Linux Operating System Its Function, Us

OPERATING SYSTEM
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Linux Operating System:
Linux is a community of open-source
Unix like operating systems that are based on the Linux Kernel. It was initially
released by Linus Torvalds on September 17, 1991. It is a free and open-source
operating system, and the source code can be modified and distributed to
anyone commercially or noncommercially under the GNU General Public
License.
Initially, Linux was created for personal computers and gradually it was used in
other machines like servers, mainframe computers, supercomputers, etc.
Nowadays, Linux is also used in embedded systems like routers, automation
controls, televisions, digital video recorders, video game consoles,
smartwatches, etc. The biggest success of Linux is Android(operating system) it
is based on the Linux kernel that is running on smartphones and tablets. Due to
android Linux having the largest installed base of all general-purpose operating
systems. Linux is generally packaged in a Linux distribution.

Distribution:
Linux distribution is an operating system that is made up of a
collection of software based on Linux kernel or you can say distribution contains
the Linux kernel and supporting libraries and software. And you can get Linux
based operating system by downloading one of the Linux distributions and these
distributions are available for different types of devices like embedded devices,
personal computers, etc. Around 600 + Linux Distributions are available and
some of the popular Linux distributions are:
 MX Linux
 Manjaro
 Linux Mint
 elementary
 Ubuntu
 Debian
 Solus
 Fedora
 openSUSE
 Deepin
Architecture of Linux Operating System:
Linux architecture has the following components:
1. Kernel: Kernel is the core of the Linux based operating system. It virtualizes the
common hardware resources of the computer to provide each process with its
virtual resources. This makes the process seem as if it is the sole process running
on the machine. The kernel is also responsible for preventing and mitigating
conflicts between different processes. Different types of the kernel are:
 Monolithic Kernel
 Hybrid kernels
 Exo kernels
 Micro kernels
2. System Library: Is the special types of functions that are used to implement the
functionality of the operating system.
3. Shell: It is an interface to the kernel which hides the complexity of the kernel’s
functions from the users. It takes commands from the user and executes the
kernel’s functions.
4. Hardware Layer: This layer consists of all peripheral devices like RAM/ HDD/ CPU
etc.
5. System Utility: It provides the functionalities of an operating system to the user.

Functions Of Linux Operating System:

Linux is open source. This means that modification of code, analysis of codes,
redistribution of codes, or selling copies of the enhanced codes can be done by
anyone in the world provided they come under the same license where the
license also costs no charge.

Linux operating system is released under the GNU(General Public License) and is
now one of the largest open-source projects worldwide.
2. Extremely Flexible
Linux has incorporated itself into embedded products like watches, digital
equipment, and supercomputing servers.
There are no prerequisites for installing an entire Linux suite. It allows a user to
install only the components that are required by the user.
3. Lightweight Infrastructure
Linux consumes less storage space, and its installation requires around 4GB to
8GB of disk space.
Memory footprint or the amount of memory (RAM) used by the software while
running is also less and it is compatible with all kinds of file formats like text
files, audio files, video files, graphic formats, etc.
4. Graphical User Interface (GUI)
Even though Linux works on using the command line interface, it can be
converted to be used like windows having a Graphical user interface. This is
done mostly by installing packages. The most common way of having a GUI on
the Linux environment is to log in to Ubuntu server and install its desktop
environment.
5. End-to-end encryption
Linux allows end-to-end encryption while accessing data thus storing public keys
in the server. All data is password protected and provides authentication to
users. It also allows many security features and provides file permissions, a
secure shell, etc.
6. Portable Environment
Linux works in any kind of environment and doesn't depend on the device being
high-ended or low-ended. Many users can simultaneously use it anytime,
anyplace, and on multiple devices. It supports all kinds of hardware to work on.
Multiple distributions or enterprises are also supported by Linux.
Linux has its own repository for software that can be used to install the required
packages.
7. Shell/ Command-line Interface
The Linux command line interpreter is known as Shell that provides an interface
between the user and kernel which then executes programs known as
commands.
Hence, Linux uses Command-line interface to carry out the execution of tasks
which is comparatively more efficient to execute and takes less time. It also
takes lesser space in the memory,
8. Customized keyboard
Linux is available in all languages which makes it acceptable worldwide. That is
why language can be changed from the keyboard according to the requirements
and preferences.
Users can also build their own customized layout for keyboards.
S.N Linux Windows
O
1. Linux is an open source operating system. While windows are the not the
open source operating system.
2. Linux is free of cost. While it is costly.
3. It’s file name case sensitive. While its file name is case-
insensitive.
4. In Linux, monolithic kernel is used. While in this, micro kernel is used.
5. Linux is more efficient in comparison of While windows are less efficient.
windows.
6. There is forward slash is used for Separating While there is back slash is used
the directories. for Separating the directories.
7. Linux provides more security than windows. While it provides less security
than Linux.
8. Linux is widely used in hacking purpose- While windows do not provide
based systems. much efficiency in hacking.
9. There are 3 types of user account – There are 4 types of user account
–
(1) Regular , (2) Root , (3) Service account
(1) Administrator , (2) Standard ,
(3) Child , (4) Guest
10. Root user is the super user and has all Administrator user has all
administrative privileges. administrative privileges of
computers.
11. Linux file naming convention in case In Windows, you cannot have 2
sensitive. Thus, sample and SAMPLE are 2 files with the same name in the
different files in Linux/Unix operating system. same folder.
9. Frequent New Updates
Linux operating system provides a wide range of accessible software updates
that can be deployed and used according to requirements.
They update more frequently thus giving users an option to choose the updates
and install them as per their need.
Linux Differ from Windows:
Linux: Linux could be a free and open supply OS supporting operating system
standards. It provides programming interface still as programmed compatible with
operating system primarily based systems and provides giant selection applications. A
UNIX operating system additionally contains several severally developed parts,
leading to UNIX operating system that is totally compatible and free from proprietary
code.
Windows: Windows may be a commissioned OS within which ASCII text file is
inaccessible. It’s designed for people with the angle of getting no programming
information and for business and alternative industrial users. It’s terribly
straightforward and simple to use. The distinction between Linux and Windows
package is that Linux is completely freed from price whereas windows is marketable
package and is expensive. Associate operating system could be a program meant to
regulate the pc or computer hardware Associate behave as a treater between user and
hardware. Linux is an open supply package wherever users will access the ASCII text
file and might improve the code victimization the system. On the opposite hand, in
windows, users can’t access ASCII text file, and it’s an authorized OS. Let’s see that the
difference between Linux and windows:

Uses:
Some of the common and important uses of Linux include:
■ Server Systems:
Linux is widely used as a server operating system due to its stability, security, and
flexibility. It powers a significant portion of the internet, running web servers, email
servers, file servers, database servers, and more.
■ Desktop Computing:
Linux distributions like Ubuntu, Fedora, and Debian provide user-friendly interfaces
and a wide range of applications for desktop computing. Linux can be a viable
alternative to other operating systems, offering customization options, security, and
compatibility with older hardware.
■ Embedded Systems:
Linux is extensively used in embedded systems such as smartphones, tablets, smart
TVs, routers, and IoT (Internet of Things) devices. Its lightweight nature, adaptability,
and open-source nature make it a popular choice for these devices.
■ Networking:
Linux powers many network devices and routers. It offers robust networking
capabilities, including support for protocols like TCP/IP, DNS, DHCP, and firewall
configurations. Additionally, Linux provides tools for network monitoring, packet
analysis, and network administration.
■ High-Performance Computing (HPC):
Linux is prevalent in the HPC community due to its scalability, ability to run on a wide
range of hardware architectures, and excellent support for parallel computing.
Supercomputers and clusters often use Linux to perform complex scientific
calculations and simulations.
■ Data Centers and Cloud Computing:
Linux dominates the data center and cloud computing industry. Large-scale cloud
platforms such as Amazon Web Services (AWS), Google Cloud Platform (GCP), and
Microsoft Azure rely heavily on Linux to provide their services.
■ Security and Privacy:
Linux is known for its security features and is less susceptible to viruses and malware
compared to other operating systems. Many security professionals and organizations
prefer Linux for its robustness and the availability of security-focused distributions like
Kali Linux.
■ Education and Learning:
Linux is an excellent tool for learning computer science and programming. Many
educational institutions use Linux in their computer labs, and the open-source nature
of the OS allows students to explore and modify the system.
■ Software Development:
Linux provides a vast array of development tools, compilers, libraries, and frameworks
that make it a popular choice for software developers. The command-line interface
and scripting capabilities of Linux make it an ideal environment for coding and
software engineering.