Air Standard Cycle

Sheet 1
Air standard cycle

1.
a) An Otto cycle engine has a compression ratio of 8.0. What is the engine's
thermal efficiency? (56%)
b) Suppose you want to design an Otto cycle engine with a thermal
efficiency of 45 percent. What compression ratio must you use?
(4.457)
2.
(57.5%, 383kPa)
3. In an ideal Otto cycle, the temperature at the end of the heat addition
process is 2600 °F, and the temperature at the end of the expansion
process is 883 °F. What is the compression ratio?
(Cr=7.84)
4. Cylinder conditions at the start of compression in a SI engine operating at

WOT on an air-standard Otto cycle are 20°C and 98 kPa. The engine has a
compression ratio of 9.5:1 and the maximum temperature is 2000°C.
Calculate:
a) The heat added per Kg
b) The heat rejected per Kg.
c) The cycle work done
d) The thermal efficiency.
5. An Otto cycle has a compression ratio of 6 and starting conditions of 35°C

and 1 bar. Heat is added until the pressure becomes 35 bar. Calculate:
a) The pressure, temperature and volume at each corner.
b) The heat added.
c) The mean effective pressure.
d) If the engine has a relative efficiency of 50%, determine the fuel
consumption per Kw.hr. Assume that the calorific value of the fuel is
42000Kj/Kg.
6. An otto cycle has a compression ratio of 6 and starting conditions of 100 OC

and 1 bar. Heat is added until the pressure becomes 35 bar. Calculate:
a) The pressure, temperature and volume at each corner.
b) The heat added.
c) The mean effective pressure.
If the engine has a relative efficiency of 50 %, determine the fuel
consumption per kw hr. Assume that the calorific value of the fuel is 42000
kj/kg.
7. The volume in the clearance space of a 152.40 mm x 254.0 mm Otto gas

engine is 1.70 liters. Find the ideal thermal efficiency of the engine on the
standard air basis, if the exponent of the expansion and compression lines
is 1.35. Express in percent
(36.89%)
8. An engine working on Diesel cycle has a compression ratio of 15 and cut-off
takes place at 5% of the stroke. Find the air-standard efficiency. Assume
value of y = 1.4 for air. (62.5%)
9. An air-standard Diesel Cycle operates with a compression ratio of 15. The

maximum cycle temperature is 1,700ºC. At the beginning of compression,
the air is at 100 KPa abs and 40ºC. What is the cut-off ratio?
(rc=2.13)
10. An air-standard Diesel cycle has a compression ratio of 18, and the heat
transferred to the working fluid per cycle is 1800 kJ/kg. At the beginning of
the compression process, the pressure is 0.1 MPa and the temperature is
15°C. Draw the (PV) diagram of the cycle and determine:
a) The pressure and temperature at the end of each process of the cycle.
(T2=915k, p2=p3=5720kPa, T3=2706k, T4=1313k, p4=456kPa)
b) The thermal efficiency of the cycle. (59%)
c) The mean effective pressure (1362 kPa)
11. In a diesel cycle, the initial conditions are 27°C and 1 bar. The compression
ratio is 20 and the cutoff ratio is 2, calculate:
a) The temperature, pressure and volume at the cycle key points.
b) The heat added, the heat rejected and the cycle thermal efficiency.
12. Cylinder conditions at the start of compression in a CI engine operating at

WOT on an air-standard diesel cycle are 20°C and 98 kPa. The engine has a
compression ratio of 12.5:1 and the maximum temperature is 3300°C.
Calculate:
a) The heat added per Kg.
b) The cycle work done
c) The heat rejected per Kg.
13. Consider an air standard diesel cycle in which the working fluid has the
following properties at the beginning of compression; temperature = 298 K,
pressure = 1 atm, and specific volume of 0.856 m3/Kg. if the compression
ratio = 15 and the heat added is 200 Kcal/Kg. Calculate:
a) The pressure and temperature and volume at the cycle key points.
b) The thermal efficiency.
c) The output power if the engine consumes 0.2 Kg/sec of air.
14. In a diesel cycle, the initial conditions are 1 kg/cm2 and 20 oC, the
compression ratio is 15 and the maximum temperature is 3300 oC. Calculate:
a) The heat added per kg,
b) The heat rejected per kg,
c) The cycle work done, and
15. Consider an air standard diesel cycle in which the working fluid has the
following properties at the beginning of compression: temperature = 290 K,
pressure = 1 kg/cm2 and specific volume = 0.856 m3/kg. If the compression
ratio = 15 and the heat added is 200 kcal/kg, calculate:
a) Pressure and temperature at each corner of the cycle
b) Thermal efficiency.
c) Mean effective pressure
d) The output power if the engine consumes 0.2 kg/sec of air. Cp = 0.238 and
Cv = 0.17 kcal/kg oC.
16. ln this example, let us assume the Diesel cycle with a compression ratio of
CR = 20: 1 and cut-off ratio α = 2. The air is at 100 kPa = 1 bar, 20 °C (293 K),
and the chamber volume is 500 cm³ before the compression stroke. Specific
heat capacity at a constant air pressure at atmospheric pressure and room
temperature: cp = 1.01 kJ/kgK.
Specific heat capacity at constant air volume at atmospheric pressure and
room temperature: cv = 0.718 kJ/kgK. κ = cp/cv = 1.4
Calculate:
a) the mass of intake air (m=5.95*10-4 kg)
b) the temperature T2 (971 k)
c) the pressure p2 (66.35 bar)
d) the temperature T3 (1942 k)
e) the amount of heat added by burning of fuel-air mixture (qadd = 583.5 J)
f) the thermal efficiency of this cycle (64.7%)
g) the MEP (7.943 bar)
17. A compression ignition engine working on dual cycle has a cylinder bore of
20 cm and stroke of 30 cm. It operates with a compression ratio of 8. At start
of compression, the cylinder is full of air at 1 kg/cm2 and 25 oC. The heat
added at constant volume is timed for a maximum pressure of 60 kg/cm2.
The heat added at constant pressure continuous for 4 % of the stroke.
Calculate:
a) Amount of heat added,
b) Amount of heat rejected,
c) Thermal efficiency,
d) The mean effective pressure, and
e) The cutoff ratio and the pressure ratio.
18. The compression ratio of an engine is 10 and the pressure and temperature at
the beginning of compression are 1.03 kg/cm2 and 40 oC. The amount of
heat added is 650 kcal/kg. Determine the mean effective pressure and the
thermal efficiency of the cycle if:
a) The maximum pressure is limited to 70 kg/cm2 and is added at both
constant volume and constant pressure, and
b) All the heat is added at constant volume.
In this case calculate the increase in the engine work done if the exhaust
gases expand isentropically to the original pressure.
19. A high-speed diesel engine working on ideal dual cycle. Takes in air at 50
°C and 1 Kg/cm2 and compresses it to 1/14 of its original volume. At the end
of compression, the heat is added so that the maximum pressure attains twice
the value at the end of compression. The rest of heat addition takes place at
constant pressure so that the volume at the end of heat addition is twice the
clearance volume. Calculate:
a) The temperature, pressure and volume at the key points.
b) The cycle thermal efficiency, the cutoff ratio (rc) and the expansion ratio
(re).
20. In a dual cycle, the heat added at constant volume is equal to that added at
constant pressure. The compression ratio is 13.5, the maximum cycle
pressure is 50 kg/cm2 and the initial conditions are 1 kg/cm2 and 20 oC.
Calculate:
a) The heat added, heat rejected and the work done.
c) The specific volume at the beginning of each process.
d) The cut-off ratio and the pressure ratio.
21. A compression ignition engine working on dual cycle has a cylinder bore of
20 cm and stroke of 30 cm. It operates with a compression ratio of 8. At start
of compression, the cylinder is full of air at 1Kg/cm2 and 25°C. The heat
added at constant volume is timed for maximum pressure of 60 Kg/cm2. The
heat addition at constant pressure continues for 4% of the stroke. Calculate:
a) Amount of heat added.
b) Amount of heat rejected.
c) Thermal efficiency.
d) The mean effective pressure.
e) The cutoff ratio and the pressure ratio.
22. In a dual cycle, the heat added at constant volume is equal to the heat added
at constant pressure. The compression ratio is 13.5. The maximum cycle
pressure is 50 Kg/cm2 and the initial conditions are 1 Kg/cm2 and 20°C.
Calculate:
a) The heat added, the heat rejected and work done.

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Sheet 1

Air standard cycle

4. Cylinder conditions at the start of compression in a SI engine operating at

5. An Otto cycle has a compression ratio of 6 and starting conditions of 35°C

6. An otto cycle has a compression ratio of 6 and starting conditions of 100 OC

7. The volume in the clearance space of a 152.40 mm x 254.0 mm Otto gas

9. An air-standard Diesel Cycle operates with a compression ratio of 15. The

12. Cylinder conditions at the start of compression in a CI engine operating at

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