Cell Structure and Functions
Levels Of Organization
Cellular Tissue Organ
level level level Organ system
level
Organismal
level
Cell Organelles
• What are organelles?
• internal compartments that carry
out specific cell functions
• How are organelles beneficial to
a cell?
• They allow the cell to grow larger
and become more specialized
CELL PARTS
Plasma Membrane
• Outer bilayered boundary of the cell
• Composed of protein, cholesterol and phospholipid.
Cytoplasm
• Fluid portion of the cell
• Surrounds the nucleus
Cytoplasm
FUNCTION
•Houses organelles and
vesicles
•Site for many cellular
processes like protein
synthesis, cellular
respiration (glycolysis),
mitosis and meiosis
Centrioles
• Made up of 9 sets
microtubules
arranges in groups of
3 known as triplet
microtubules.
• CENTROSOME –
consists of 2
centrioles
• Functions in mitotic
spindle formation.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Extensive membrane FUNCTION
system extending
throughout the
cytoplasm from the • Storage and internal
plasma membrane to transport
the nuclear envelope
ROUGH ER SMOOTH ER
• Presence of ribosomes • Lacks of ribosomes
• Site for attachment of • Synthesizes lipids,
ribosomes. phospholipids, and steroids.
Golgi Apparatus
• Flattened stacks of
membrane-bound structure
• Sorts, packages, and secretes
cell’s synthesized products.
• Also produces lysosomes
• Organelle modifies molecules
and packages them into small
membrane bound sacs called
vesicles
Vesicle
• Membrane-sac that
transports materials
• Are small structures within
a cell, consisting of fluid
enclosed by a lipid bilayer
involved in transport,
buoyancy control, and
enzyme storage.
Vacuole
• Membrane-
surrounded often
large sac in the
cytoplasm
Vacuole • Food Vacuole
– storage site of food
• Contractile Vacuole
– pumps water out of
cell
• Central Vacuole
– absorbs water and
helps plant cell grow in
size.
Lysosomes
• Membrane-bound
sphere
• digests waste materials
and food within the cell
• Contains enzymes;
breaks down molecules
into their base
components with strong
digestive enzymes
Ribosomes
•Contains RNA and
proteins; some are
free and some are
attached to ER
•Site of protein
synthesis
-organelles present in cells of
Chloroplasts plants and some other
eukaryotes
-contain chlorophyll for
photosynthesis
-surrounded by 2 membranes
-thylakoids are membranous
sacs within the inner
membrane
-grana are stacks of
thylakoids
-stroma – dense fluid enclosed
by the inner membrane
Mitochondria
• Powerhouse of the cell
• Energy production for
cells (ATP)
• Sites of aerobic
respiration
• “mitochondria makes me
mighty”
CYTOSKELETON
•flexible cellular
framework
•assists in cell
movement, provide
support
CYTOSKELETON
• Microfilament
– thinned type of fiber
containing the protein
actin
- helps cells change
shape and move as in
WBC
CYTOSKELETON
• Microtubules
– hollow cylindrical
structure
- Assists in movement
of cilia and flagella and
chromosomes.
Cilia & Flagella
• Provide motility
• Cilia
• Short
• Used to move substances outside
human cells
• Flagella
• Whip-like extensions
• Found on sperm cells
• Basal bodies like centrioles
Cell wall
• Protection
• Provides support and
structure
Endomembrane System
How do plant cells differ from animal cells?
Plant Cell
• Plant cells have different
structures
• Contains:
• Cell wall
• Chloroplasts
• Site of photosynthesis
• Vacuole (large central,
takes up most part of
cell)
THE END
