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Fourier Series Lecture Notes 2

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50 views25 pages

Fourier Series Lecture Notes 2

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bibokimani
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Fourier series: To represent any periodic signal x(t), Fourier developed an expression called Fourier series. This is in terms of an infinite sum of sines and cosines or exponentials, Fourier series uses orthoganality condition Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier,a French mathematician and a physicist; was born in Auxerre, France. He initialized Fonrier series, Fourier transforms and their applications to problems of heat transfer and vibrations, The Fourier series, Fourier transforms and Fourier’s Law are named in his honour, Fourier Series Representation of Continuous Time Periodic Signals A signal is said to be petiodie if it satisfies the condition x (t) =x (t+ T) or x (n) = (1 +N), Where T = fundamental time period. oo= fundamental frequene} There are two basie periodic signals: -oscx0t( sinusoidal) & Zjoor{complex exponential) These two signals are periodic with period 2ax/on A set of harmonically related complex exponentials can be represented as { Pi(t)} u(t) = {eo} = {MF wherek =041,£2..n .....(1) All these als ate periodie with period T According to orthogonal signal space approximation of a function x (t) with n, mutually orthogonal functions is given by Where «= Fourier coefficient = coefficient of approximation. This signal x(t) is also periodic with period T. Equation 2 represents Fourier series representation of periodic signal x(1) The term Ois constant. The term #1 having fimdamental frequency « , is called as 1* harmonies. The term £2 having fimdamental frequency 29, is called as 2" harmonies, and so on, The term én having fundamental frequency noo, is called as n" harmonies. Deriving Fourier Coefficient We know that Multiply e"Y on both sides. Then a(t)eIrwot — Ss azedhot e—Inwot Consider integral on both sides, T T © [ aera = s aged ote ineol dt 0 0 k=—00 T x -[ s azeik—m)wot de 0 K==00 T i) T [ a(te™tdt = S> a, [ ellh-n\wot dt... (2) 0 0 wn by Euler's formula, T T T [ le meotdt, = [ cos(k — n)uydt «if sin(k — n)wot dt 0 0 0 T [[orman {ten 0 0 kn Hence in equation 2, the integral is zero for all values of k except at k= n, Put k=n in equation 2 =/ a(t)e I dt = anT 0 1 —jnwot => = INwor dt oT [ “ Replace n by k 1 ft y sa=7f/ e the0t dt 0 oo. 2.2(t) = 35 ayett-mt k=—00 1? i wherea, = = [ e Tkeot dt Th Properties of Fourier series: Linearity Property if a(t) ees IT, gg yg) Persie cent then linearity property states that aa(t) + by(t) PE alte oF kb hn Time Shifting Property ita(t) Jourier series coefficient Ion then time shifting property states that a(t — ty) Comers ethene, nt f Frequency Shifting Property 5) to to x(t) + sin nyt dt ? nayi dt 2 peer 2 dn =e x(t) + cos nwt dt T Sy b,, 2 pein | zh a(t) -sin nut dt Series (E1 Expone Four ‘eiment } (n = 0, +1, +2...) len. This is a complete set soit is Consider a set of complex exponential finctions { which is orthogonal over the interval (f,fo°7). Where possible to represent any function f(t) as shown below f(t) = Fo + Fret! + Feu +... + F,eimmot +. Fe! + F pe Pty, + Fe imaty, oSQ)= s Fmt (t t T/2 1/2 Fla] = ATSa() FT of Impulse Function: FT w(t)] = [f° 5(e** at] FT of Unit Step Function: U(ws) = 760) + 1/50 FT of Exponentials: FT e u(t) —> 1/(a + jw) etu(t) 7 1/(a + ju) FT of Signum Function : ET 2 sgn(t) <—> ® jo Conditions for Existence of Fourier Transform: Any function f(t) can be represented by using Fourier transform only when the function satisfies Dirichlet’s conditions. ie ‘+The function fit) has finite number of maxima and minima. + There must be finite number of discontinuities in the signal f(t),in the given interval of time. ‘+ Itmust be absolutely integrable in the given interval of time ie. SL [sOlat < 00 Properties of Fourier Transform: ‘Here are the properties of Fourier Transform: Linearity Property: a(t) o> XW & y(t) <3 ¥(w) ‘Then linearity property states that aa(t) + by(t) #7 aX(w) + bY(w) ime Shifting Proper ira EE, x) Then Time shifting property states that a(t — ty) o> eH" X(w) ‘Excquency Shifting Property: If a(t) <> X(w) Then frequency shifting property states that + ay het a(t) <> X(w — wy) Time Reversal Propert Pr Tf x(t) —> X(w) ‘Then Time reversal property states that x(-t) <3. x(-w) ET If x(t) —> X(w) ‘Then Time sealing property states that x(at) Tar xe Differentiation and Integration Properti FT If x(t) <> X(w) Then Differentiation property states that 0). Fes, X(w) at dzx(t) FT |. we + (Jw)”. X(w) and integration property states that Ja(t)at “2 x(u) ff. fo(o at = rx) ‘Multiplication and Convolution Properties: FT If x(t) <> X(w) FT & y(t) —> Y(w) ‘Then multiplication property states that FT a(t). y(t) —+ X(w) * ¥(w) and convolution property states that a(t) * y(t) “> 2 X(w). ¥(w) Statement of Sampling Theorem: A band limited signal can be reconstructed exactly if it is sampled at a rate atleast twice the maximum frequency component in it ‘The following figure shows a signal g(t) that is bandlimited, Figurel: Spectrum of band limited signal g(t) ‘The maximum frequency component of g(t) is fin, To recover the signal g(t) exactly from its samples it has to be sampled at a rate f3 > 2fm, fi is called “Nyquist rate” ‘The minimum required sampling rate f& Proof: Let g(t) be a bandlimited signal whose bandwidth is fy, (C= 2) @ Figure 2: (a) Original signal g(t) (b) Spectrum G(o) dr(t) is the sampling signal with f, = 1/T > 2fm. a Bw) OO ee a ya @ oy Fiewe 3; (®) Sampling signal 6r() (b) Spectrum dr(.) Let gu(t) be the sampled signal. Its Fourier Transform Gs(oo) is given by Flgs(t)) = Figlt)or(6)) $00 = [ae ys «umn \ a = [ou x soma] Gsle) = YD Glw)+5(e—new) G.(w) = F[g(t) + 29(t) cos(wot) + 2g(t) cos(Qwot) + ---] Ge) = & YS Gene) a0 Figure 4: (a) sampled signal g.(#) (b) Spectrum G(w) If wy = 2vm, ive. T = 1/2fm- Therefore, G,(w) is given by $00 t YS Gw-nem) ‘To recover the original signal G(w): 1. Filter with a Gate function, Hy,,,(w) of width 2umn. 2. Scale it by T. Gv) = TG,(~) Hr... ( Figure 5: Recovery of signal by filtering with a filter of width 2u;q Aliasing: Aliasing is a phenomenon where the high frequency components of the sampled signal interfere with each other because of inadequate sampling ©, < Op Figure 6: Aliasing due to inadequate sampling Aliasing leads to distortion in recovered signal. This is the reason why sampling frequency should be atleast twice the banchwidth of the signal, Qversampling: In practice signal are oversampled, where fs is signi_cantly higher than Nyquist rate to avoid aliasing Figure 7: Oversampled signal-avoids aliasing Problems 1, Find the Fourier transform of the rectangular pulse signal x(9 defined by lil<@ x()= wo-{4 lion a) Sok: By definition of Fourier transform X(w) =f" pave de= f° ede 1 sinwa sinwa = a (e™ —e°*) = 2: =2a jo . wa Hence we obtain sinwa . sinwa pAlt) 2a . oa The following figure shows the Fourier transform of the given signal x(t) Xo) 2a Figure: Fourier transform of the given signal 2. Find the Fourier transform of the following signal x(t) x(t) Sol: Signal x(t) can be rewritten as xyeema ean a>0 em 10 aad <0 Then X(w)= f° erteme des ferme dt - ln O ta- ju] af fat jaye = fi errr eer 2a ate Hence, we get ene a+? The Fourier transform Xv) of x/i) is shown in the following figures “0 x) ° (a) (b) Fig: (a) Signal x(t) (b) Fourier transform X(w) of x/i) 4. Find the Fourier transform of the periodic impulse train xo Tr 0 T M% ‘ Fig: Train of impulses Sol: Given signal can be written as 8,(t)= YL a(t - kT) the complex exponential Fourier series of 5;,(¢) is given by 1 Qn -=_— ik yt -_— m=z 2 7, de = F [559] 7 LD 6(w-kwy) 0 kane =a Le i(w—kwy) = 05, (a) kane LE G(t- kT) oy L 6(w key) bate k ‘Thus, the Fourier transform of a unit impulse train is also a similar impulse train. The following, figure shows the Fourier transform of a unit impulse train X(w) 0 wy 2 ° Figure: Fourier transform of the given signal 5.Find the Fourier transform of the signum function Sol: Signum function is defined as 1 >0 san(t)={_ 120 The signum function, sgn(t), can be expressed as Sgn()= 2u(t)-1 We know that a = ay 88m) = 28(0) sentt) Fig: Signum function Let san(1) —+X(w) ‘Then applying the differentiation property , we have joX(w) = F[28(1)] = 2 sen(r) +> — Note that sgn(t) is an odd function, and therefore its Fourier transform is a pure imaginary funetion of w Properties of Fou Transform: Aperiodic signal Fourier transform Linearity ‘Time Shifting Frequency Shifting Conjugation ‘Time Reversal ‘Time and Frequency Scaling Convolution Multiplication Integration Differentiation in Frequency Conjugate Symmetry for Real Signals Symmetry for Real and Even Signals Symmetry for Real and Odd Signals Even-Odd Decompo- sition for Real Sig- nals x0 wo ax(t) + byl) x(t ~ fo) ei x(t) ro xO) wat) x" yO) xy) fo [ x(t oo) (0) real -x(0) real and even x(t) real and odd elt) = Er{x(} [x(0) real] xo(t) = Od{x(0)} [x(0) real] X(jo) Yo) aX( ja) + bY(jw) eX) XG(w ~ w»)) X"(- jo) XC jw) 1 y(2 laa XGjo)¥jo)_ { “Xu@H Mo O40 as jwX( jo) Xin aXO3(w) vd FXG) X(ja) = X*(-jo) MX jay} = RelXC— jo)} Snl{XCja)} = —SrolX(- jo) |X(Ja)| = [X(— ja)} EXUjw) = ~XX(~ jo) X(jo) real and even X(jo) purely imaginary and odd RelX(jo)} iSAXCjeo)} Fourier Transform of Basic Functions: Fourier series coefficients Signal Fourier transform it priate) Sane an S ado - han) ~ 2x5 ~ en) coswat IB lo ~ 09) + 800 + 0) sina Z[6(w—oy)— dw too) F1B(e — on) Btu tool wah m=O keO a =1 2n8tw) iss the Fouir series representation for any choice of T > 0 Periodic square wave Lost xo- [a nels and 2M tan VT: gine (HOOT) — sin ke Ty sine 2 L Wi 80) xU+T) = x0) Sou-en xo sinW aa) 3u-0) ul, Rela} > 0 te Wn), Grea} > 0

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