pits 117
locations 179
rig

sampling 162
Test strips 119
Textural tests 145
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Texture 20 117
acceptable 126
conformance 142
Co

of borrow 130
Time, pressures 45
Total cost context 57

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Index Terms Links

Traditional practice (causing problems) 43

Traffic compaction 208
Trafficking problems 130

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Traffic vibrations 107

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Trench backfill 106

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Unacceptable end results 129
Uncompacted fills (densities) 81
Unconfined compressive strength 125 139 217
Undulation of fill 120
dM
Unified Soil Classification System 104
Uniformity coefficient 46 51 223
Unsuitable material 117
Uplift pressure 85
Utility installations 56
hte

V
Varved clays 136 189
Vector control 102
rig

Vegetation cover 102

Venting, gases 102
Verification, degree of 153
py

Very large jobs 247

Vibrations 124
postconstruction 125
Co

Vibratory rollers 104

Vibroflotation 105
Void ratio 46 107

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W
Washington Densometer 144

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Waste fills 73

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case stsudies 73
energy conservation proposal 76
environmental regulations 75

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geotextile reinforcement 75
rabbits (!) 78
research 75
rubber plastic 78
dM
steel slag 77
telephone books 77
tire residue 77
tires (shredded) 75
Waste materials 73
hte

Water absorption 55
Water balloon method 144
Water table, depth 130
Weather restrictions 120
rig

Weep holes 109

Weight credit 110
Wet borrow 120
py

Wetlands 194 199

buffers 200
categories 200
Co

definition/delineation 199
policy 201
Wet of optimum 83 95

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Winnebergcr “perk” test 204 207

Work changes 129
Written criticism 180

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ria
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dM
hte
rig
py
Co

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