SECTION 7: THREE-PHASE

CIRCUIT FUNDAMENTALS
ENGR 202 – Electrical Fundamentals II
2 Balanced Three-Phase Networks

K. Webb ENGR 202

 Balanced Three-Phase Networks
3

 We are accustomed to single-phase power in our

homes and offices
 A single line voltage referenced to a neutral

 Electrical power is generated, transmitted, and

largely consumed (by industrial customers) as
three-phase power
 Three individual line voltages and (possibly) a neutral
 Line voltages all differ in phase by ±120°

K. Webb ENGR 202

 Δ- and Y-Connected Networks
4

 Two possible three-phase configurations

 Applies to both sources and loads

Y-Connected Source 𝚫𝚫-Connected Source

 Y-connected network has a neutral node

 Δ-connected network has no neutral
K. Webb ENGR 202
 Line-to-Neutral Voltages
5

 In the Y network, voltages 𝑉𝑉𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 , 𝑉𝑉𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 ,

and 𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 are line-to-neutral voltages
 A three-phase source is balanced if
 Line-to-neutral voltages have equal
magnitudes
 Line-to-neutral voltage are each 120°
out of phase with one another

 A three-phase network is balanced if

 Sources are balanced
 The impedances connected to each phase are equal

K. Webb ENGR 202

 Line-to-Neutral Voltages
6

 The line-to-neutral voltages are

𝑽𝑽𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 = 𝑉𝑉𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 ∠0°
𝑽𝑽𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃 = 𝑉𝑉𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 ∠ − 120°
𝑽𝑽𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 = 𝑉𝑉𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 ∠ − 240° = 𝑉𝑉𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 ∠ + 120°
 This is a positive-sequence or abc-sequence
source
Positive-Sequence
 𝑽𝑽𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 leads 𝑽𝑽𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃 , which leads 𝑽𝑽𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 Phasor Diagram:

 Can also have a negative- or acb-sequence

source
 𝑽𝑽𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 leads 𝑽𝑽𝒄𝒄𝒏𝒏 , which leads 𝑽𝑽𝒃𝒃𝒏𝒏
 We’ll always assume positive-sequence
sources
K. Webb ENGR 202
 Line-to-Line Voltages
7

 The voltages between the three phases are line-to-

line voltages
 Apply KVL to relate line-to-line voltages to line-to-
neutral voltages
𝑽𝑽𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 − 𝑽𝑽𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 + 𝑽𝑽𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃 = 𝟎𝟎
𝑽𝑽𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 = 𝑽𝑽𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 − 𝑽𝑽𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃
 We know that
𝑽𝑽𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 = 𝑉𝑉𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 ∠0°
and
𝑽𝑽𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃 = 𝑉𝑉𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 ∠ − 120°
so
𝑽𝑽𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 = 𝑉𝑉𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 ∠0° − 𝑉𝑉𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 ∠ − 120° = 𝑉𝑉𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 1∠0° − 1∠ − 120°
1 3 3 3
𝑽𝑽𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 = 𝑉𝑉𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 1 − − − 𝑗𝑗 = 𝑉𝑉𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 + 𝑗𝑗
2 2 2 2

𝑽𝑽𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 = 3𝑉𝑉𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 ∠30°

K. Webb ENGR 202
 Line-to-Line Voltages
8

 Again applying KVL, we can find 𝑽𝑽𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃

𝑽𝑽𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃 = 𝑽𝑽𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃 − 𝑽𝑽𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄
𝑽𝑽𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃 = 𝑉𝑉𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 ∠ − 120° − 𝑉𝑉𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 ∠120°
1 3 1 3
𝑽𝑽𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃 = 𝑉𝑉𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 − − 𝑗𝑗 − − + 𝑗𝑗
2 2 2 2

𝑽𝑽𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃 = 𝑉𝑉𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 −𝑗𝑗 3

𝑽𝑽𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃 = 3𝑉𝑉𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 ∠ − 90°

 Similarly,
𝑽𝑽𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 = 3𝑉𝑉𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 ∠150°

K. Webb ENGR 202

 Line-to-Line Voltages
9

 The line-to-line voltages, with 𝑉𝑉𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 as the

reference:
𝑽𝑽𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 = 3𝑉𝑉𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 ∠30°
𝑽𝑽𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃 = 3𝑉𝑉𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 ∠ − 90°
𝑽𝑽𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 = 3𝑉𝑉𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 ∠150°
 Line-to-line voltages are 3 times the line-to-
neutral voltage

 Can also express in terms of individual line-to-neutral voltages:

𝑽𝑽𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 = 3𝑽𝑽𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 ∠30°
𝑽𝑽𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃 = 3𝑽𝑽𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃 ∠30°
𝑽𝑽𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 = 3𝑽𝑽𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 ∠30°
K. Webb ENGR 202
 Line Currents in Balanced 3𝜙𝜙 Networks
10

 We can use the line-to-

neutral voltages to
determine the line currents
 Y-connected source and load
 Balanced load – all
impedances are equal: 𝑍𝑍𝑌𝑌

𝑽𝑽𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨 𝑉𝑉𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 ∠0°

𝑰𝑰𝒂𝒂 = =
𝑍𝑍𝑌𝑌 𝑍𝑍𝑌𝑌
𝑽𝑽𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩 𝑉𝑉𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 ∠ − 120°
𝑰𝑰𝒃𝒃 = =
𝑍𝑍𝑌𝑌 𝑍𝑍𝑌𝑌
𝑽𝑽𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪 𝑉𝑉𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 ∠ + 120°
𝑰𝑰𝒄𝒄 = =
𝑍𝑍𝑌𝑌 𝑍𝑍𝑌𝑌

 Line currents are balanced as long as the source and load

are balanced
K. Webb ENGR 202
 Neutral Current in Balanced 3𝜙𝜙 Networks
11

 Apply KCL to determine

the neutral current
𝑰𝑰𝒏𝒏 = 𝑰𝑰𝒂𝒂 + 𝑰𝑰𝒃𝒃 + 𝑰𝑰𝒄𝒄

𝑉𝑉𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿
𝑰𝑰𝒏𝒏 = 1∠0° + 1∠ − 120° + 1∠120°
𝑍𝑍𝑌𝑌
𝑉𝑉𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 1 3 1 3
𝑰𝑰𝒏𝒏 = 1 + − − 𝑗𝑗 + − + 𝑗𝑗
𝑍𝑍𝑌𝑌 2 2 2 2
𝑰𝑰𝒏𝒏 = 0

 The neutral conductor carries no current in a balanced

three-phase network
K. Webb ENGR 202
12 Delta- & Wye-Connected Networks

K. Webb ENGR 202

 Three-Phase Network Configurations
13

 As for sources, three-phase loads can also be connected in two

different configurations
Y-Connected Load 𝚫𝚫-Connected Load

 The Y load has a neutral connection, but the Δ load does not
 Currents in a Y-connected load are the line currents we just
determined
 Next, we’ll look at currents in a Δ-connected load
K. Webb ENGR 202
 Balanced Δ-Connected Loads
14

 We can use line-to-line

voltages to determine
the currents in Δ-
connected loads

𝑽𝑽𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨 3𝑽𝑽𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨 ∠30° 3𝑉𝑉𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 ∠30°

𝑰𝑰𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨 = = =
𝑍𝑍Δ 𝑍𝑍Δ 𝑍𝑍Δ

𝑽𝑽𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩 3𝑽𝑽𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩 ∠30° 3𝑉𝑉𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 ∠ − 90°

𝑰𝑰𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩 = = =
𝑍𝑍Δ 𝑍𝑍Δ 𝑍𝑍Δ

𝑽𝑽𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪 3𝑽𝑽𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪 ∠30° 3𝑉𝑉𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 ∠150°

𝑰𝑰𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪 = = =
𝑍𝑍Δ 𝑍𝑍Δ 𝑍𝑍Δ

K. Webb ENGR 202

 Balanced Δ-Connected Loads
15

 Applying KCL, we can

determine the line currents
𝑰𝑰𝒂𝒂 = 𝑰𝑰𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨 − 𝑰𝑰𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪
3𝑉𝑉𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿
𝑰𝑰𝒂𝒂 = 1∠30° − 1∠150°
𝑍𝑍Δ

3𝑉𝑉𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 3 1 3 1 3𝑉𝑉𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 3𝑉𝑉𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿

𝑰𝑰𝒂𝒂 = + 𝑗𝑗 − − + 𝑗𝑗 = 3 =
𝑍𝑍Δ 2 2 2 2 𝑍𝑍Δ 𝑍𝑍Δ
 The other line currents can be found similarly:
3𝑉𝑉𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 ∠0°
𝑰𝑰𝒂𝒂 = = 3𝑰𝑰𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨 ∠ − 30°
𝑍𝑍Δ
3𝑉𝑉𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 ∠ − 120°
𝑰𝑰𝒃𝒃 = = 3𝑰𝑰𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩 ∠ − 30°
𝑍𝑍Δ
3𝑉𝑉𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 ∠120°
𝑰𝑰𝒄𝒄 = = 3𝑰𝑰𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪 ∠ − 30°
𝑍𝑍Δ
K. Webb ENGR 202
 Δ − 𝑌𝑌 Conversion
16

 Analysis is often simpler when dealing with 𝑌𝑌-

connected loads
 Would like a way to convert Δ loads to 𝑌𝑌 loads (and vice
versa)

 For a 𝑌𝑌 load and a Δ load to be equivalent, they must

result in equal line currents

K. Webb ENGR 202

 Δ − 𝑌𝑌 Conversion
17

 Line currents for a 𝑌𝑌-connected load:

𝑉𝑉𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 ∠0°
𝑰𝑰𝒂𝒂 =
𝑍𝑍𝑌𝑌
𝑉𝑉𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 ∠ − 120°
𝑰𝑰𝒃𝒃 =
𝑍𝑍𝑌𝑌
𝑉𝑉𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 ∠120°
𝑰𝑰𝒄𝒄 =
𝑍𝑍𝑌𝑌
 For a Δ-connected load:
3𝑉𝑉𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 ∠0°
𝑰𝑰𝒂𝒂 =
𝑍𝑍Δ
3𝑉𝑉𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 ∠ − 120°
𝑰𝑰𝒃𝒃 =
𝑍𝑍Δ
3𝑉𝑉𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 ∠120°
𝑰𝑰𝒄𝒄 =
𝑍𝑍Δ
K. Webb ENGR 202
 Δ − 𝑌𝑌 Conversion
18

 Equating any of the three line currents, we can

determine the impedance relationship
𝑉𝑉𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 ∠0° 3𝑉𝑉𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 ∠0°
=
𝑍𝑍𝑌𝑌 𝑍𝑍Δ
𝑍𝑍Δ
𝑍𝑍𝑌𝑌 = and 𝑍𝑍Δ = 3𝑍𝑍𝑌𝑌
3

K. Webb ENGR 202

 Line-to-Neutral Schematics
19

 For balanced networks, we can simplify our analysis by considering

only a single phase
 A per-phase analysis
 Other phases are simply shifted by ±120°

 For example, a balanced 𝑌𝑌-𝑌𝑌 circuit:

K. Webb ENGR 202

 One-Line Diagrams
20

 Power systems are often depicted using one-line

diagrams or single-line diagrams
 Not a schematic – not all wiring is shown
 For example:

K. Webb ENGR 202

21 Example Problems

K. Webb ENGR 202

 Determine:
 𝐈𝐈𝐚𝐚
 𝐕𝐕𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀
 𝐕𝐕𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀

K. Webb ENGR 202

K. Webb ENGR 202
 Determine:
 𝐈𝐈𝐚𝐚
 𝐕𝐕𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀
 𝐕𝐕𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀
 𝐕𝐕𝐁𝐁𝐁𝐁

K. Webb ENGR 202

K. Webb ENGR 202
K. Webb ENGR 202
27 Power in Balanced 3𝜙𝜙 Networks

K. Webb ENGR 202

 Instantaneous Power
28

 We’ll first determine the instantaneous power supplied by the

source
 Neglecting line impedance, this is also the power absorbed by the load
 The phase 𝑎𝑎 line-to-neutral voltage is
𝑣𝑣𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑡𝑡 = 2𝑉𝑉𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 cos 𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 + 𝛿𝛿
 The phase 𝑎𝑎 current is
𝑖𝑖𝑎𝑎 𝑡𝑡 = 2𝐼𝐼𝐿𝐿 cos 𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 + 𝛽𝛽
where 𝛽𝛽 depends on the load impedance
K. Webb ENGR 202
 Instantaneous Power
29

 The instantaneous power delivered out of phase 𝑎𝑎

of the source is
𝑝𝑝𝑎𝑎 𝑡𝑡 = 𝑣𝑣𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑡𝑡 𝑖𝑖𝑎𝑎 𝑡𝑡
𝑝𝑝𝑎𝑎 𝑡𝑡 = 2𝑉𝑉𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 𝐼𝐼𝐿𝐿 cos 𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 + 𝛿𝛿 cos 𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 + 𝛽𝛽
𝑝𝑝𝑎𝑎 𝑡𝑡 = 𝑉𝑉𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 𝐼𝐼𝐿𝐿 cos 𝛿𝛿 − 𝛽𝛽 + 𝑉𝑉𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 𝐼𝐼𝐿𝐿 cos 2𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 + 𝛿𝛿 + 𝛽𝛽

 The 𝑏𝑏 and 𝑐𝑐 phases are shifted by ±120°

 Power from each of these phases is
𝑝𝑝𝑏𝑏 𝑡𝑡 = 𝑉𝑉𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 𝐼𝐼𝐿𝐿 cos 𝛿𝛿 − 𝛽𝛽 + 𝑉𝑉𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 𝐼𝐼𝐿𝐿 cos 2𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 + 𝛿𝛿 + 𝛽𝛽 − 240°
𝑝𝑝𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 = 𝑉𝑉𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 𝐼𝐼𝐿𝐿 cos 𝛿𝛿 − 𝛽𝛽 + 𝑉𝑉𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 𝐼𝐼𝐿𝐿 cos 2𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 + 𝛿𝛿 + 𝛽𝛽 + 240°

K. Webb ENGR 202

 Instantaneous Power
30

 The total power delivered by the source is the sum of the power
from each phase
𝑝𝑝3𝜙𝜙 𝑡𝑡 = 𝑝𝑝𝑎𝑎 𝑡𝑡 + 𝑝𝑝𝑏𝑏 𝑡𝑡 + 𝑝𝑝𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡
𝑝𝑝3𝜙𝜙 𝑡𝑡 = 3𝑉𝑉𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 𝐼𝐼𝐿𝐿 cos 𝛿𝛿 − 𝛽𝛽
+𝑉𝑉𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 𝐼𝐼𝐿𝐿 [cos 2𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 + 𝛿𝛿 + 𝛽𝛽
+ cos 2𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 + 𝛿𝛿 + 𝛽𝛽 − 240°
+ cos 2𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 + 𝛿𝛿 + 𝛽𝛽 + 240° ]

 Everything in the square brackets cancels, leaving

𝑝𝑝3𝜙𝜙 𝑡𝑡 = 3𝑉𝑉𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 𝐼𝐼𝐿𝐿 cos 𝛿𝛿 − 𝛽𝛽 = 𝑃𝑃3𝜙𝜙
 Power in a balanced 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 network is constant
 In terms of line-to-line voltages, the power is
𝑃𝑃3𝜙𝜙 = 3𝑉𝑉𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 𝐼𝐼𝐿𝐿 cos 𝛿𝛿 − 𝛽𝛽
K. Webb ENGR 202
 Complex Power
31

 The complex power delivered by phase 𝑎𝑎 is

𝑺𝑺𝒂𝒂 = 𝑽𝑽𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 𝑰𝑰∗𝒂𝒂 = 𝑉𝑉𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 ∠𝛿𝛿 𝐼𝐼𝐿𝐿 ∠𝛽𝛽 ∗

𝑺𝑺𝒂𝒂 = 𝑉𝑉𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 𝐼𝐼𝐿𝐿 ∠ 𝛿𝛿 − 𝛽𝛽

𝑺𝑺𝒂𝒂 = 𝑉𝑉𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 𝐼𝐼𝐿𝐿 cos 𝛿𝛿 − 𝛽𝛽 + 𝑗𝑗𝑉𝑉𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 𝐼𝐼𝐿𝐿 sin 𝛿𝛿 − 𝛽𝛽
 For phase 𝑏𝑏, complex power is
∗
𝑺𝑺𝒃𝒃 = 𝑽𝑽𝒃𝒃𝒏𝒏 𝑰𝑰∗𝒃𝒃 = 𝑉𝑉𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 ∠ 𝛿𝛿 − 120° 𝐼𝐼𝐿𝐿 ∠ 𝛽𝛽 − 120°
𝑺𝑺𝒃𝒃 = 𝑉𝑉𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 𝐼𝐼𝐿𝐿 ∠ 𝛿𝛿 − 𝛽𝛽
𝑺𝑺𝒃𝒃 = 𝑉𝑉𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 𝐼𝐼𝐿𝐿 cos 𝛿𝛿 − 𝛽𝛽 + 𝑗𝑗𝑉𝑉𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 𝐼𝐼𝐿𝐿 sin 𝛿𝛿 − 𝛽𝛽
 This is equal to 𝑺𝑺𝒂𝒂 and also to phase 𝑺𝑺𝒄𝒄

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 Complex Power
32

 The total complex power is

𝑺𝑺𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 = 𝑺𝑺𝒂𝒂 + 𝑺𝑺𝒃𝒃 + 𝑺𝑺𝒄𝒄
𝑺𝑺𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 = 3𝑉𝑉𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 𝐼𝐼𝐿𝐿 ∠ 𝛿𝛿 − 𝛽𝛽
𝑺𝑺𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 = 3𝑉𝑉𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 𝐼𝐼𝐿𝐿 cos 𝛿𝛿 − 𝛽𝛽 + 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑉𝑉𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 𝐼𝐼𝐿𝐿 sin 𝛿𝛿 − 𝛽𝛽

 The apparent power is the magnitude of the

complex power
𝑆𝑆3𝜙𝜙 = 3𝑉𝑉𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 𝐼𝐼𝐿𝐿

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 Complex Power
33

 Complex power can be expressed in terms of the

real and reactive power
𝑺𝑺𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 = 𝑃𝑃3𝜙𝜙 + 𝑗𝑗𝑄𝑄3𝜙𝜙
 The real power, as we’ve already seen is
𝑃𝑃3𝜙𝜙 = 3𝑉𝑉𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 𝐼𝐼𝐿𝐿 cos 𝛿𝛿 − 𝛽𝛽
 The reactive power is
𝑄𝑄3𝜙𝜙 = 3𝑉𝑉𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 𝐼𝐼𝐿𝐿 sin 𝛿𝛿 − 𝛽𝛽

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 Advantages of Three-Phase Power
34

 Advantages of three-phase power:

 For a given amount of power, half the amount of wire
required compared to single-phase
 No return current on neutral conductor

 Constant real power

 Constant motor torque
 Less noise and vibration of machinery

K. Webb ENGR 202

 Three-Phase Power – Example
35

 Determine
 Load voltage, 𝑽𝑽𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨
 Power triangle for the load
 Power factor at the load

 We’ll do a per-phase analysis, so first convert the Δ load

to a 𝑌𝑌 load
𝑍𝑍Δ
𝑍𝑍𝑌𝑌 = = 1 + 𝑗𝑗𝑗.5 Ω
3
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 Three-Phase Power – Example
36

 The per-phase circuit:

 The line current is

𝑽𝑽𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 120∠0° 𝑉𝑉 120∠0° 𝑉𝑉
𝑰𝑰𝑳𝑳 = = =
𝑍𝑍𝐿𝐿 + 𝑍𝑍𝑌𝑌 1.1 + 𝑗𝑗𝑗 Ω 1.45∠42.3° Ω
𝑰𝑰𝑳𝑳 = 80.7∠ − 42.3° 𝐴𝐴

 The line-to-neutral voltage at the load is

𝑽𝑽𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨 = 𝑰𝑰𝑳𝑳 𝑍𝑍𝑌𝑌 = 80.7∠ − 42.3° 𝐴𝐴 1 + 𝑗𝑗𝑗.5 Ω
𝑽𝑽𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨 = 80.7∠ − 42.3° 𝐴𝐴 1.12∠26.6° Ω
𝑽𝑽𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨 = 90.25∠ − 15.71° V
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 Three-Phase Power – Example
37

 Calculate the line-to-line voltage from the line-to-neutral voltage

𝑽𝑽𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨 = 3𝑽𝑽𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨 ∠30°

𝑽𝑽𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨 = 156∠14.3° 𝑉𝑉

 Alternatively, we could calculate line-to-line voltage from the two

line-to-neutral voltages.
 The line-to-neutral voltage at phase 𝐵𝐵 is

𝑽𝑽𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩 = 90.25∠ − 135.71° 𝑉𝑉

 So the line-to-line voltage is given by

𝑽𝑽𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨 = 𝑽𝑽𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨 − 𝑽𝑽𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩 = 156∠14.3° 𝑉𝑉

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 Three-Phase Power – Example
38

 The complex power absorbed by the load is

𝑺𝑺𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 = 3𝑺𝑺𝑨𝑨 = 3𝑽𝑽𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨 𝑰𝑰∗𝑳𝑳
∗
𝑺𝑺𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 = 3 90.25∠ − 15.71° 𝑉𝑉 80.7∠ − 42.3° 𝐴𝐴
𝑺𝑺𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 = 21.85 ∠26.6° 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝑺𝑺𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 = 19.53 + 𝑗𝑗𝑗.78 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
 The apparent power:
𝑆𝑆3𝜙𝜙 = 21.85 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
 Real power:
𝑃𝑃 = 19.53 𝑘𝑘𝑊𝑊
 Reactive power:
𝑄𝑄 = 9.78 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

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 Three-Phase Power – Example
39

 The power triangle at the load:

𝑄𝑄 = 9.78 kvar

26.6°
𝑃𝑃 = 19.53 kW

 The power factor at the load is

𝑃𝑃 19.53 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝑝𝑝. 𝑓𝑓. = cos 26.6° = =
𝑆𝑆 21.85 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝑝𝑝. 𝑓𝑓. = 0.89 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙
K. Webb ENGR 202
40 Example Problems

K. Webb ENGR 202

 Determine complex power:
 From the source
 To the load
 To the line

K. Webb ENGR 202

K. Webb ENGR 202
K. Webb ENGR 202
 Line-to-line voltage at
the load is maintained at
4.16 kV.
What is the voltage at
the source? How much
complex power is
delivered by the source?

K. Webb ENGR 202

K. Webb ENGR 202
K. Webb ENGR 202
 Line-to-line voltage at the
load is maintained at 4.16 kV.
Determine:
 Power factor at load

 Power triangle at load

 Loss in Lines

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K. Webb ENGR 202
K. Webb ENGR 202
 Add power factor
correction to improve
p.f. to 0.98, lagging.
Determine:
 Power triangle at load

 Loss in Lines

K. Webb ENGR 202

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