NATIONAL CERTIFICATE ENGINEERING

COURSES

ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
(340/13/S02)

QUESTION AND ANSWER GUIDE

THE RED SPOT

Contents
CHAPTER ONE: BASIC ALGEBRA ...................................................................................................................... 3
1.1 Indices ....................................................................................................................................................... 3
1.2 Logarithms .............................................................................................................................................. 4
1.3 Formulae .................................................................................................................................................. 8
CHAPTER TWO: QUADRATIC EQUATIONS .................................................................................................. 12
2.1 Quadratic theory ................................................................................................................................. 12
2.2 Solving quadratic equations ........................................................................................................... 14
2.3 Quadratic graphs ................................................................................................................................. 18
2.4 Simultaneous equations ................................................................................................................... 21
CHAPTER THREE: GRAPHS .............................................................................................................................. 25
3.1 Linear Graphs ....................................................................................................................................... 25
3.2 Polar Graphs ......................................................................................................................................... 25
3.3 Exponential growth and decay ....................................................................................................... 27
3.4 Determination of laws ....................................................................................................................... 30
CHAPTER FOUR: COORDINATE GEOMETRY ............................................................................................... 37
4.1 Gradient Formula ................................................................................................................................ 37
CHAPTER FIVE: TRIGONOMETRY .................................................................................................................. 38
5.1 Definitions ............................................................................................................................................. 38
5.2 Identities ................................................................................................................................................ 39
5.3 Solving triangles .................................................................................................................................. 40
5.4 Angles of elevation and Angles of depression........................................................................... 44
5.5 Practical trigs ....................................................................................................................................... 49
CHAPTER SIX: RADIAN MEASURE .................................................................................................................. 51
CHAPTER SEVEN: MENSURATION (AREAS AND VOLUMES) ................................................................. 55
7.1 Plane figures and solids .................................................................................................................... 55
7.2 Frusta ...................................................................................................................................................... 58
7.3 Zone of Sphere...................................................................................................................................... 64
CHAPTER EIGHT: APPROXIMATE METHODS............................................................................................. 65
8.1 Approximate Methods for Area...................................................................................................... 65
8.2 Approximate Methods for Volume ................................................................................................ 72

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CHAPTER NINE: BINOMAL EXPANSION ....................................................................................................... 79
9.1 The series method .............................................................................................................................. 79
9.2 The Pascal’s Triangle Method ......................................................................................................... 82
CHAPTER TEN: DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS ................................................................................................. 82
10.1 General derivatives ............................................................................................................................ 82
10.2 First principles ..................................................................................................................................... 83
10.3 Turning points ..................................................................................................................................... 85
10.4 Tangents and normal ......................................................................................................................... 89
10.5 Rates of change .................................................................................................................................... 92
CHAPTER ELEVEN: INTEGRAL CALCULUS ................................................................................................... 93
11.1 General integrals ................................................................................................................................. 93
11.2 Definite integrals ................................................................................................................................ 93
11.3 Area under curves............................................................................................................................... 95

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 CHAPTER ONE: BASIC ALGEBRA

1.1 Indices
𝐝𝟑 𝐞𝟐 𝐟 𝟏/𝟐 𝐝𝟑 𝐞𝟐 𝐟 𝟏/𝟐
1.1.1 =(𝐝𝟑/𝟐 𝐞
(𝐝𝟑/𝟐 𝐞 𝐟 𝟓/𝟐 )𝟑 𝐟 𝟓/𝟐 )𝟑

𝐝𝟑 𝐞𝟐 𝐟 𝟏/𝟐 𝟏
= (𝐝𝟗/𝟐 𝐞𝟑 𝐟𝟏𝟓/𝟐 ) = 𝐝−𝟑/𝟐 𝐞−𝟏 𝐟 −𝟕 = [5]
(𝐝𝟑/𝟐 𝐞𝟏 𝐟 𝟕 )

𝟐𝟕𝐧+𝟐 – 𝟔(𝟑𝟑𝐧+𝟑 ) (𝟑𝟑 )𝐧+𝟐 – 𝟐 𝐱 𝟑(𝟑𝟑𝐧+𝟑 )

1.1.2 Simplify =
𝟑𝐧 (𝟗𝐧+𝟐 ) 𝟑𝐧 (𝟑𝟐 )𝐧+𝟐

(𝟑𝟑𝐧 )(𝟑𝟔 ) – 𝟐 (𝟑𝟑𝐧 𝐱 𝟑𝟒 ) (𝟑𝟒 )(𝟑𝟐 – 𝟐 )

= = =7 [5]
𝟑𝟑𝐧 𝐱 𝟑𝟒 𝟑𝟒
𝟐𝟓 𝟏
1.1.3 Evaluate (𝟒𝟗)-1/2 = 𝟐𝟓
√
𝟒𝟗

𝟏 √𝟒𝟗 𝟕
= √𝟐𝟓
= =𝟓 [3]
√𝟐𝟓
√𝟒𝟗

1.1.4 Evaluate 5(3x0) =5x3x1

= 15 [2]
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝐱(𝐲 𝟐 − 𝐱 𝟐 ) + 𝐱(𝐲 𝟐 + 𝐱 𝟐 )
𝐱 𝐱
1.1.5 Simplify 𝐲𝟏/𝟐 + + = (𝐲𝟏/𝟐 +
𝐱 𝟏/𝟐 𝐲 𝟏/𝟐 − 𝐱 𝟏/𝟐 𝐱 𝟏/𝟐 ) (𝐲 𝟏/𝟐 − 𝐱 𝟏/𝟐 )
𝟏 𝟑 𝟏 𝟑
𝐱𝐲 𝟐 − 𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐱𝐲 𝟐 + 𝐱 𝟐 𝟐𝐱√𝐲
= = [5]
𝐲−𝐱 𝐲−𝐱

(𝟏𝟎𝟐 )𝟑 (𝟏𝟎)𝟐 𝐱 𝟑
1.1.6 Evaluate (𝟏𝟎𝟒 𝐱 𝟏𝟎𝟐 ) = 𝟏𝟎𝟒+𝟐
(𝟏𝟎)𝟔
= = 106 – 6 =1 [3]
𝟏𝟎𝟔
𝟔𝐚𝟐 𝐛𝐜 𝟐𝟒𝐛𝐜 𝟑 𝟏𝟒𝟒𝐚𝟐 𝐛𝟐 𝐜 𝟒 𝟖𝐜
1.1.7 Simplify 𝟏𝟖𝐚𝟑 𝐛𝟐 𝐜𝟐 𝐱 = = [5]
𝟑𝐚𝐜 𝟓𝟒𝐚𝟒 𝐛 𝟐 𝐜 𝟑 𝟑𝐚𝟐

𝟐𝐱 𝟐 𝐲 +𝟏𝟐𝐱𝐲 𝐱 𝟐𝐱𝐲 (𝐱+𝟔) 𝐱+𝟏

1.1.8 Simplify ÷ 𝐱−𝟏 = {(𝐱−𝟏)(𝐱+ 𝟔)} { } = 2y [5]
𝐱 𝟐 +𝟓𝐱−𝟔 𝐱
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝟑( ) 𝟒( )
𝟖𝟑 𝐱 𝟏𝟔𝟑 𝟐 𝟑 𝐱 𝟐 𝟑
1.1.9 Evaluate −𝟏 = −𝟏
𝟓( )
𝟑𝟐 𝟑 𝟐 𝟑

𝟒 𝟓
= 𝟐𝟏 𝐱 𝟐(𝟑 ) 𝐱 𝟐(𝟑 ) = 24 = 16 [3]
𝟐𝟑 𝐱 𝟑𝟓 𝐱 (𝟕𝟐 )𝟐 𝟐𝟑 𝟑𝟓 (𝟕𝟐 )𝟐
1.1.10 Find the value of = ( 𝟐𝟒 ) ( )( )
𝟕𝟒 𝐱 𝟐𝟒 𝐱 𝟑𝟑 𝟑𝟑 𝟕𝟒
𝟗
= (23 – 4) (35 – 3) (74 -4) = 2-1 x 32 x 1 = 𝟐 or 4.5 [5]

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 𝟑/𝟐 𝟐
(𝟑𝟐 ) 𝐱 (𝟖𝟏/𝟑 ) (𝟑𝟑 ) 𝐱 (𝟖𝟐/𝟑 ) 𝐱 (𝟗𝟏/𝟐 )
1.1.11 𝟏/𝟐 = (𝟑)𝟐 𝐱 (𝟒𝟑/𝟐 ) 𝐱 (𝟏)
(𝟑)𝟐 𝐱 (𝟒𝟑 ) 𝐱 (𝟗)−𝟏/𝟐

𝟐𝟕 𝐱 𝟒 𝐱 𝟑 𝟑𝟐𝟒 𝟗
= 𝟗𝐱𝟖𝐱 (𝟏)
= = 𝟐 or 4.5 [5]
𝟕𝟐

𝟑𝟐 𝐱 𝟓𝟓 + 𝟑𝟑 𝐱 𝟓𝟑 𝟑𝟐 𝐱 𝟓𝟓 𝟑𝟑 𝐱 𝟓𝟑
1.1.12 = +
𝟑𝟒 𝐱 𝟓𝟒 𝟑𝟒 𝐱 𝟓𝟒 𝟑𝟒 𝐱 𝟓𝟒
𝟓 𝟏 𝟐𝟖
= (32 – 4) (55 – 4) + (33 – 4) (53 – 4) = 𝟗 + 𝟏𝟓 = [5]
𝟒𝟓

𝟏⁄ 𝐧 −𝟏⁄ 𝐧 𝟏⁄ 𝐧
1.1.13 Simplify 𝟔 𝟐 𝐱 𝟏𝟐𝐧+𝟏 𝐱 𝟐𝟕 𝟐 ÷ 𝟑𝟐 𝟐

𝟏⁄ 𝐧 −𝟏⁄ 𝐧 𝟏⁄ 𝐧
(𝟐 𝐱 𝟑) 𝟐 𝐱 (𝟐𝟐 𝐱 𝟑)𝐧+𝟏 𝐱 (𝟑𝟑 ) 𝟐 ÷ (𝟐𝟓 ) 𝟐

𝐧⁄ 𝐧⁄ −𝟑𝐧⁄ 𝟓𝐧⁄
𝟐 𝟐 𝐱 𝟑 𝟐𝐱 𝟐𝟐(𝐧+𝟏) 𝐱 𝟑𝐧+𝟏 𝐱 𝟑 𝟐 ÷ 𝟐 𝟐

𝐧⁄ +𝟐𝐧+𝟐−𝟓𝐧⁄ 𝐧⁄ +𝐧+𝟏−𝟑𝐧⁄
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝐱 𝟑 𝟐 𝟐

22 x 31 = 4 x 3 = 12 [5]

1.2 Logarithms
1.2.1Given that ut = 49, find 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟕 𝐮 in terms of t
ut = 72
log ut = log72
t 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟕 𝐮 = 2𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟕 𝟕
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟕 𝐮 = 2 t-1 [5]
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐱 𝟑𝟐 – 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐱 𝟒 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐱 𝟖 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐱 𝟐𝟓 – 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐱 𝟐𝟐 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐱 𝟐𝟑
1.2.2 Evaluate 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐱 𝟐𝟓𝟔
= 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐱 𝟐𝟖

𝟓𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐱 𝟐 – 𝟐𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐱 𝟐 + 𝟑𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐱 𝟐 (𝟓−𝟐+𝟑) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐱 𝟐 𝟔

= = =𝟖
𝟖𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐱 𝟐 (𝟖)𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐱 𝟐
𝟑
=𝟒 [3]

1.2.3 Solve log x4 – log x3 = log 3x – log 2x

𝐱𝟒 𝟑𝐱
→ log (𝐱𝟑 ) = (𝟐𝐱)
𝐱𝟒 𝟑𝐱
→ log (𝐱𝟑 ) = log (𝟐𝐱)
𝟑 𝟑
→ log 𝐱 = log (𝟐) →𝐱 =𝟐 [3]

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 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐱 𝟏𝟔 – 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐱 𝟖 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐱 𝟐𝟒 – 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐱 𝟐𝟑 (𝟒 𝐱 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐱 𝟐) – (𝟑 𝐱 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐱 𝟐)
1.2.4 Simplify 𝟐 𝟑
=𝟐 𝟑
= 𝟐 𝟑
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐱 𝟒 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐱 𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐱 𝟐

𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐱 𝟐 – 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐱 𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐

= = 𝟐𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐱𝟐
𝟐𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐱 𝟐 𝐱

𝟏
=𝟐 [3]
𝟏 𝟏
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐱 𝟐𝟓 – 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐱 𝟏𝟐𝟓 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐱 𝟔𝟐𝟓 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐱 𝟓𝟐 – 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐱 𝟓𝟑 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐱 𝟓𝟒 𝟐𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐱 𝟓 – 𝟑𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐱 𝟓 + 𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐱 𝟓
1.2.5 Evaluate 𝟐
= 𝟐
=
𝟑 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐱 𝟓 𝟑 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐱 𝟓 𝟑 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐱 𝟓
(𝟐−𝟑+𝟐)𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐱 𝟓 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟓 𝟏
= = 𝟑 𝐥𝐨𝐠𝐱 =𝟑 [3]
𝟑 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐱 𝟓 𝐱𝟓

1.2.6 Solve 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 𝐱 + 3 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐱 𝟑 = 4

𝟏
→ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 𝐱 + 3 =4
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐱 𝟑

→ (𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 𝐱 ) ( 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 𝐱 ) + 3 = 4 ( 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 𝐱 )

→ ( 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 𝐱 )𝟐 - 4 ( 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 𝐱 ) + 3 = 0, now a quadratic equation in 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 𝐱
Let 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 𝐱 = y
y2 – 4y + 3 = 0
(y – 3) (y – 1) = 0
y = 1 or 3
Hence, y = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 𝐱 = 1 or 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 𝐱 = 3
x = 31 or 33
x = 3 or 27 [5]
1.2.7 Solve 3x = 9
log 3x = log 32
x log 3 = 2 log 3
x=2 [2]

𝟒
𝟏𝟐𝟓 𝐱 √𝟏𝟔
1.2.8 Epress Log 𝟒 in terms of log 2, log 3 and log 5.
√𝟖𝟏𝟑
𝟒
𝐋𝐨𝐠𝟏𝟐𝟓 + 𝐋𝐨𝐠 √𝟏𝟔
𝟒 (Law 1, i.e. Log MN = Log M + Log N)
𝐋𝐨𝐠 √𝟖𝟏𝟑

𝟒 𝟒 𝐌
𝐋𝐨𝐠𝟏𝟐𝟓 + 𝐋𝐨𝐠 √𝟏𝟔 – 𝐋𝐨𝐠 √𝟖𝟏𝟑 (Law 2, i.e. Log( 𝐍 ) = Log M – Log N)

Log 53 + Log 2 – Log 33 (applying law 3 gives)

3 Log 5 + Log 2 – 3 Log 3 [3]

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1.2.9 Solve 4 2x – 1 = 5x + 2
→log (4 2x – 1) = log (5x + 2)
→ (2x -1) log 4 = (x +2) log 5
→1.2 x- 0.6 = 0.699x + 1.398
→0.51x = 2
→ x = 3.9 [5]
1.2.10 Solve 2x+1 = 32x−5

Log (2x+1) = Log (32x−5)

(x+ 1) log 2 = (2x – 5) log3

0.30x + 0.30 = 0.96x – 2.4

0.66x = 2.7

x = 4.09 [5]
1.2.11Solve the equation: log (x −1) + log (x + 8) = 2log (x +2).
Log (x -1) (x + 8) = Log (x + 2)2
x2 + 7x – 8 = x2 + 4x + 4
3x = 12
x=4 [3]
1.2.12 Solve the equation: log (x2- 3) – log x = log 2
Log (x2 – 3) (x-1) = log 2 (x2 – 3x) (x - 3) = 0
x2- 3 = 2x x(x – 3) + 1(x – 3) = 0
x2 -2x - 3 = 0 (x + 1) (x – 3) = 0
x2 -3x + x - 3 = 0 x = -1 or 3 [5]
1.2.13 Solve 3x +1 = 22x – 3

log 3x +1 = log 22x – 3

→ (x + 1) log 3 = (2x – 3) log 2

x log 3 + log 3 = 2x log 2 – 3 log 2

0.477x + 0.477 = 0.6020x – 0.9030

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 x (0.6020 – 0.477) = 0.9030 + 0.477

𝟏.𝟑𝟖𝟎𝟏
x= = 11.05 [5]
𝟎.𝟏𝟐𝟒𝟗

1.2.14 Show that (𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐱 𝐲)(𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐳 𝐱)(𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐲 𝐳) = 𝟏

𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐲 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐱 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐳
(𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐱) (𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐳) (𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐲) = 1 [2]

1.2.15 Log(x – 1) + log (x + 1) = 2 log (x + 2)

Log {(x – 1) (x + 1)} = log(x + 2)2

x2 – 1 = x2 + 4x + 4

4x = -5

−𝟓
x= [3]
𝟒

1.2.16 Solve log (x + 4) + log (x – 3) = 2 log (x – 3)

Log {(𝐱 + 𝟒)(𝐱 – 𝟑) } = log (𝐱 – 𝟑) 2

Cancelling out log gives: (𝐱 + 𝟒)(𝐱 – 𝟑) = (𝐱 – 𝟑) (𝐱 – 𝟑)

x2 – 3x + 4x – 12 = x2 -3x -3x + 9

x2 + x – 12 = x2 -6x + 9

x2 + x – x2 + 6x = 12+ 9

7x = 21

x=3 [5]

1.2.17 Given𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐛 𝐚 = 𝐜 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐜 𝐛 = 𝐚. Show that 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐜 𝐚 = 𝐚𝐜

Changing everything to base c gives

𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐜 𝐚
= 𝐜;
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐜 𝐛

𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐜 𝐚
Thence the fraction reduces to = c, And 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐜 𝐚 = 𝐚𝐜 [5]
𝐚
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1.2.18 Solve 4x – 6(2x) – 16 = 0

(2x)2 – 6(2x) – 16 = 0

Let 2x = y

Thus y2 – 6y – 16 = 0

Solving by factorisation gives (y + 2) (y – 8) = 0

y = -2 or 8 = 2x

Taking logarithms to base 10 knowing that there is no logarithm for a negative number

Log 2x = 23

x log 2 = 3 log 2

x=3 [5]

1.3 Formulae
𝐛−𝐝
1.3.1Transpose the formula P = 𝐱𝐚+𝐱𝐜
to make x the subject
√

𝐛−𝐝
= 𝐏.
√𝐱𝐚+𝐱𝐜

Multiplying both sides by√𝐱𝐚 + 𝐱𝐜 gives:𝐏√𝐱𝐚 + 𝐱𝐜 = 𝐛 − 𝐝

𝐛−𝐝
Dividing both sides by P gives: √𝐱𝐚 + 𝐱𝐜 = 𝐏

𝐛−𝐝 𝟐
Squaring both sides gives: (𝐚𝐱 + 𝐜𝐱) = [ 𝐏
]

𝐛−𝐝 𝟐
Factoring out x gives: 𝐱(𝐚 + 𝐜) = [ ]
𝐏

(𝐛−𝐝)𝟐
Dividing both sides by (a + c) gives: x = [5]
𝐏𝟐 (𝐚+𝐜)

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1.3.2 In an electrical alternating current circuit the impedance Z is given by:

𝟏 𝟐
Z =√𝐑𝟐 + (𝛚𝐋 − 𝛚𝐂) . Transpose the formula to make C subject and hence evaluate C when Z

= 130,
R = 120, 𝛚 = 𝟑𝟏𝟒 and L = 0.32
Squaring both sides gives
𝟏 𝟐
Z2 = 𝐑𝟐 + (𝛚𝐋 − 𝛚𝐂)

Taking the square root of both sides gives

𝟏
Z = 𝐑 + 𝛚𝐋 − 𝛚𝐂

𝐙𝛚𝐜 = R 𝛚𝐜 + 𝛚𝟐 𝐋𝐜 - 1
R 𝛚𝐜 + 𝛚𝟐 𝐋𝐜 - 𝐙𝛚𝐜 = 1
𝐜(𝐑 𝛚 + 𝛚𝟐 𝐋 − 𝐙𝛚) = 1
𝟏
c = 𝛚(𝐑+𝛚𝐋−𝐙)
𝟏
Hence, c = 𝟑𝟏𝟒(𝟏𝟐𝟎 +(𝟑𝟏𝟒 𝐱 𝟎.𝟑𝟐)−𝟏𝟑𝟎)
𝟏
= 𝟐𝟖 𝟒𝟏𝟎.𝟕𝟐

= 35 x 10-6. [5]
1.3.3 An approximate relationship between the number of teeth, T, on a milling cutter, the
𝟏𝟐.𝟓 𝐃
diameter of cutter, D, and depth of cut, d, is given by T = 𝐃 + 𝟒𝐝. Determine the value of D when

T = 10 and d = 4 mm.
TD + 4Td = 12.5D
D (12.5 – T) = 4Td
𝟒𝐓𝐝 𝟒 𝐱 𝟏𝟎 𝐱 𝟒 𝟏𝟔𝟎
D = 𝟏𝟐.𝟓−𝐓 = = = 64 mm [5]
𝟏𝟐.𝟓−𝟏𝟎 𝟐.𝟓

𝟏 𝟒𝐤−𝟐𝐛
1.3.4 Make k subject = 𝟑𝐜 −𝟓𝐤 .
𝐱

→ 3c – 5k = 4kx – 2bx
→ 3c + 2bx = 4kx + 5k
→ 4kx + 5k = 3c + 2bx
→ k (4x + 5) = 3c + 2bx
𝟑𝐜+𝟐𝐛𝐱
→k= [5]
𝟒𝐱+ 𝟓

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 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
1.3.5 Transpose for R2 in 𝐑 = 𝐑 + 𝐑
𝟏 𝟐 +𝐑 𝟑

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
− =
𝐑 𝐑𝟏 𝐑𝟐 + 𝐑𝟑

𝐑 𝟏 −𝐑 𝟏
=𝐑
𝐑𝐑 𝟏 𝟐 +𝐑 𝟑

𝐑 𝟐 +𝐑 𝟑 𝐑𝐑 𝟏
=𝐑
𝟏 𝟏 −𝐑

𝐑𝐑 𝟏
R2 = 𝐑 − 𝐑𝟑 [5]
𝟏 −𝐑

1.3.6 The velocity, V, of water in a pipe occurs in the following formula:-

𝟎.𝟎𝟑𝑳𝑽𝟐
𝒉= .
𝟐𝒅𝒈

Express V as the subject of the formula and find its value when h = 0.614, L = 168, d = 0.250
and g = 9.81. [5]

𝟐𝒉𝒅𝒈
v2 =
𝟎.𝟎𝟑𝑳

𝟐𝒉𝒅𝒈 𝟐 𝒙 𝟎.𝟔𝟏𝟒 𝒙 𝟎.𝟐𝟓𝟎 𝒙 𝟗.𝟖𝟏

v = √[ ] = √[ ]
𝟎.𝟎𝟑𝑳 𝟎.𝟎𝟑 𝒙 𝟏𝟔𝟖

= 0.773

(𝐲+𝟑𝐱)𝐥
1.3.7 Transpose the formula T = 4π√ to make x the subject. [5]
𝟑(𝐲+𝟐𝐱)𝐠

(𝐲+𝟑𝐱)𝐋
4𝝅 √ =T (rearranging gives)
𝟑(𝐲+𝟐𝐱)𝐠

(𝐲+𝟑𝐱)𝐋 𝐓
√𝟑(𝐲+𝟐𝐱)𝐠 = (squaring both sides gives)
𝟒𝛑

(𝐲+𝟑𝐱)𝐋 𝐓𝟐
= (cross multiplying gives)
𝟑(𝐲+𝟐𝐱)𝐠 𝟏𝟔𝛑𝟐

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 𝟏𝟔𝛑𝟐 (𝐲 + 𝟑𝐱)𝐋 = 𝟑𝐓 𝟐 (𝐲 + 𝟐𝐱)𝐠 (collecting terms in x to the left gives)

48π2Lx – 6T2gx = 3T2yg - 16π2Ly (factoring out and isolating x gives)

𝐲(𝟑𝐓 𝟐 𝐠 − 𝟏𝟔𝛑𝟐 𝐋)
x=
𝟔(𝟖𝛑𝟐 𝐋 – 𝐓 𝟐 𝐠)

𝐞 𝐱+𝐲
1.3.8 Given. 𝐟 = √𝐱−𝐲 , express y in terms of e, f and x. [5]

𝐱+𝐲 𝐞
√𝐱−𝐲 =
𝐟

𝐱+𝐲 𝐞𝟐
=
𝐱−𝐲 𝐟𝟐

f2 x + f2 y = e2 x - e2 y

e2 x - f2 x = f2 y + e2 y

y(f2 + e2) = x (e2 - f2)

𝐱 (𝐟 𝟐 − 𝐞𝟐 )
y =
𝐞𝟐 + 𝐟 𝟐

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 CHAPTER TWO: QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

2.1 Quadratic theory

2.1.1 Find A, B and C given that y = -2x2 + 5x – 2 as shown below
y

x
A B

C y = f(x)

C is the value of y when x is zero i.e. -2 (from the equation)

Solving the equation by factorization
-2x2 +4 x + x – 2 = 0
-2x(x – 2) +1(x – 2) = 0
(-2x +1) (x – 2) = 0
(-2x +1) =0 or (x – 2) = 0
x = ½ or 2
By inspection A = ½ and B = 2. Therefore A = ½, B = 2 and C = - 2 [5]

2.1.2 Find the equation whose roots are −𝟐⁄𝟓 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝟏⁄𝟓

𝟐 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐
(𝐱 + 𝟓) (𝐱 − 𝟓) = 𝟎, hence 𝐱𝟐 + 𝟓 𝐱 − 𝟓 𝐱 − 𝟐𝟓 = 𝟎

𝐱 𝟐
𝐱𝟐 + 𝟓 − 𝟐𝟓 = 𝟎 i.e. 𝟐𝟓𝐱𝟐 + 𝟓𝐱 − 𝟐 = 𝟎 [5]

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2.1.3 Find the equation whose roots are 2 and 3.
Using the quadratic theory
x2 – (sum of roots) x + (product of roots) = 0.
x2 – (2 + 3) x + (3 x 2) = 0.
x2 – 5 x + 6 = 0.
Or from (x -2) = 0 and
(x – 3) = 0
(x -2) (x-3) = 0, since both brackets are equal to zero
x2 -2x -3x +6 = 0
x2 – 5 x + 6 = 0 [5]

2.1.5 Two resistors, when connected in series, have a total resistance of 40 ohms. When
connected in parallel their total resistance is 8.4 ohms. If one of the resistors has a resistance
Rx ohms:
(a) Show that 𝐑𝟐𝐱 - 40 Rx + 336 = 0
Let the resistors be R and Rx
For resistors in series, we add the two resistances
For resistors in parallel, we product over sum
R + Rx = 40 ………………………..(i)
(𝐑) (𝐑 𝐱 )
(𝐑)+(𝐑 𝐱 )
= 8.4 …………………………(ii)

From equation (i) R = 40 – Rx

(𝟒𝟎 – 𝐑 ) (𝐑 )
Therefore equation (ii) becomes (𝟒𝟎 – 𝐑 𝐱)+ (𝐑𝐱 = 8.4
𝐱 𝐱)

Solving for Rx
(𝟒𝟎 – 𝐑 𝐱 ) (𝐑 𝐱 ) = 8.4 [(40 – Rx) + (Rx)] = 336
−𝐑𝟐𝐱 + 40 Rx = 336
Hence 𝐑𝟐𝐱 - 40 Rx + 336 = 0 shown. [5]
(b) Find the resistance of each
Solving for Rx from 𝐑𝟐𝐱 - 40 Rx + 336 = 0
−𝐛±√𝐛 𝟐 −𝟒𝐚𝐜
Using formula; 𝐱 = 𝟐𝐚

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 −(−𝟒𝟎) ± √(−𝟒𝟎)𝟐 − 𝟒(𝟏)(𝟑𝟑𝟔)
𝐑𝐱 =
𝟐 (𝟏)
𝟒𝟎±√𝟏 𝟔𝟎𝟎 −𝟏 𝟑𝟒𝟒
= 𝟐
𝟒𝟎±𝟏𝟔
= 𝟐
𝟓𝟔 𝟐𝟒
= Or
𝟐 𝟐

= 𝟐𝟖 Or 𝟏𝟐
Using equation (i), if 𝐑 𝐱 = 28, R = 12 or if 𝐑 𝐱 = 12, R = 28. [5]

2.2 Solving quadratic equations

2.2.1 The area of a rectangle is 18.3 cm2 and its width is 2.7 cm shorter than its length.
Calculate the dimensions of the rectangle.

Area = length x width = 18.3

Where, length = width + 2.7

Therefore 18.3 = (W + 2.7) (W) = W2 + 2.7W

W2 + 2.7W -18.3 = 0

Using the quadratic equation

−(𝟐.𝟕)±√(𝟐.𝟕)𝟐 −𝟒(𝟏)(−𝟏𝟖.𝟑)
𝐖= 𝟐(𝟏)

−(𝟐.𝟕)±√𝟕.𝟐𝟗+𝟕𝟑.𝟐
= 𝟐(𝟏)

−(𝟐.𝟕)±√𝟖𝟎.𝟒𝟗
= 𝟐(𝟏)

−(𝟐.𝟕)±𝟖.𝟗𝟕
= 𝟐

= -5.84 cm or 3.14 cm (neglect negative answer)

Therefore length = 5.84 cm and width = 3.14 cm. [5]

2.2.2 The total area of the metal template shown is 425.6 cm2. Find the value of r.

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425.6 = [27 x (14 +r)] – ½ 𝛑𝐫 𝟐

425.6 = 378 + 27r – ½ 𝛑𝐫 𝟐

½ 𝛑𝐫 𝟐 – 27r + (425.6 – 378) = 0

½ 𝛑𝐫 𝟐 – 27r + 47.6 = 0

1.57r2 – 27r + 47.6 = 0

A = ½𝛑, b = -27 and c = 47.6

Using the quadratic formula

−𝐛±√𝐛 𝟐 −𝟒𝐚𝐜
𝐫= 𝟐𝐚

𝟏
−(−𝟐𝟕)±√(−𝟐𝟕)𝟐 −𝟒(𝟐𝛑)(𝟒𝟕.𝟔)
= 𝟏
𝟐(𝟐𝛑)

𝟐𝟕±√𝟒𝟐𝟗
= 𝟑.𝟏𝟒𝟐

𝟐𝟕 𝟐𝟎.𝟕𝟑
= 𝟑.𝟏𝟒𝟐 ± 𝟑.𝟏𝟒𝟐

= 2.46 or 15.2

R = 2.46 since 15.2 is not feasible. [10]

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2.2.3 Two circles have diameters which differ by 4 cm. If the sum of their areas is 146 cm 2,
what are their radii?
Let bigger diameter be D cm and hence smaller diameter is (D- 4) cm.
𝛑𝐃𝟐 𝛑(𝐃−𝟒)𝟐
𝟒
+ 𝟒
= 146
𝟏𝟒𝟔 𝐱 𝟒
D2 + D2 – 8D + 16 = 𝛑
= 185.892 973 5

2D2 –8D – 169.892 973 5 = 0

Solving the quadratic equation by formula
−𝐛 ± √𝐛 𝟐 − 𝟒𝐚𝐜
𝐃=
𝟐𝐚
−(−𝟖)±√(−𝟖)𝟐 −𝟒(𝟐)(−𝟏𝟔𝟗.𝟖𝟗𝟐 𝟗𝟕𝟑 𝟓)
= 𝟐(𝟐)

𝟖 ± √𝟏 𝟒𝟐𝟑.𝟏𝟒𝟑 𝟕𝟖𝟖
= 𝟒
𝟖 ±𝟑𝟕.𝟕𝟐𝟒 𝟓𝟕𝟖 𝟎𝟒
= 𝟒

= 11.4 or -7.4 (neglect negative dimension)

Bigger Diameter = 11.4 cm, hence bigger radius = 5.7 cm
Smaller Diameter = 11.4-4
= 7.4cm, hence smaller radius = 3.7 cm. [10]
2.2.4 Solve the following equation by completing the square method
2x2 = 12x + 14
2x2 – 12x – 14 = 0
x2 -6x – 7 = 0
x2 – 6x = 7
−𝟔 𝟐 −𝟔 𝟐
x2 -6x +( 𝟐 ) = ( 𝟐 ) + 7
𝟔 𝟐
(𝐱 − 𝟐) = ±√𝟏𝟔
𝟔
x=𝟐±4

= -1 or 7 [5]
2.2.5 Solve the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 by completing the square method
𝐛𝐱 𝐜
x2 + =-𝐚
𝐚

𝐛𝐱 𝐛 𝟐 𝐛 𝟐 𝐜
x2 + + (𝟐𝐚) = (𝟐𝐚) -
𝐚 𝐚

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 𝐛 𝟐 𝐛𝟐 − 𝟒𝐚𝐜
(𝐱 + 𝟐𝐚) = 𝟒𝐚𝟐

𝐛 √𝐛 𝟐 − 𝟒𝐚𝐜
𝐱 = − 𝟐𝐚 ± 𝟐𝐚

−𝐛±√𝐛 𝟐 −𝟒𝐚𝐜
= [5]
𝟐𝐚

2.2.6 A rectangular building is 25 m long by 11 m wide. A concrete path of constant width is

laid all the way around the building. If the area of the path is 60.0 m2, calculate its width
correct to the nearest millimeters. [10]

Let constant width be x

{(25 + 2x) (11 + 2x)} – (25 x 11) = 60

(275 + 50x + 22x + 4x2) – (275) = 60

4x2 + 72x – 60 = 0

−𝐛±√𝐛𝟐 −𝟒𝐚𝐜
Solving by the quadratic formula; 𝐱 = 𝟐𝐚

a = 4, b = 72 and c = - 60

−𝟕𝟐±√𝟕𝟐𝟐 −(𝟒)(𝟒)(−𝟔𝟎)
𝐱= 𝟐(𝟒)

−𝟕𝟐±√𝟔𝟏𝟒𝟒
= 𝟖

− 𝟕𝟐 ±𝟕𝟖.𝟑𝟖𝟒
= 𝟖

Neglecting negative answer

𝟕𝟖.𝟑𝟖𝟒 − 𝟕𝟐
x = 𝟖

= 797.959 mm

= 798 mm

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2.3 Quadratic graphs
2.3.1Plot the graph of y = -2x2 + 3x + 6 for values of x fro x = -2 to x = 4. Use the graph to find
the solutions to the following curves [4]
(a) -2x2 + 3x + 6 = 0 [2]
(b) -2x2 + 3x + 2 = 0 [3]
(c) -2x2 + 3x + 9 = 0 [3]
(d) -2x2 + x + 5 = 0 [3]

Solution
x -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
y -8 1 6 7 4 -3 -14
The graph of y = -2x2 + 3x + 6 is shown below;

(a) The curve y = -2x2 + 3x + 6 and y = 0 intersect at A and B when x = -1.13 and x = 2.63 and these are the
solutions to the graph y = -2x2 + 3x + 6.
(b) Comparing y = -2x2 + 3x + 6 (i)
with 0 = -2x2 + 3x + 2 (ii)
shows that if 4 is added to both sides of equation (ii) the right hand side of both equations become the same.
Hence 4 = -2x2 + 3x + 6 = y. The points of intersection of y = 4 and the original equation y = -2x2 + 3x + 6 are C
and D where x = -0.5 and x = 2 and these become the roots to equation -2x2 + 3x + 2 = 0.
(c) Comparing y = -2x2 + 3x + 6 (i)
with 0 = -2x2 + 3x + 9 (ii)

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shows that if -3 is subtracted form both sides of equation (ii) the right hand side of both equations become the
same. Hence -3 = -2x2 + 3x + 6 = y. The points of intersection of y = -3 and the original equation y = -2x2 + 3x + 6
are E and F where x = -1.5 and x = 3 and these become the roots to equation -2x2 + 3x + 9 = 0.
(d) Comparing y = -2x2 + 3x + 6 (i)
with 0= -2x2 +x+5 (ii)
shows that if 2x + 1 is added to both sides of equation (ii) the right hand side of both equations will be the same.
Hence 2x + 1 = -2x2 + 3x + 6 = y. The points of intersection of the curve y = 2x +1 and the original equation which
is y = -2x2 + 3x + 6 are G and H where x = -1.36 and x = 1.85 and these become the roots to the fourth equation
i.e. -2x2 + 3x + 9 = 0.

2.3.2 Plot the graph of y = - x2 + 5x + 2 for values of x such that -2 ≤ x ≤ 7. By making use of the
graph and drawing suitable straight lines, find the solutions of the following equations:
i.- x2 + 5x + 2 = 0 ii. - x2 + 5x + 8 = 0 iii. - x2 + 5x - 4 = 0 iv. - x2 + x + 3 = 0.

i. x = -0.35 or 5.45
ii. x = -1.3 or 6.3
iii. x =1.0 or 4.0
iv. x = -1.4 or 2.4 [15]
2.3.3 Plot the graph of y = - 2x2 + 4x + 7 for values of x such that -2 ≤ x ≤ 4. Determine from
the curve, the coordinates and nature of the turning point of the graph. Use the graph to find
the roots of the following curves;

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 (i) - 2x2 + 4x + 7 = 0
(ii) - 2x2 + 4x + 4 = 0
(iii) - 2x2 + 4x + 12 = 0
(iv) - 2x2 + x + 6 = 0.

x -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
y -9 1 7 9 7 1 -9

A graph of y = - 2x2 + 4x + 7 is shown below

The turning point on the graph occurs at x = 1, y = 9, i.e. at coordinates (1; 9) and is a
maximum turning point since the values of y on either side of the turning point are less than
at the turning point.
(i) y = - 2x2 + 4x + 7 and y = 0 intersect at x = -1.12 and x = 3.12, hence the roots of the
function are -1.12 and 3.12.
(ii) Comparing y = - 2x2 + 4x + 7 and 0 = - 2x2 + 4x + 4, the difference is y = 3. The points
of intersection of y = - 2x2 + 4x + 7 and y = 3 are -0.73 and 2.73
(iii) Comparing y = - 2x2 + 4x + 7 and 0 = - 2x2 + 4x + 12, the difference is y = -5. The
points of intersection of y = - 2x2 + 4x + 7 and y = -5 are -1.65 and 3.65
(iv) Comparing y = - 2x2 + 4x + 7 and 0 = - 2x2 + x + 6, the difference is y = 3x +1. The
points of intersection of y = - 2x2 + 4x + 7 and y = 3x +1 are -1.50 and 2.00 [15]

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 2.3.4 Solve graphically the quadratic equation 2x2 – 6x – 9 = 0, for values of x from x = -2 to x
= 5. [9]

2.4 Simultaneous equations

2.4.1 Solve the equations simultaneously,

2x – y = 4

x+y=5

Only three co-ordinates need be calculated for each graph since both are straight lines.

x 0 1 2
y = 2x - 4 -4 -2 0
x 0 1 2
y=5-x 5 4 3

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The point of intersection is at (3; 2) since this is the only point which lies simultaneously on
both lines.

Then x = 3 and y = 2 is the solution of the simultaneous equations. [5]

2.4.2 Solve the following simultaneous equations graphically.

Solution:[x = 4; y = 2] [5]

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2.4.3. Solve the simultaneous equations
4 (x – 2) = 5 (1 – y)
26x + 3y + 4 = 0
4x + 5y – 13 = 0 (x 3)
26x + 3y + 4 = 0 (x 5)
118x + 59 = 0
x = - 0.5
(-0.5 x 12) + 15y – 39 = 0
15y = 39 + 6
15y = 45
y=3 [5]
2.4.4 Determine graphically the solutions of the following simultaneous equations
y = x2 + x + 1 and y = 4 – x [5]

2.4.5 Determine graphically the solutions of the following simultaneous equations

y = 15x2 + 21x – 11 and y = 2x – 1 [5]

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2.4.6 Determine graphically the solutions of the following simultaneous equations
2x2 + y = 4 + 5x and x + y = 4 [5]

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 CHAPTER THREE: GRAPHS

3.1 Linear Graphs

3.1.1 When an effort E Newton is applied to a machine, it is found that the Resistance R can
be overcome and that an effort E and the Resistance R are connected by the formula given by
E = a + bR. An effort of 3.5 N overcomes a Resistance of 5 N, while an effort of 5.3 N
overcomes a Resistance of 8 N. Find:-

i. The constants a and b [4]

3.5 = a + 5b … … … … i

5.3 = a + 8b … … … … ii

1.8 = 3b

b = 0.6

Substituting for b in equation i. ; a = 3.5 – (5 x 0.6) = 0.5

ii. The effort required to overcome a Resistance of 10 N [2]

E = 0.5 + (0.6 x 10)

= 6.5 N

3.2 Polar Graphs

𝟓𝛑 𝛑
3.2.1 Draw the polar curve r = 3θ between θ = 0 and θ = 𝐚𝐭 𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐬 𝐨𝐟 [15]
𝟐 𝟔

θ 0 𝛑 𝛑 𝛑 𝟐𝛑 𝟓𝛑 π 𝟕𝛑
𝟔 𝟑 𝟐 𝟑 𝟔 𝟔
r = 3 0 1.57 3.14 4.17 6.28 7.85 9.42 11.0

θ 𝟒𝛑 𝟑𝛑 𝟓𝛑 𝟏𝟏𝛑 2π 𝟏𝟑𝛑 𝟕𝛑 𝟓𝛑
𝟑 𝟐 𝟑 𝟔 𝟔 𝟑 𝟐
r = 3 12.57 14.14 15.71 17.28 18.85 20.42 21.99 23.56

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 𝛑 𝟓𝛑 𝛑 𝟕𝛑
𝟐
and 𝟐 𝟑
and 𝟑
𝟐𝛑
𝟑

𝟓𝛑 𝛑 𝟏𝟑𝛑
𝟔 𝟔
and 𝟔

π 0 and 2π

𝟏𝟏𝛑
𝟔

𝟕𝛑
𝟔

𝟒𝛑 𝟓𝛑
𝟑 𝟑

𝟑𝛑
𝟐

3.2.2 Plot the polar graph of r = 3 sin θ between 0o and 360o using 30o intervals. [15]

A table of values at 30o intervals is produced as shown below.

θ 0 30o 60o 90o 120o 150o 1800
r = 3 sin θ 0 1.5 2.6 3.0 2.6 1.5 0

θ 210o 240o 270o 300o 330o 360o

r = 3 sin θ -1.5 -2.6 -3.0 -2.6 -1.5 0

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3.3 Exponential growth and decay
3.3.1 A belt is in contact with a pulley for a sector of θ = 1.073 radians and the coefficient of
friction between pulley and belt is μ = 0.27. Determine the tension on the taut side when
tension on the slack side is given by T0 = 23.8 newtons, given that these quantities are
related by the law T = T0 eμθ. If we want the transmitted force (T – T0) to be increased to 25
newtons, assuming that T0 remains at 23.8 newtons and θ at 1.073 radians, determine the
coefficient of friction. [6]

T = T0 eμθ = 23.8 e (0.27 x 1.073)

= 23.8 x 1.336 4
= 31.81 newtons
For the transmitted force to be 25 newtons, T becomes 23.8 + 25, then
48.8 = 23.8 e (μ x 1.073)
2.050 = e1.073μ
ln 2.050 = 1.073μ
0.7178 = 1.073μ
μ = 0.669
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3.3.2 The decay of voltage, v volts, across a capacitor at time t seconds is given by v = 250e-t/3.
Draw a graph showing the natural decay curve over the first 6 seconds. From the curve, find
(a) The voltage after 3.4 s
(b) The time when the voltage is 150 V.

Solution
A table of values is drawn up as follows

t 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
e-t/3 1.00 0.7165 0.5134 0.3679 0.2636 0.1889 0.1353
v = 250e-t/3 250.0 179.1 128.4 91.97 65.90 47.22 33.83

The curve is shown below

From the graph

(a) When time t = 3.4s, voltage v = 80 volts
(b) When voltage v = 150 volts, time t = 1.5 seconds. [10]

3.3.3 Plot the curves y = 2e-1.5x and y = 1.2 (1 – e-2x) on the same axis from x = 0 to x =1.
Determine their point of intersection. [9]

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3.3.4 The intensity of illumination I, provided by a particular lamp when it is at a distance d
from a light meter is given by the following data:
I (units) 270 120 67.5 43.2 30.0 16.9
D (m) 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 4.0

Illustrate this data on a graph, using horizontal scale of 20 mm = 0.5 m for d and a vertical
scale of 20 mm = 50 units for I. [10]

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 i. Use the graph to determine the value of I when d = 2.4 m. [1]
When d =2.4, I = 4.7 units
ii. Use the graph to determine the number of lamps to provide a total value of I of 140
units when d = 2.7 m. [4]
When d = 2.7, I = 37 units
𝟏𝟒𝟎
Number of lamps = 𝟑𝟕

= 3.78
Hence 4 lamps will be needed.

3.4 Determination of laws

3.4.1 The following experimental values of x and y are believed to obey the law y = ax 2 + b. By
plotting a suitable graph, determine the approximate values of ‘a’ and ‘b’. Hence state the law
of the graph. [15]

x2 0 1 4 9 16 25 36
y 3 4.8 12 23.3 38.1 59.5 83.5
Plot y against x2

Scale
y;1: 10 and x; 1: 5

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 𝟓𝟗.𝟓−𝟏𝟐
Gradient (a) = 𝟐𝟓−𝟒
𝟒𝟕.𝟓
= 𝟐𝟏

= 2.24
The y-intercept (b) = 6 The law states that y = 2.24x2 + 6.

3.4.2 The values of p and q are believed to be related by the law of the form P =abq where a
and b are constants. The values of p and corresponding values of q are
P 4,5 7,4 11,2 15,8 39,0 68,0 271,5
q 0,6 1,3 1,9 2,4 3,7 4,5 6,5

a. Verify that the law relating p and q is correct and determine the approximate values of a
and b. [10]
Solution
Taking logs to base 10 on both sides
Log P = q Log b + Log a
Plot Log P against q
Log P 0.7 0.9 1.1 1.2 1.6 1.8 2.4
q 0.6 1.3 1.9 2.4 3.7 4.5 6.5

The Log P- axis intercept (Log a) = 0.46

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Taking antilog of both sides
a = 3.0
𝟐−𝟏.𝟏
Gradient of the curve (Log b) = 𝟓.𝟏−𝟐
𝟎.𝟗
= 𝟑.𝟏

= 0.29 ≈ 0.3
Taking antilog of both sides
b = 1.95
≈ 2.0
Therefore the laws states that P = (3.0) (2.0)q
b. Find
i. q if p = 13.2 [3]
If p = 13.2 find the value of q at this point
Log (13.2) = q Log (2.0) + Log (3.0)
𝐋𝐨𝐠 (𝟏𝟑.𝟐)−𝐋𝐨𝐠 (𝟑.𝟎) 𝟎.𝟔𝟒
q= 𝐋𝐨𝐠 (𝟐.𝟎)
= 𝟎.𝟑
= 2.13

ii. P if q =3.0 [2]

. If q = 3.0 find p
P = (3.0) (2.0)3.0
= 24.0
3.4.3 In an experiment on moments, a bar was loaded with a mass, W, at a distance x from the
fulcrum. The results of the experiment were:
x cm 28 30 32 34 36 38

W kg 22,1 20,7 19,4 18,2 17,2 16,3

Verify that a law of the form W = axn is obeyed where a and n are constants. Determine the
law. [9]
Taking logs to base e on both sides gives ln W = n ln x + ln a, therefore a table is required.
ln x 3.33 3.4 3.47 3.53 3.58 3.64

ln W 3.1 3.03 2.97 2.90 2.84 2.79

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 𝐥𝐧 𝟑.𝟎−𝐥𝐧 𝟑.𝟑 −𝟎.𝟎𝟗𝟓 𝟑𝟏
ln a = 3.49, therefore a = 32.8 n = 𝐥𝐧 𝟑.𝟒−𝐥𝐧 𝟑.𝟏𝟓 = = - 1.23
𝟎.𝟎𝟕𝟔 𝟒

The law becomes ln W = -1.23 ln x + 32.8

3.4.4 In an experiment the following values of resistance (R) and voltage (V) were taken.

R(ohms) 45.30 49.8 52.4 57.6 62.3

V(milli 113 102 96 86 79
volts)

It is thought that R and V are connected by the law of the form;

𝐝
R= + e, where d and e are constants.
𝐕
Verify the law and find the approximate values of d and e using your graph. [7]

R 45.30 49.80 52.40 57.60 62.30

v 0.113 0.102 0.096 0.086 0.079
𝟏
8.85 9.80 10.42 11.63 12.66
𝐕

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 𝟏
It is not possible to find the R-axis intercept at = 𝟎 from the graph since the graph
𝐕
did not commence the scaling at zero. We therefore use the analytical method.
At A,
R = 59.3 and V-1 = 12.0
At B,
R = 50.5 and V-1 = 10.0
Thus;
59.3 = 12d + e… … … …i
50.5 = 10d + e… … … …ii
Solving simultaneously
8.8 = 2d
d = 4.4
Substituting for d into equation ii gives;
50.5 = 10 (4.4) + e
e = 50.5 – 44
= 6.5
Thus the law connecting R and V is given by;
R = 4.4V-1 + 6.5

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3.4.5The data given below is believed to be related by a law of the form y = aekx, where a and
k are constants. Verify that the law is true and determine approximate values of a and k. Also
determine the value of y when x is 3.8 and the value of x when y is 85. [10]

x -1.2 0.38 1.2 2.5 3.4 4.2 5.3

y 9.3 22.2 34.8 71.2 117 181 332

Taking logs to base e gives; ln y = kx + ln a

ln a = 2.9
Taking anti-logarithms to base e, a = 18
𝟓.𝟔𝟓−𝟒
Gradient k = 𝟓−𝟐

= 0.55
Hence the law is stated as y = (18).e (0.55) x (verified).

Given x = 3.8 Given y = 85

y = (18).e [(0.55) (3.8)] ln 85 = 0.55x + ln 18
𝐥𝐧 𝟖𝟓−𝐥𝐧 𝟏𝟖
= 146 approx. x= = 2.8 approx.
𝟎.𝟓𝟓

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3.4.6 The following table gives corresponding values of P and V which are believed to be
related by a law of the form P = aV2 + bV where a and b are constants.
V 0.5 2.6 5.3 7.7 9.2 11.4 12.7
P 4.5 38.5 121.4 231.8 318.3 469.7 565.2

a. Verify the law and find values of a and b [10]

𝐏
= 𝐚𝐕 + 𝐛
𝐕
V 0.5 2.6 5.3 7.7 9.2 11.4 12.7
𝐏 9 14.8 22.9 30.1 34.6 41.2 44.5
𝐕

𝐏
Scale: 𝐕 → 1: 5 and V→ 1: 0.5
𝐏
𝐕

50
40
30
20 b=7 P = aV2 + bV
10
0 V
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

𝟑𝟒−𝟐𝟎 𝟏𝟒
a = =
𝟗−𝟒.𝟑 𝟒.𝟕

= 2.98
≈3

b. Using the result from (a) above find:

i. P when V =10.6 [2]
P = aV2 + bV
P = 3(10.6)2 + 7(10.6) = 411.28

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 ii. Positive value of V when P = 150 [3]
P = aV2 + bV
150 = 3V2 + 7V
3V2 + 7V - 150 = 0
Using quadratic formula (a = 3; b = 7 and c = -150)
−𝐛 ± √𝐛 𝟐 − 𝟒𝐚𝐜
𝐕=
𝟐𝐚
−𝟕±√𝟕𝟐 −(𝟒 𝐱 𝟑 𝐱−𝟏𝟓𝟎)
= 𝟐𝐱𝟑
−𝟕±√𝟏 𝟖𝟒𝟗
=
𝟔
−𝟕±𝟒𝟑
= (consider positive value only)
𝟔
𝟑𝟔
= 𝟔

=6

CHAPTER FOUR: COORDINATE GEOMETRY

4.1 Gradient Formula

4.1.1 The points A (1; 4) and B (5; 7) are adjacent vertices of a parallelogram ABCD. Point (7;

10) is another vertex of the parallelogram. Find the equation of the side CD. [7]

𝟕−𝟒 𝟑
Gradient AB = Gradient CD = 𝟓−𝟏 =𝟒

Using gradient formula

𝒚−𝟏𝟎 𝟑
=𝟒
𝒙−𝟕

4y – 40 = 3x – 21

4y -3x -19 =0

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4.1.2 Find the equation of the line through (1; 2) which is perpendicular to the line

3x – 7y + 2 = 0

𝟑𝒙 𝟐
Rearranging the equation gives: y = −𝟕
𝟕

𝟑
Gradient of given equation =𝟕

𝟕
for perpendicular lines m1m2 = -1. Therefore gradient of line 2=− 𝟑

𝟕 𝟏𝟑
Hence 2 = − 𝟑 (𝟏) + 𝒄, c= 𝟑

𝟕𝒙 𝟏𝟑
The equation becomes; y = − + Rearranging gives: 3y + 7x – 13 = 0
𝟑 𝟑

CHAPTER FIVE: TRIGONOMETRY

5.1 Definitions

𝟗
5.1.1 If Sin θ =𝟒𝟏, find the values of Cos θ and Tan θ. [5]

AC = √(𝟒𝟏)𝟐 − (𝟗)𝟐 = 40
𝟒𝟎 𝟗
Therefore Cos θ = 𝟒𝟏 Tan θ = 𝟒𝟎

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5.2 Identities
5.2.1Prove that (1 + cot θ)2 + (1 – cot θ)2 = 2 cosec2 θ [5]
LHS = {(1 + cot θ) (1 + cot θ)} + {(1 – cot θ) (1 – cot θ)}
= {1 + cot θ +cot θ + cot2 θ} + {1 – cot θ – cot θ + cot2 θ}
= 2 + 2 (cot2 θ),
But cot2 θ = cosec2 θ – 1,
Hence, LHS = 2 + 2 (cosec2 θ – 1) = 2 +2 cosec2 θ – 2
= 2 cosec2 θ = RHS proved.

5.2.2 Prove the following identities [5]

𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝐱+𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝐱
( 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝐱 )=1
𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝐱 (𝟏+ )
𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝐱
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝐱 𝟏
+
LHS = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐱 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐱
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝐱
𝟏
( ) (𝟏+ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐱
𝟏 )
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐱
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐱
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝐱 + 𝟏

= 𝟏
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐱
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝐱 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐱
( ) [𝟏+ ( )( )]
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐱 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐱 𝟏
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝐱 + 𝟏

= 𝟏
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐱
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝐱
( ) [𝟏+ ( )]
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐱 𝟏

𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝐱 + 𝟏 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐱
=( ) (𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝐱 + 𝟏)
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐱

=1
5.2.3 Prove the identity cos2 θ – sin2 θ ≡ 2 cos2 θ – 1. [5]

Consider RHS

(Replace cos2 θ, from cos2 θ ≡ 1- sin2 θ)

2 cos2 θ – 1 = 2(1 - sin2 θ) – 1

= 2 - 2 sin2 θ – 1

= 1 - 2 sin2 θ

= cos2 θ + sin2 θ - 2 sin2 θ

= cos2 θ – sin2 θ = LHS

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Or Consider LHS

(Replace sin2 θ, from sin2 θ ≡ 1 - cos2 θ)

cos2 θ – sin2 θ = cos2 θ – (1 - cos2 θ)

= 2 cos2 θ – 1 = RHS

𝑺𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝜽
5.2.4 Prove that sin θ cos θ ≡ 𝑻𝒂𝒏 𝜽 [5]

𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝜽
From tan θ = 𝑪𝒐𝒔 𝜽

𝑪𝒐𝒔 𝜽
RHS = Sin2 θ x 𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝜽 = Sin θ Cos θ ≡ LHS shown.

𝟏+𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒚
5.2.5 Prove the identity: 𝟏+𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒚 = 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒚 [5]

𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐲 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝐲+𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐲

𝟏+ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝐲+𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐲 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐲 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐲
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝐲 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝐲
LHS = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝐲 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐲+𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝐲 = 𝐱 = = cot y = RHS
𝟏+ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝐲 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐲+𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝐲 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝐲
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐲 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐲

5.3 Solving triangles

5.3.1 The coordinates of the vertices of a triangle are A (0; 4), B (2; 0) & C (4; 2). Prove that
the triangle is isosceles. [5]

𝟐 𝟐
|𝐀𝐁| = √(𝟐 − 𝟎) + (𝟎 − 𝟒) = √𝟐𝟎

𝟐 𝟐
|𝐁𝐂| = √(𝟐 − 𝟎) + (𝟒 − 𝟐) = √𝟖

𝟐 𝟐
|𝐀𝐂| = √(𝟐 − 𝟒) + (𝟒 − 𝟎) = √𝟐𝟎

AB = AC ≠ BC proved.

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5.3.2 Show that triangle ABC is isosceles where A (7; 3), B (-4; 1) and C (-3; -2) [5]

AB = √(−𝟒 − 𝟕)𝟐 + (𝟏 − 𝟑)𝟐 = √(−𝟏𝟏)𝟐 + (−𝟐)𝟐 = √𝟏𝟐𝟓

BC = √(−𝟑 − −𝟒)𝟐 + (−𝟐 − 𝟏)𝟐 = √(𝟏)𝟐 + (−𝟑)𝟐 = √𝟏𝟎

AC = √(−𝟑 − 𝟕)𝟐 + (−𝟐 − 𝟑)𝟐 = √(−𝟏𝟎)𝟐 + (−𝟓)𝟐 = √𝟏𝟐𝟓

AB = AC ≠ 𝐁𝐂 shown

5.3.3 Find the area of the given triangle [5]

Area = ½(a) (b) Sin C

Third angle = 180 – 46 – 35

= 990

𝐱 𝟓𝟔
𝐒𝐢𝐧 𝟑𝟓
= 𝐒𝐢𝐧 𝟗𝟗

𝟓𝟔 𝐒𝐢𝐧 𝟑𝟓
𝐱= = 𝟑𝟐. 𝟓𝟐𝟏 𝐜𝐦
𝐒𝐢𝐧 𝟗𝟗

Therefore area = ½ x 56 x 32.521 x Sin 46

= 655.02 cm2

5.3.4 The figure below shows a cross section of a component to be machined from a round
bar. If the diameter of the bar is 74 mm, calculate the dimension x. [5]

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Using Pythagoras theorem: 𝐚𝟐 + 𝐛𝟐 = 𝐜 𝟐
𝐱𝟐
+ 𝟑𝟓𝟐 = 𝟑𝟕𝟐
𝟒
𝐱𝟐
= 𝟑𝟕𝟐 − 𝟑𝟓𝟐 = 144
𝟒

x2 = 4 x 144 =576
x = √𝟓𝟕𝟔
= 24 mm
5.3.5 .An idler gear, 30 mm in diameter, has to be fitted between a 70 mm diameter driving
gear and a 90 mm diameter driven gear as shown in the figure below. Determine the value of
angle θ between the centre lines. [5]

Taking centre lines to form a triangle

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From Cosine rule: c2 = a2 + b2 – 2ab Cos C
𝐚𝟐 + 𝐛𝟐 −𝐜 𝟐
Cos C = 𝟐𝐚𝐛
𝟔𝟎𝟐 + 𝟓𝟎𝟐 −𝟗𝟗.𝟕𝟖𝟐
= 𝟐 𝐱 𝟔𝟎 𝐱 𝟓𝟎

= -0.642 7
C = Cos-1 (-0.642 7)
= 130o

5.3.6 Points A (1; 5); B (4; -1) and C (-2; -4) form a triangle. Prove that the triangle is right
angled
−𝟏−𝟓 −𝟒−(−𝟏) 𝟓−(−𝟒)
Gradient AB = = −𝟐; Gradient BC = = ½ Gradient AC = 𝟏−(−𝟐) = 𝟑
𝟒−𝟏 −𝟐−𝟒

M1M2 = -1, thus Grad AB x Grad BC = -1 proving that ABC is right angled.

5.3.7 Find the largest angle of a triangle whose sides are 2 cm, 4 cm and 5 cm. [5]
The largest angle is that opposite the largest side
𝟐𝟐 + 𝟒𝟐 − 𝟓𝟐
Cos θ = [ ] = - 0.3122 5
𝟐𝒙𝟐𝒙𝟒

θ = cos-1 (-0.3125)
= 108.20
5.3.8 In a triangle ABC, the lengths of sides are AB = 7 cm, BC = 2 cm and AC = b cm. Angle C is
300. By using cosine formula show that: b2 – (2√𝟑) b – 45 = 0 [5]
√𝟑
c2 = a2 + b2 – 2ab Cos 30o cos 300 = ( 𝟐 )
√𝟑
72 = 22 + b2 – [(2) (2) (b)( )] i.e. 49 = 4 + b2 - (𝟐√𝟑) b
𝟐

Rearranging gives; b2 - (𝟐√𝟑) b -45 = 0 shown

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5.4 Angles of elevation and Angles of depression
5.4.1 A ship is observed from the top of a cliff 152 m high in a direction S28 o 19‫׳‬W at an angle
of depression of 8o 46‫׳‬. Six minutes later the same ship is seen in a direction W17o 13‫׳‬N at an
angle of depression of 9o 52‫׳‬, calculate the speed of the ship in km/h. [10]

Let A represents the top of the cliff AB, C the initial position of the ship and D the position of
the ship at the second observation.

Angle CBD = 90o – 28o 19‫ ׳‬+ 17o 13‫׳‬

= 78o 54‫׳‬
From triangle ABC, BC = 152 cot 8o 46‫׳‬
= 985. 7 m.
From triangle ABD, BD = 152 cot 9o 52‫׳‬
= 873.9 m.
Using the cosine rule on triangle BCD
CD2 = 985.72 + 873.92 – 2(985.7 x 873.9 x cos 78o 54‫)׳‬
= 1 404 225
CD = √𝟏 𝟒𝟎𝟒 𝟐𝟐𝟓
= 1 185 m.
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝟏.𝟏𝟖𝟓
Speed = =
𝐭𝐢𝐦𝐞 𝟎.𝟏

= 11.85 km/h

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5.4.2 An aircraft is noted simultaneously by three observers A, B, and C stationed in a
horizontal straight line. AB and BC are each 200 m and the noted angles of elevation of the
aircraft from A and C are 25o and 40o respectively. What is the height of the aircraft? [10]

Using sine rule

𝐱 𝟒𝟎𝟎
= 𝐒𝐢𝐧 𝟏𝟓
𝐒𝐢𝐧 𝟏𝟒𝟎

𝟒𝟎𝟎 𝐒𝐢𝐧 𝟏𝟒𝟎

x = 𝐒𝐢𝐧 𝟏𝟓

𝟐𝟓𝟕.𝟏𝟏𝟓 𝟎𝟒𝟑 𝟗
= 𝟎.𝟐𝟓𝟖 𝟖𝟏𝟗 𝟎𝟒𝟓 = 993.416 244 8 m

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Using sine rule

𝐡 𝟗𝟗𝟑 𝟒𝟏𝟔 𝟐𝟒𝟒 𝟖

=
𝐒𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝟓 𝐒𝐢𝐧 𝟗𝟎

𝟗𝟗𝟑.𝟒𝟏𝟔 𝟐𝟒𝟒 𝟖 𝐒𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝟓

h = 𝐒𝐢𝐧 𝟗𝟎

𝟒𝟏𝟗.𝟖𝟑𝟓 𝟖𝟒𝟔 𝟔
= 𝟏

= 419.835 846 6 m

Approx. = 420 m

5.4.3 The angle of depression of a ship viewed at a particular time from the top of a 75 m
vertical cliff is 30o. Find the distance of the ship from the base of the cliff at this instant. The
ship is sailing away from the cliff at constant speed and 1 minute later its angle of depression
from the top of the cliff is 20o. Determine the speed of the ship in km/h. [10]

Angle BÂC =60o

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 𝐁𝐂 𝟕𝟓
Using sine rule =
𝐒𝐢𝐧 𝟔𝟎 𝐒𝐢𝐧 𝟑𝟎
𝟕𝟓 𝐒𝐢𝐧 𝟔𝟎
Hence, BC = = 129.9 m
𝐒𝐢𝐧 𝟑𝟎
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐂𝐃
Speed = 𝐓𝐢𝐦𝐞 (𝟏 𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐮𝐭𝐞)

Also, Angle BÂD =70o

𝐁𝐃 𝟕𝟓
Using sine rule =
𝐒𝐢𝐧 𝟕𝟎 𝐒𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝟎
𝟕𝟓 𝐒𝐢𝐧 𝟕𝟎
BD = = 206.06 m
𝐒𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝟎

Hence CD = BD – BC
= 206.06 – 129.9
= 76.16 m
𝟕𝟔.𝟏𝟔
Therefore speed = 𝟔𝟎

= 1.27 m/s
Converting to km/h
𝟕𝟔.𝟏𝟔 𝐱 𝟔𝟎 𝐱 𝟔𝟎
= 4.57 km/h
𝟔𝟎 𝐱 𝟏 𝟎𝟎𝟎

5.4.4 From a window 10 m above the horizontal ground, the angle of elevation of the top of a
vertical tower is 42o and the angle of depression of the bottom of the tower is 13 o. Calculate
the distance from the window to the tower, the height of the tower and the elevation of the
top of the tower from the ground level at a point perpendicularly below the window. [10]

Let A represents the window, BC the tower and D the point perpendicularly below the
window.

Angle ACD is 13o. Taking tangent 130

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 𝟏𝟎
DC = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟏𝟑 = 43.31 m

From triangle ADC and applying Pythagoras theorem

AC = √𝟏𝟎𝟐 + 𝟒𝟑. 𝟑𝟏𝟐
=44.45 m
Using the sine rule to triangle ABC, and knowing that angle BAC is 550 and angle ABC is 48o
𝐀𝐂 𝐁𝐂
= 𝐒𝐢𝐧 𝟓𝟓
𝐒𝐢𝐧 𝟒𝟖
𝟒𝟒.𝟒𝟓 𝐱 𝐒𝐢𝐧 𝟓𝟓
BC = 𝐒𝐢𝐧 𝟒𝟖

= 49 m (height of the tower)

𝐁𝐂 𝟒𝟗
Angle BDC = tan-1 (𝐃𝐂) = tan-1 (𝟒𝟑.𝟑𝟏)

= tan-1 (1.131 4
= 48.58o

5.4.5 A man leaves a point walking at 6 km/h in a direction S 30o W. Another man leaves the
same point simultaneously with the first man cycling at a constant speed in the direction S
23o E. After 4 hours, the two men are 100 km apart. Find the speed of the cyclist. [15]

𝐒𝐢𝐧 𝐏 𝐒𝐢𝐧 𝐐 𝐒𝐢𝐧 𝟓𝟑

Applying sine rule: = =
𝐏 𝟐𝟒 𝟏𝟎𝟎

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 𝟐𝟒 𝐒𝐢𝐧 𝟓𝟑
From which 𝐒𝐢𝐧 𝐐 = =0.1917 Q = sin-1(0.1917) = 11.030
𝟏𝟎𝟎

Therefore P = 180 – 53 – 11.03 = 115.970

𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝐒𝐢𝐧 𝟏𝟏𝟓.𝟗𝟕
Hence P = = 112.6 km
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟓𝟑

The cyclist travelled 112.6 km in 4 hours

𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞
Speed = 𝐭𝐢𝐦𝐞
𝟏𝟏𝟐.𝟔
= 𝟒

= 28.2 km/hr

5.5 Practical trigs

5.5.1Two ball bearings of diameter 30 mm and 18 mm are used to find the internal taper of a
pipe as shown below. Determine the angle of taper θ and its diameter D at the top. [15]

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The center distance AB = 51.97 – 15 + 9
= 45.97 mm.
If PQ is tangent to both circles, APQ and PQB are both right angles.
Radius BQ = 9, so TP = 9. Therefore AT = 15 – 9 = 6 mm.

Angle ABT =
𝟐

Using triangle ABT,

 𝟔
sin 𝟐 = 𝟒𝟓.𝟗𝟕.
 𝟔
= Sin-1 𝟒𝟓.𝟗𝟕
𝟐
𝟔
 = 2 sin-1 𝟒𝟓.𝟗𝟕

= 15 angle of taper.

𝟗
Sin 7.5 = 𝐁𝐗
𝟗
BX = 𝐒𝐢𝐧 𝟕.𝟓 = 68.952 mm

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XY = 68.952 + 9 + 51.97 + 4.34 = 134.262 mm
Using triangle XYZ
𝐃⁄
Tan 7.5 = 𝟏𝟑𝟒.𝟐𝟔𝟐
𝟐

𝐃
= 134.262 tan 7.5
𝟐

D = 2 {(134,262) tan 7.5}

= 35.35 mm.

CHAPTER SIX: RADIAN MEASURE

6.1 An automatic garden water spray gives out a spray to a distance of 2 m and revolves
through an angle α which can be varied. If the desired catchment area is to be 3 m2, to what
should angle α be set correct to the nearest degree? [5]

Using formula for area of a sector, A = ½ r2α

𝟐𝐀
Rearranging gives: α = 𝐫𝟐

𝟐𝐱𝟑
=
𝟐𝟐

= 1.5 rad

𝟏𝟖𝟎
Converting 1.5 rad to degrees gives: α =1.5 x 𝛑

= 85.940

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 = 860 correct to the nearest degree

6.2 A string of length 12 cm is wrapped on the circumference of a circle of radius 16 cm. How
far are the ends apart? [5]

Using 12 = rθ = 16θ
θ = 0.75 radians = 42.97o
a2 = b2 + c2 – 2bc Cos 43
a2 = 162 + 162 – (2 x 16 x 16) (0.73)
=512 -374.625
= 137.55
Therefore
BC = √𝟏𝟑𝟕. 𝟓𝟓 = 11.7 cm (length of chord BC)
Or simply circumference of circle of radius 16 cm less arc length (s)
(𝛑 𝐱 𝟑𝟐) − 𝟏𝟐 = 𝟖𝟖. 𝟓𝟑 𝐜𝐦

6.3 Find the area swept out in 50 minutes by the minute hand of a large floral clock, if the
hand is 2 m long. [5]

50 minutes = 3000

Required area = Area of circle – area of sector of angle 600

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 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝛑
= 𝛑𝐑𝟐 − (𝟏⁄𝟐 𝐑𝟐 𝐱 )
𝟑𝟔𝟎

= (π x 22) – (0.5 x 22 x 1.047 197 551)

= 12.566 370 61 – 2.094 395 102

= 10.472 m2

6.4 Determine (i) the shaded area in the figure below [6]

(ii) the percentage of the whole sector that the shaded area takes. [4]

Area of a sector = ½ r2θ (angle in radians)

(i) Shaded area = area of bigger sector – unshaded sector
= {½ (502) (0.75)} – {½ (382) (0.75)}
=937.5 – 541.5
= 396 mm2
𝟑𝟗𝟔
(ii) % area taken = 𝟗𝟑𝟕.𝟓 𝐱 𝟏𝟎𝟎%

= 0.4224 x 100
= 42.24%

6.5 Determine angle θ and the distance around the periphery. [15]

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 𝐱 𝟓𝟎
x = 100 – 50 = 50. Sin θ =𝟏𝟎𝟎. Therefore θ = Sin-1(𝟏𝟎𝟎) = 300

Contact angle of the smaller pulley = 180 -2θ = 180 -60 = 1200

Contact angle for the larger pulley = 180 + 2θ = 180 + 60 = 2400

𝟏𝟐𝟎 𝐱 𝛑 𝐱 𝟐 𝐱 𝐫 𝟏𝟐𝟎 𝐱 𝛑 𝐱 𝟐 𝐱 𝟓𝟎
Arc length for radius 50 = 𝟑𝟔𝟎
= 𝟑𝟔𝟎
= 104.7

𝟐𝟒𝟎 𝐱 𝛑 𝐱 𝟐 𝐱 𝐑 𝟐𝟒𝟎 𝐱 𝛑 𝐱 𝟐 𝐱 𝟏𝟎𝟎

Arc length for radius 100 = 𝟑𝟔𝟎
= 𝟑𝟔𝟎
= 418.9

y = √𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟐 − 𝟓𝟎𝟐 = 86.6.

Distance around = 104.7 + 86.6 + 418.9 + 86.6 = 696.8 units

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 CHAPTER SEVEN: MENSURATION (AREAS AND VOLUMES)

7.1 Plane figures and solids

7.1.1 A rectangular plate is 20 cm long. A strip 4 cm wide is cut from one side and a second
strip 2 cm wide is cut from the other end. The remainder weighs 168 g. Find the width of the
plate if 1 cm2 weighs 1.5 g. Assume that the 4 cm and 2 cm strips are being cut from the
length. [6]

New length = 14 cm

Area = length x width = 14 x w cm2

1.5 g = 1 cm2 … … … i

168 g = more … … … ii

𝟏𝟔𝟖 𝒙 𝟏
Therefore; = 112 cm2
𝟏.𝟓

Hence; area A = 14w = 112

𝟏𝟏𝟐
W = = 𝟖 𝐜𝐦
𝟏𝟒

7.1.2 Find the volume and surface area of a sphere of diameter 8.24 cm. [5]

Radius of sphere = ½ x 8.24 = 4.12 cm

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 𝟒𝛑𝐫𝟑
Volume of sphere = 𝟑
Area of sphere = 4πr2

𝟒𝛑(𝟒.𝟐𝟒)𝟑
= 𝟑
= 4π (4.24)2

= 292.9 cm3 = 213.3 cm2

7.1.3 A metal sphere weighing 36 kg is melted down and recast into a solid cone of base
radius 12 cm. Take the density of the metal as 8 g/ cm3. Find:

(a) The diameter of the metal sphere. [8]

𝐌𝐚𝐬𝐬 𝟑𝟔 𝐱 𝟏 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟒𝛑𝐫 𝟑

Volume = = = 4 500 cm3 =
𝐃𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝟖 𝟑

𝟒 𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝐱 𝟑
r3 = = 1 074. 156
𝟒𝛑

𝟑
r = √𝟏 𝟎𝟕𝟒. 𝟏𝟓𝟔 = 10.24 cm;

Therefore diameter (D) = 2xr = 10.24 x 2 = 20.48 cm.

(b) The perpendicular height of the solid cone assuming 12.5 % of the metal is lost in the
process. [7]

𝟏 𝟏𝟎𝟎−𝟏𝟐.𝟓
Volume of a cone = 𝛑𝐫 𝟐 𝐡 = 𝐱 𝟒 𝟓𝟎𝟎 = 3 937.5 cm3
𝟑 𝟏𝟎𝟎

𝟑 𝟗𝟑𝟕.𝟓 𝐱 𝟑 𝟑 𝟗𝟑𝟕.𝟓 𝐱 𝟑
h = = = 26.1 cm
𝛑𝐫 𝟐 𝛑 𝐱 𝟏𝟐𝟐

7.1.4 An ellipse is produced by slipping a loop of cord around two fixed points, 10 cm apart
and then sliding a pencil along the cord in such a way to keep it taut at all points. If the loop
cord is 25 cm in length, find:

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 a. The length of the minor and major axis. [7]

Semi-minor axis OP1 =√(𝟕. 𝟓)𝟐 (𝟓. 𝟎)𝟐 = 5.59 cm

Therefore minor axis = 2 x 5.59 = 11.18 cm

𝟐𝟓
P2F2 = = 12.5 cm. Also F1F2 = 10 therefore P2F1 = 2.5 m.
𝟐

The semi major axis P2O = 5 + 2.5 = 7.5 cm. Major axis = 7.5 x 2 = 15 cm

b. The perimeter of the ellipse. [4]

Perimeter = ½ (sum of major and minor axes) π

= ½ (15 + 11.18) π

= 41.12 cm

c. Area of the ellipse [4]

Area = (product of semi-axes) π

= (5.59 x 7.5) π

= 131.7 cm2

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7.2 Frusta
7.2.1 The figure below shows a tapered plug in the form of a 7 cm thick frustum of a pyramid
having square ends of sides 10 cm and 5 cm respectively.

a. The plug can be lightened by 5% by boring a cylindrical, flat bottomed hole of depth 3 cm
as shown by the dotted lines. Calculate the diameter required for the hole. [7]

𝟏 𝟏
Volume of complete pyramid = x 102 x 14 Volume of cut-off pyramid = 𝟑 x 52 x 7
𝟑

= 466.667 cm3 = 58.333 cm3

Volume of plug = 466.667 – 58.333 5% of 408.333 = 20.416 67 cm3
= 408.333 cm3
Hence volume of cylinder formed by bored hole = πr2h = 20.416 67 (where h= 3 cm)
r2 = 2.166 r = 1.471 8 cm Therefore Diameter = 2r = 2.94 cm

b. Determine the mass of the plug if it is made of bronze having a density of 8 800 kg/m3. [3]
Volume of plug = 408.333 – 20.416 67
= 387.916 cm3
𝐌𝐚𝐬𝐬
From density = 𝐕𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐦𝐞

Mass = Density x Volume

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 = 8 800 x 387.916 x 10-6
= 3.414 kg
c. The plug is melted down and recast into a hemisphere with 10% of the metal being lost in
the process. Calculate the diameter of the hemisphere. [5]
Available volume = 0.9 x 387.916
= 349.159 cm3
𝟐
Volume of a hemisphere = 𝟑 𝛑𝐫 𝟑
𝟐
= 𝟑 𝐱 𝛑 𝐱 𝐫 𝟑 = 349.159 cm3
𝟑𝟒𝟗.𝟏𝟓𝟗 𝐱 𝟑
r3 = 𝟐𝛑

=166.711 185 7 cm
𝟑
r = √𝟏𝟔𝟔. 𝟕𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟖𝟓 𝟕
= 5.5 cm
Diameter =2xr
= 2 x 5.5
= 11 cm.
7.2.2 A bucket in the shape of a frustum of a cone of end radii 18 cm and 12 cm and a height
of 28 cm is filled to the top with oil. The oil is then poured into a vessel that is spherical
whose radius is 10 cm. find.

a. The volume of oil remaining in the bucket after the sphere is filled up. [5]

Volume of frustum =
𝛑𝐡
𝟑
( 𝐑𝟐 + 𝐑𝐫 + 𝐫𝟐 )

=
𝛑(𝟐𝟖)
𝟑
( 𝟏𝟖𝟐 + (𝟏𝟖 𝐱 𝟏𝟐) + 𝟏𝟐𝟐 )

𝟖𝟕.𝟗𝟔𝟓
= 𝟑
x 684

= 20 055.927 5 cm3

𝟒𝛑𝐑𝟑 𝟒𝛑(𝟏𝟎)𝟑 𝟏𝟐 𝟓𝟔𝟔.𝟑𝟕𝟏

Volume of sphere = 𝟑
= 𝟑
= 𝟑
= 4 188.79 cm3

Volume of oil remaining = Volume of frustum – volume of sphere

= 15 867.137 5 cm3

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 b. The external surface area of the bucket. [10]
External surface area = (curved surface area of complete cone less curved surface area
of cut-off) + area of base

= (πRL – πrl) + πr2

L = √(𝟖𝟒)𝟐 + (𝟏𝟖)𝟐 = 85.91 cm; l = √(𝟓𝟔)𝟐 + (𝟏𝟐)𝟐 = 57.3 cm

Therefore external surface area = (πRL – πrl) + πr2

= [(π x 18 x 85.91) – (π x 12 x 57.3)] + (π x 122)

= [(4857.92 – 2160.16) + 452.39]

= 3 150.33 cm2

7.2.3 A hole is to be dug in the form of a frustum of a pyramid. The top is to be a square of
side 6.4 m and the bottom a square of side 3.6 m. If the depth of the hole is to be 4 m,
calculate the volume of earth to be removed. If the hole is now filled with concrete to a depth
of 2 m, find the amount of concrete used. [15]

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0.5(91.8 + 3.2) = 2.5 i.e. 2.5 x 2 = 5 m (new square at the top has side 5 m)

Or in the case that concrete required refers to that to fill the hole

Volume = 103 – 37.31 = 65.69 m3

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7.2.4 The figure below shows the front elevation of a frustum of a cone.

a. Using the Prismoidal rule, derive the formula for finding the volume of the cone in its
simplest form.

𝐈𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐯𝐚𝐥 𝐡
𝐕𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐦𝐞 = (𝐀 𝟏 + 𝟒𝐀 𝟐 + 𝐀 𝟑 ) Interval =𝟐
𝟑

𝛑
A1 = πR2; A2 = π {½ (R + r)} 2 =𝟒 (𝐑𝟐 + 𝐫 𝟐 + 𝟐𝐑𝐫); A3 = πr2

𝐡 𝛑
Volume of frustum = 𝟑 𝐱 𝟐 [(𝛑𝐑𝟐 + 𝛑𝐫 𝟐 ) + {𝟒 ( 𝟒 (𝐑𝟐 + 𝐫 𝟐 + 𝟐𝐑𝐫))}]

𝛑𝐡
= [(𝐑𝟐 + 𝐫 𝟐 ) + (𝐑𝟐 + 𝐫 𝟐 + 𝟐𝐑𝐫) ]
𝟔

𝛑𝐡
= [(𝟐𝐑𝟐 + 𝟐𝐫 𝟐 + 𝟐𝐑𝐫) ]
𝟔

𝟐𝛑𝐡
= (𝐑𝟐 + 𝐑𝐫 + 𝐫 𝟐 )
𝟔

𝛑𝐡
= (𝐑𝟐 + 𝐑𝐫 + 𝐫 𝟐 ) [10]
𝟑

b. If the end diameters to the frustum of the cone in (a) are 6.4 m and 3.6 m respectively,
estimate the volume given that the height of the frustum was 4 m. [5]
𝛑𝐡 𝟒𝛑 𝟐
Volume = 𝟑
(𝐑𝟐 + 𝐑𝐫 + 𝐫𝟐 ) = 𝟑
{𝟑. 𝟐 + (𝟑. 𝟐 𝐱𝟏. 𝟖) + 𝟏. 𝟖𝟐 }

𝟒𝛑
= (𝟏𝟎. 𝟐𝟒 + 𝟓. 𝟕𝟔 + 𝟑. 𝟐𝟒)
𝟑

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 = (𝟒. 𝟏𝟖𝟗)(𝟏𝟗. 𝟐𝟒)

= 80.6 m3.

7.2.5 Determine the volume and total surface area of a bucket consisting of an inverted
frustum of a cone, of slant height 36.0 cm and end diameters 55.0 cm and 35.0 cm. [10]

By Prismoidal rule
𝐱
Volume = [(𝐀𝟏 ) + 𝟒(𝐀𝟐 ) + (𝐀𝟑 )]
𝟔
𝟑𝟒.𝟓𝟖𝟑 𝟐𝟑𝟐 𝟗𝟑
Volume = [(𝛑 𝐱𝟏𝟕. 𝟓𝟐 ) + 𝟒(𝛑 𝐱 𝟐𝟐. 𝟓𝟐 ) + (𝛑 𝐱 𝟐𝟕. 𝟓𝟐 )]
𝟔
= 5 591 cm3 using similar triangles
𝟑𝟒.𝟓𝟖 𝐱 𝟏𝟕.𝟓
x= = 60.5
𝟔𝟎

y x y = √𝟔𝟎. 𝟓𝟐 + 𝟏𝟕. 𝟓𝟐 = 63
Therefore total slant height is 99cm.
36 34.58

10 17.5

Area = (curved surface area of complete cone less that of small cut-out)
= (𝛑𝐑𝐋 − 𝛑𝐫𝐥) + (𝛑𝐫 𝟐 )
= [(𝛑 𝐱 𝟐𝟕. 𝟓 𝐱 𝟗𝟗 − 𝛑 𝐱 𝟏𝟕. 𝟓 𝐱 𝟔𝟑)] + (𝛑 𝐱 𝟏𝟕. 𝟓𝟐 )
= (8 552.985 999 – 3 463.605 901) + 962.112 750 2
= 5 089.380 099 + 962.112 750 2 = 6 051 cm2
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7.3 Zone of Sphere
7.3.1The diameters of the ends of the frustum of a sphere are 14.0 cm and 26.0 cm
respectively, and the thickness of the frustum is 5.0 cm. Determine correct to 3 significant
figures

a. The volume of the frustum of the sphere [3]

𝛑𝐡
Volume = (h2 + 3𝐫𝟏𝟐 + 3𝐫𝟐𝟐 )
𝟔
𝛑(𝟓.𝟎)
= [(5.0)2 + 3(𝟕. 𝟎) 2 + 3(𝟏𝟑. 𝟎) 2]
𝟔

= 1 780 cm3

b. the radius of the sphere and [5]

Using Pythagoras theorem
OS2 = PS2 + OP2
i.e. r2 = 132 + OP2 (1)
OR2 = QR2 + OQ2
i.e. r2 = 72 + OQ2 = 72 + (5.0 + OP)2 (2)
Equating (1) and (2) gives
132 + OP2 = 72 + (5.0 + OP)2
169.0 + OP2 = 49.0 + 25.0 + 10.0 (OP) + OP2
169.0 = 74.0 + 10.0 (OP)

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 𝟏𝟔𝟗.𝟎−𝟕𝟒.𝟎
OP = = 9.50 cm
𝟏𝟎

Substituting OP into (1) gives;

Radius = √𝟏𝟑. 𝟎𝟐 + 𝟗. 𝟓𝟐
= 16.1 cm

c. The area of the zone formed. [2]

Area of zone of sphere = 2πrh
= 2π (16.1) (5.0)
= 506 cm2

CHAPTER EIGHT: APPROXIMATE METHODS

8.1 Approximate Methods for Area

8.1.1 Plot a graph of y = 3x2 + 5 from x = 1 to x = 4. Estimate, correct to 2 decimal places, using
6 intervals, the area enclosed by the curve, the ordinates x = 1 and x = 4, and the x-axis by
(a) the trapezoidal rule, (b) the mid-ordinate rule, and (c) Simpson’s rule.
A table of values is shown below and a graph plotted as shown in the Figure below.

x 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0

y = 3x2 + 5 8.0 11.75 17.0 23.75 32.0 41.75 53.0

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 [3]

(a) Since 6 intervals are used, ordinates lie at 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, and 4
By the trapezoidal rule,
Shaded area = (0.5) {[½ (8.0+ 53.0)] + [11.75 + 17.0 + 23.75 + 32.0 +41.75]}
= 78.38 square units [3]

(b) With the mid-ordinate rule, ordinates occur at 1.25, 1.75, 2.25, 2.75, 3.25 and 3.75
x 1.25 1.75 2.25 2.75 3.25 3.75
y = 3x2 + 5 9.6875 14.1875 20.1875 27.6875 36.6875 47.1875

By the mid-ordinate rule,

Shaded area = (0.5) {9.6875 +14.1875 + 20.1875 + 27.6875 + 36.6875 + 47.1875}
= 77.81 square units [3]

(c) By Simpson’s rule,

𝟏
Shaded area ≈ 𝟑 (0.5) {(8.0+ 53.0) +4(11.75+ 23.75+ 41.75) + 2(17.0 + 32.0)}
𝟏
≈ 𝟑 (0.5) {61+ 309+ 98}

= 78 square units [3]

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8.1.2 Draw to scale an equilateral triangle of side 80 mm. From one of the sides, erect
perpendicular ordinates at intervals of 10 mm. Measure the length of ordinates and mid-
ordinates. Determine the area of the triangle by

a. Trapezoidal rule
b. Mid-ordinate rule
c. Simpson’s rule
Compare the results with a trigonometric calculation of the area. [15]

Trapezoidal rule

𝐟𝐢𝐫𝐬𝐭 𝐨𝐫𝐝𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐞 + 𝐥𝐚𝐬𝐭 𝐨𝐫𝐝𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐞

Area = (interval) [( 𝟐
) + 𝐬𝐮𝐦 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐥𝐥 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐫𝐞𝐦𝐚𝐢𝐧𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐨𝐫𝐝𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐬]

𝟖 𝐲𝟏+𝐲𝟗
= (𝟖) [( 𝟐
) + 𝐲𝟐 + 𝐲𝟑 + 𝐲𝟒 + 𝐲𝟓 + 𝐲𝟔 + 𝐲𝟕 + 𝐲𝟖]

𝟎+𝟎
= (1) [( 𝟐
) + 𝟏. 𝟔𝟓 + 𝟑. 𝟒𝟓 + 𝟓. 𝟏𝟓 + 𝟔. 𝟗𝟐𝟓 + 𝟓. 𝟏𝟓 + 𝟑. 𝟒𝟓 + 𝟏. 𝟔𝟓]

= 1 x 27.425

= 27.425 cm2

Mid-ordinate rule

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Area = (interval) (𝐬𝐮𝐦 𝐨𝐟 𝐦𝐢𝐝 − 𝐨𝐫𝐝𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐬)

𝟖
= (𝟖) (𝐦𝟏 + 𝐦𝟐 + 𝐦𝟑 + 𝐦𝟒 + 𝐦𝟓 + 𝐦𝟔 + 𝐦𝟕 + 𝐦𝟖)

= (1) (𝟎. 𝟖𝟐𝟓 + 𝟐. 𝟓𝟓 + 𝟒. 𝟑 + 𝟔. 𝟎𝟑𝟕𝟓 + 𝟔. 𝟎𝟑𝟕𝟓 + 𝟒. 𝟑 + 𝟐. 𝟓𝟓 + 𝟎. 𝟖𝟐𝟓)

= 1 x 27.425

= 27.425 cm2

Simpson’s rule

𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐯𝐚𝐥
Area = ( 𝟑
) [(𝐟𝐢𝐫𝐬𝐭 𝐨𝐫𝐝𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐞 + 𝐥𝐚𝐬𝐭 𝐨𝐫𝐝𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐞) + 𝟒(𝐬𝐮𝐦 𝐨𝐟 𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧 𝐨𝐫𝐝𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐬) +
𝟐(𝐬𝐮𝐦 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐞𝐦𝐚𝐢𝐧𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐨𝐝𝐝 𝐨𝐫𝐝𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐬) ]

𝟏
= (𝟑) [(𝟎 + 𝟎) + 𝟒(𝐲𝟐 + 𝐲𝟒 + 𝐲𝟔 + 𝐲𝟖) + 𝟐(𝐲𝟑 + 𝐲𝟓 + 𝐲𝟕)]

𝟏
= (𝟑) [(𝟎) + 𝟒(𝟏. 𝟔𝟓 + 𝟓. 𝟏𝟓 + 𝟓. 𝟏𝟓 + 𝟏. 𝟔𝟓) + 𝟐(𝟑. 𝟒𝟓 + 𝟔. 𝟗𝟐𝟓 + 𝟑. 𝟒𝟓]

𝟏
= (𝟑) (54.4 + 27.65)

𝟏
= (𝟑) x 82.05

= 27.35 cm2

Trigonometric calculated area = ½ (8) (6.925) = 27.7 cm2

𝟐𝟕.𝟒𝟐𝟓−𝟐𝟕.𝟕
% error for trapezoidal rule = ( 𝟐𝟕.𝟕
𝐱 𝟏𝟎𝟎%) = -0.993%

𝟐𝟕.𝟒𝟐𝟓−𝟐𝟕.𝟕
% error for mid-ordinate rule = ( 𝟐𝟕.𝟕
𝐱 𝟏𝟎𝟎%) = -0.993%

𝟐𝟕.𝟑𝟓−𝟐𝟕.𝟕
% error for Simpson’s rule = ( 𝟐𝟕.𝟕
𝐱 𝟏𝟎𝟎%) = -1.264%

8.1.3. a. Use the mid-ordinate rule to estimate the area under the curve y =3x 3 + 2x for values
of x from 2 ≤ x ≤ 6 with five intervals. [7]
Range = 6 - 2 = 4
𝟒
Width of interval when using five strips is given by = 0.8
𝟓

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 Mid-Ordinates
m1 = f (2.4) = 3(2.4)3 + 2(2.4) = 46.272 m2 = f (3.2) = 3(3.2)3 + 2(3.2) = 104.704
m3 = f (4.0) = 3(4.0)3 + 2(4.0) = 200.0 m4 = f (4.8) = 3(4.8)3 + 2(4.8) = 341.376
m5 = f (5.6) = 3(5.6)3 + 2(5.6) = 538.048

Area = (width of interval) (sum of mid-ordinates)

= 0.8(46.272 + 104.704 + 200.0 + 341.376 + 538.048)
= 0.8 x 1 230.4
= 984.32 square units

b. Use Simpson’s rule to estimate the same area in (a) with six intervals. [8]
𝟒 𝟐
Width of interval when using five strips is given by =𝟑
𝟔

Ordinates
𝟖 𝟖 𝟑 𝟖
y1 = f (2) = 3(2)3 + 2(2) = 28 y2 = f (𝟑)= 3(𝟑) + 2(𝟑)= 62.222

𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟑 𝟏𝟎
y3 = f ( 𝟑 )= 3( 𝟑 ) + 2( 𝟑 )= 117.778 y4 = f(𝟒)= 3(𝟒)𝟑 + 2(𝟒) = 200.0

𝟏𝟒 𝟏𝟒 𝟑 𝟏𝟒 𝟏𝟔 𝟏𝟔 𝟑 𝟏𝟔
y5 = f( )= 3( ) + 2( ) = 314.222 y6 = f( )= 3( ) + 2( )= 465.778
𝟑 𝟑 𝟑 𝟑 𝟑 𝟑

y7 = f(𝟔)= 3(𝟔)𝟑 + 2(𝟔)= 660

Area = 𝟏
𝟑
(width of interval) (first + last ordinates) + 4(sum of even ordinates) + 2(sum of remaining

ordinates) 
𝟐
= 𝟗 [(28 + 660) + 4 (62.222 + 200.0 + 465.778) + 2 (117.778 + 314.222)]
𝟐
= 𝟗 [(688) + (2 912) + (864)]
𝟐
= 𝟗 x 4 464

= 992 square units

8.1.4 Plot a graph of y =3x2+5 from x =1 to x =4. Estimate, correct to 2 decimal places, using 6
intervals, the area enclosed by the curve, the ordinates x=1and x =4, and the x-axis by (a) the
trapezoidal rule, (b) the mid- ordinate rule, and (c) Simpson’s rule. (d) Compare each method with a
true value of area from integration. [4, 3, 3, 3, 2]

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Solution
𝟒−𝟏
Width of interval, d =
𝟔
= 0.5

Ordinates Mid-Ordinates
y1 = f(1) = 3(1)2 + 5 = 8 m1 = f(1.25) = 3(1.25)2 + 5 = 9.687 5
y2 = f(1.5) = 3(1.5)2 + 5 = 11.75 m2 = f(1.75) = 3(1.75)2 + 5 = 14.187 5
y3 = f(2) = 3(2)2 + 5 = 17 m3 = f(2.25) = 3(2.25)2 + 5 = 20.187 5
y4 = f(2.5) = 3(2.5)2 + 5 = 23.75 m4 = f(2.75) = 3(2.75)2 + 5 = 27.687 5
y5 = f(3) = 3(3)2 + 5 = 32 m5 = f(3.25) = 3(3.25)2 + 5 = 36.687 5
y6 = f(3.5) = 3(3.5)2 + 5 = 41.75 m6 = f(3.75) = 3(3.75)2 + 5 = 47.187 5
y7 = f(4) = 3(4)2 + 5 = 53

(a) Area = 0.5[{0.5(8 + 53)} + (11.75 + 17 + 23.75 + 32 + 41.75)]

= 0.5 x 156.75
= 78.34 m2
(b) Area = 0.5(9.687 5 + 14.187 5 + 20.187 5 + 27.687 5 + 36.687 5 + 47.187 5)
= 0.5 x 155.625
= 77.812 5 m2

(c) Area = 0.167 [(8 + 53) + 4 (11.75 + 23.75 + 41.75) + 2 (17 + 32)]
= 0.167 [(61) + (309) + (98)]
= 0.167 x 468
= 78 m2

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 𝟒
(d) Area by integration = ∫𝟏 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 =[(4)3 + 5(4)] – [(1)3 + 5(1)] = 84 – 6 = 78 m2
(i) 0.004% inaccuracy
(ii) 0.002% inaccuracy
(iii) 0.000% inaccuracy

8.1.5 Sketch a semi-circle of radius 100 mm and erect ordinates at intervals of 20 mm and

their mid-ordinates.

a. Calculate the lengths of mid-ordinates [2]

b. Determine the area of the semi-circle by mid-ordinate rule [3]

c. Calculate the lengths of the ordinates [2]

d. Determine the area of the semi-circle by Simpson’s rule [3]

e. Determine the area of the semi-circle by trapezoidal rule [3]

f. Determine the percentage error of each of the methods [2]

Mid ordinate (cm) Ordinates (cm)

m1 = 4.3 = m10 y1 = 0 = y11

m2 = 7.1 = m9 y2 = 6 = y10

m3 = 8.65 = m8 y3 = 8 = y9

m4 = 9.55 = m7 y4 = 9.15 = y8

m5 = 9.95 = m6 y5 = 9.8 = y7

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 y6 = 10

Trapezium rule

Area = 2[½ (0 + 0) + 2(6) + 2(8) + 2(9.15) + 2(9.8) + 10]

= 2(75.9)

= 151.8 cm2

Mid-ordinate rule

Area = 2[2(4.3) + 2(7.1) + 2(8.65) + 2(9.55) + 2(9.95)]

= 2(79.1)

= 158.2 cm2

Simpson’s rule
𝟐
Area = 𝟑{[0 + 0] + 4[2(6) + 2(9.15) + 10] + 2[2(8) + 2(9.8)]}

𝟐
= 𝟑 (161.2 + 71.2)

𝟐
= 𝟑 (232.4)

= 154.9 cm2

True area = ½ πr2

= ½ π (102)

= 157.1 cm2
𝟏𝟓𝟏.𝟖−𝟏𝟓𝟕.𝟏
Percentage error in trapezium rule = 𝟏𝟓𝟕.𝟏
𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟎% = −𝟑. 𝟑𝟕%

𝟏𝟓𝟖.𝟐−𝟏𝟓𝟕.𝟏
Percentage error in mid-ordinate rule = 𝟏𝟓𝟕.𝟏
𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟎% = 𝟎. 𝟕%

𝟏𝟓𝟒.𝟗−𝟏𝟓𝟕.𝟏
Percentage error in Simpson’s rule = 𝟏𝟓𝟕.𝟏
𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟎% = −𝟏. 𝟒%

8.2 Approximate Methods for Volume

8.2.1 The figure below shows the front elevation of a frustum of a cone. Using the Prismoidal

rule, derive the formula for finding the volume of the cone in its simplest form.

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 𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒗𝒂𝒍 𝒉
𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 = (𝑨𝟏 + 𝟒𝑨𝟐 + 𝑨𝟑 ) Interval =𝟐
𝟑

𝝅
A1 = πR2; A2 = π {½ (R + r)} 2 =𝟒 (𝑹𝟐 + 𝒓𝟐 + 𝟐𝑹𝒓); A3 = πr2

𝒉 𝟐 𝝅 𝟐
Volume of frustum = 𝟑 𝒙 𝟐 [(𝝅𝑹 + 𝝅𝒓𝟐 ) + {𝟒 ( 𝟒 (𝑹 + 𝒓𝟐 + 𝟐𝑹𝒓))}]

𝝅𝒉 𝟐 𝟐
= 𝟔 [(𝑹 + 𝒓𝟐 ) + (𝑹 + 𝒓𝟐 + 𝟐𝑹𝒓) ]

=
𝝅𝒉
𝟔
[(𝟐 𝑹𝟐 + 𝟐𝒓𝟐 + 𝟐𝑹𝒓) ]

=
𝟐𝝅𝒉
𝟔
( 𝑹𝟐 + 𝑹𝒓 + 𝒓𝟐 )

=
𝝅𝒉
𝟑
( 𝑹𝟐 + 𝑹𝒓 + 𝒓𝟐 )

8.2.2 The figure shown below is rotated about axis Y-Y through 2π radians. Use Pappus
Theorem to calculate the volume of the solid generated by the shape during the rotation.
[10]

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Area of the semi-circular part = ½ πR2 = ½ (π) (142) = 307.8761 cm2

Area of the triangular part = ½ bh = ½ (14 x 2) (15) = 210 cm2

𝟒 𝒙 𝟏𝟒
Volume generated by the semi-circle = 2π (307.8761)[𝟏𝟓 + 𝟏𝟗 + ( 𝟑𝝅
)]

= 2π (307.8761) (39.942)

= 77 265.51 cm3

𝒉
Volume generated by the triangle = 2π (210)[𝟏𝟗 + (𝒉 − 𝟑)]

𝟏𝟓
= = 2π (210)[𝟏𝟗 + (𝟏𝟓 − 𝟑
)]

= 2π (210) (19 + 10)

= 2π (210) (29)

= 38 264.599 cm3

Total volume generated = 77 265.51 + 38 264.599

= 115 530.11 cm3

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8.2.3 The diagram shows a rectangle ABCD and an isosceles triangle CDE.

a. If the composite shape is rotated 360o about the x-axis, use Pappus theorem to
evaluate the volume of the solid formed [8]
Area of rectangle = length x width = 5 x 2 = 10 square units

Area of triangle = ½ base x height = ½ x 2 x 2 = 2 square units

Volume generated by rotating rectangle = 2πAȳ

= 2 x π x 10 x 5

= 314.16 cubic units

Volume generated by triangle = 2πAȳ

=2xπx2x5

= 62.83 cubic units

Total volume = 314.16 + 62.83

= 376.99 cubic units

b. Calculate also the volume of the solid formed when the triangle part is rotated about
the line x = 6.5. [7]

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Volume generated by triangle = 2πA𝒙
̅

= 2 x π x 2 x (2.5 +0.67)

= 39.84 cubic units

8.2.4 (a) Find the area bounded by the curve y = 2x2, the x-axis and the ordinates x = 0 and x
= 3. [5]
Required area is shown shaded below

𝟑
Area = ∫𝟎 𝒚 dx
𝟐
=∫𝟎 𝟐𝒙𝟐 dx
𝟑
𝟐𝒙𝟐
=[ ]
𝟑 𝟎

= 18 square units

(b) If this area is revolved about the x-axis, find the volume of the solid formed. [5]
When the shaded area is revolved 360o about the x-axis, the volume generated is given by;
𝟑
V = ∫𝟎 𝝅𝒚𝟐 dx

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 𝟑
= ∫𝟎 𝝅(𝟐𝒙𝟐 )𝟐 dx
𝟑
= ∫𝟎 𝟒𝝅𝒙𝟒 dx
𝟑
𝒙𝟓
= 𝟒𝝅 [ 𝟓 ]
𝟎
𝟐𝟒𝟑
= 𝟒𝝅 ( )
𝟓

= 194.4π cubic units

(c) Locate the position of centroid using Pappus theorem [5]
Volume generated when shaded area is revolved about OY = 2π𝒙
̅A.
i.e. 81π = (18) (2π𝒙
̅)
𝟖𝟏𝝅
from which, ̅
𝒙 = 𝟑𝟔𝝅

= 2.25
Volume generated when shaded area is revolved about OX = 2π𝒚
̅ A.
i.e. 194.4π = (18) (2π𝒚
̅)
𝟏𝟗𝟒.𝟒𝝅
from which, ̅
𝒚 = 𝟑𝟔𝝅

= 5.4
8.2.5 Derive the formula for the volume of a cone using the theorem of Pappus (Guildun),
𝒉
given that the centroid of a triangle lies at a distance of from the base where h is the
𝟑

perpendicular height.

Volume generated = 2πA ȳ (A- area, ȳ -distance moved through the centroid)
𝐫
= 2π (½ rh)(𝟑)
𝟏
= 𝟑 πr2h

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8.2.6 Calculate the volume of an anchor ring formed by rotating a circle of radius 6 cm about
an axis at a distance of 20 cm from its centre.

Volume = 2πA ȳ (A- area, ȳ -distance moved through the centroid)

= 2π (πr2) (20)
= 4 523. 893 cm3
8.2.7 A quadrant of a circle of radius r is rotated 360o about one of its radii to form a
hemisphere. Using the theorem of Pappus, find the distance of the centroid of the quadrant
from the centre of the circle. [7]

Volume generated = 2πA ȳ

𝟒𝛑𝐫 𝟑 𝛑𝐫 𝟐
½( ) =2π( )ȳ
𝟑 𝟒
𝟖𝐫 𝟏
ȳ = 𝐱
𝟑 𝟐𝛑
𝟒𝐫
= 𝟑𝛑

Distance from centre o is given by h

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 𝟒𝐫 𝟐 𝟒𝐫 𝟐 𝟑𝟐𝐫 𝟐 𝟑𝟐𝐫 𝟐 √𝟑𝟐
h2 = (𝟑𝛑) + (𝟑𝛑) = 𝟑𝛑𝟐 h =√ 𝟑𝛑𝟐 = 𝟑𝛑 𝐫 = 0.6r

CHAPTER NINE: BINOMAL EXPANSION

9.1 The series method

9.1.1 Expand (𝟏 − 𝟑𝒙)𝟒 using the Binomial Theorem. [5]

(𝟏 − 𝟑𝒙)𝟒 = 1[(𝟏)𝟒 (−𝟑𝒙)𝟎 ] +4[(𝟏)𝟑 (−𝟑𝒙)𝟏 ] + 6[(𝟏)𝟐 (−𝟑𝒙)𝟐 ] +4[(𝟏)𝟏 (−𝟑𝒙)𝟑 ] + 1[(𝟏)𝟎 (−𝟑𝒙)𝟒 ]

= 1 + [(4) (-3)] + [(6) (9x2)] + [(4) (-27x3)] + [(1) (81x4)]

= 1 -12x + 54x2 – 108x3 + 81x4

9.1.2. The radius of a cylinder is reduced by 4% and its height is increased by 2%. Determine using
binomial theorem, the approximate percentage change in (a) its volume and (b) its curved surface
area, (neglecting the products of small quantities).

Solution
Volume of cylinder = πr2h
Let r and h be the original values of radius and height. The new values are 0.96r 0r (1 – 0.04) r and
1.02h or (1 + 0.02) h.
(a) New volume = π[(1-0.04) r]2 [(1 + 0.02) h]
= πr2h (1 – 0.04)2 (1 + 0.02)
Neglecting powers of small terms,
Volume = πr2h (1 – 0.08) (1 + 0.02)
= πr2h (1 – 0.08 + 1 + 0.02), neglecting products of small terms
= πr2h (1 – 0.06) or 0.94 πr2h i.e. 94% of original volume

Hence the volume is reduced by approximately 6%. [4]

(b) Curved surface area of a cylinder = 2πrh

New surface area = 2π [(1 – 0.04) r] [(1 + 0.02) h]
= 2πrh (1 – 0.04) (1 + 0.02)
= 2πrh (1 – 0.04 + 0.02), neglecting products of small terms

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 = 2πrh (1- 0.04) or 0.98(2πrh) i.e. 98% of original surface area

Hence the curved surface area is reduced by approximately 2%. [4]

𝟏 𝑲
9.1.3 The resonant frequency of a vibrating shaft is given by: F = √ , where K is the stiffness and L
𝟐𝝅 𝑳

is the inertia of the shaft. Use the binomial theorem to determine the approximate percentage error
in determining the frequency using the measured values of K and L when the measured value of K is
4% too large and the measured value of L is 2% too small. [7]

The measured value of K is 4% too large of the true value i.e. K = (1 + 0.0) K
The measured value of L is 2% too small to the true value i.e. L = (1 – 0.02) L
𝟏 𝑲 𝟏
The measured value of F = √ = 𝟐𝝅 𝒙 K0.5 x L-0.5
𝟐𝝅 𝑳

𝟏
= [(1 + 0.04) K] 0.5 [(1 – 0.02) L]-0.5
𝟐𝝅
𝟏
= 𝟐𝝅 (1 + 0.04)0.5 x K0.5 x (1 – 0.02)-0.5 x L-0.5
𝟏
= 𝟐𝝅 x K0.5 x L-0.5 x (1 + 0.04)0.5 x (1 – 0.02)-0.5

i.e. F = F (1 + 0.04)0.5 x (1 – 0.02)-0.5

≈ F [1 + (½) (0.04)] [1 + (- ½) (-0.02)]
≈ F [1 + 0.02) (1 + 0.01)] neglecting products of small terms
≈ 1.03F
Thus the % error is 3% too large

9.1.4 Use the binomial theorem to determine the expansion of (2 + x)6. [5]
𝒏 (𝒏−𝟏)
The binomial series of (a +x)n = an + nan – 1 x + an – 2 x2 + . . .
𝟐!
(𝟔) (𝟓) (𝟔) (𝟓)(𝟒) (𝟔)(𝟓)(𝟒)(𝟑)
(2 + x)6 = 26 + 6(2)5 x + (2)4x2 + (2)3 x3 + (2)4 x4
𝟐! 𝟑! 𝟒!
(𝟔)(𝟓)(𝟒)(𝟑)(𝟐) (𝟔)(𝟓)(𝟒)(𝟑)(𝟐)(𝟏)
+ (2)5 x5 + (2)6 x6.
𝟓! 𝟔!

(2 + x)6 = 64 + 192x + 240x2 + 160x3 + 60x4 + 12x5 + x6

9.1.5 Use the binomial series to determine the expansion of √(𝟏 + 𝒙) to five terms. [5]
𝒏 (𝒏−𝟏) 𝒏 (𝒏−𝟏)(𝒏−𝟐) 𝒏 (𝒏−𝟏)(𝒏−𝟐)(𝒏−𝟑)
(1 + x)n = 1 + nx + x2 + x3 + x4 + …
𝟐! 𝟑! 𝟒!

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 𝟎.𝟓 (−𝟎.𝟓) 𝟎.𝟓 (−𝟎.𝟓)(−𝟏.𝟓) 𝟎.𝟓(−𝟎.𝟓)(−𝟏.𝟓)(−𝟐.𝟓)
(1 + x)0.5 = 1 + 0.5x + x2 + x3 + x4 + …
𝟐𝒙𝟏 𝟑𝒙𝟐𝒙𝟏 𝟒𝒙𝟑𝒙𝟐𝒙𝟏

= 1 + 0.5x − 𝟎. 𝟏𝟐𝟓 x2 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔𝟐𝟓 x3 −𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟗 𝟎𝟔𝟐 𝟓 x4 + …

𝟒 15
9.1.6 Using the binomial theorem, determine the expansion of (𝒑 − ) as far as the term
𝒑𝟐

containing p3. [5]

For any rational power n, the binomial series of (a + b)n is given by;
𝒏 (𝒏−𝟏) 𝒏 (𝒏−𝟏)(𝒏−𝟐) 𝒏 (𝒏−𝟏)(𝒏−𝟐)(𝒏−𝟑)
(a + b)n = an + nan-1 .b + an-2 .b2 + an-3 .b3 + an-4 .b4 + …
𝟐! 𝟑! 𝟒!
𝟒 15 𝟒 𝟏𝟓 (𝟏𝟓−𝟏) 𝟒 2 𝟏𝟓 (𝟏𝟓−𝟏)(𝟏𝟓−𝟐) 𝟒 3
(𝒑 − ) = p15 + 15p15-1 (− )+ p15-2 (− ) + p15-3 (− ) +
𝒑𝟐 𝒑𝟐 𝟐𝒙𝟏 𝒑𝟐 𝟑𝒙𝟐𝒙𝟏 𝒑𝟐
𝟏𝟓 (𝟏𝟓−𝟏)(𝟏𝟓−𝟐)(𝟏𝟓−𝟑) 𝟒 4
p15-4 (− ) +…
𝟒𝒙𝟑𝒙𝟐𝒙𝟏 𝒑𝟐
𝟒 𝟏𝟔 𝟔𝟒
= p15 + 15p14 (− ) + 𝟏𝟎𝟓 p13 ( 𝒑𝟒 ) + 𝟒𝟓𝟓 p12 (− )+
𝒑𝟐 𝒑𝟔
𝟐𝟓𝟔
𝟏 𝟑𝟔𝟓 p11 ( )+ …
𝒑𝟖

= p15 - 60p12 + 𝟏 𝟔𝟖𝟎 p9 - 𝟐𝟗 𝟏𝟐𝟎 p6 + 𝟑𝟒𝟗 𝟒𝟒𝟎 p3 + …

9.1.7 Expand and simplify all coefficients of (𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐𝒂)𝟒 [5]

𝟒(−𝟐𝒂)𝟒−𝟏 (𝟑𝒙) 𝟒(𝟒 − 𝟏)(−𝟐𝒂)𝟒−𝟐 (𝟑𝒙)𝟐 𝟒(𝟒 − 𝟏)(𝟒 − 𝟐)(−𝟐𝒂)𝟒−𝟑 (𝟑𝒙)𝟑

(−𝟐𝒂 + 𝟑𝒙)𝟒 = (−𝟐𝒂)𝟒 + + +
𝟏! 𝟐! 𝟑!
𝟒(𝟒 − 𝟏)(𝟒 − 𝟑)(−𝟐𝒂)𝟒−𝟒 (𝟑𝒙)𝟒
+
𝟒!

(−𝟑𝟐𝒂𝟑 )(𝟑𝒙) 𝟒(𝟑)(𝟒𝒂𝟐 )(𝟗𝒙𝟐 ) 𝟒(𝟑)(𝟐)(−𝟐𝒂)𝟏 (𝟐𝟕𝒙𝟑 ) 𝟒(𝟑)(𝟐)(𝟏)(−𝟐𝒂)𝟎 (𝟖𝟏𝒙𝟒 )

= (−𝟐𝒂)𝟒 + + + +
𝟏 𝟐𝒙𝟏 𝟑𝒙𝟐𝒙𝟏 𝟒𝒙𝟑𝒙𝟐𝒙𝟏

= 16a4 – 96a3x + 216a2x2 – 216ax3 + 81x4

−𝟏⁄
9.1.8 Find the coefficient of x4 in (𝟏 + 𝟑𝐱) 𝟑 [5]

𝐧𝐱 𝐧(𝐧−𝟏)𝐱 𝟐 𝐧(𝐧−𝟏)(𝐧−𝟐)𝐱 𝟒 𝐧(𝐧−𝟏)(𝐧−𝟐)(𝐧−𝟑)𝐱 𝟒

For (𝟏 + 𝐱)𝐧 = 𝟏 + + + + …
𝟏! 𝟐! 𝟑! 𝟒!

Selecting the term in x4

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
− (− −𝟏)(− −𝟐)(− −𝟑)(𝟑𝐱)𝟒
= …+ 𝟑 𝟑 𝟑 𝟑
+…
𝟒!

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 𝟏 𝟒 𝟕 𝟏𝟎
− (− )(− )(− )(𝟖𝟏𝐱 𝟒 )
= …+ 𝟑 𝟑 𝟑 𝟑
+…
𝟐𝟒

𝟐𝟖𝟎
(𝟖𝟏𝐱 𝟒 )
=…+ 𝟖𝟏
+…
𝟐𝟒

𝟐𝟖𝟎 𝐱 𝟒
=…+ +…
𝟐𝟒

9.2 The Pascal’s Triangle Method

9.2.1 Using Pascal’s triangle method, expand (a + x)5 [5]

a5 + 5a4x + 10a3x2 + 10a2x3 + 5ax4 + x5

CHAPTER TEN: DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

10.1 General derivatives

10.1.1The function ax2 + bx + c = 0 has a gradient function of 4x + 2 and a stationery value of
1. Find the values of a, b, and c. [10]

Solution

𝒅𝒚
= 2ax + b = 4x + 2 i.e. equating gradient functions
𝒅𝒙

By comparing coefficients of x2 and x

2a = 4, therefore a = 2, b=2

But 4x +2 = 0 at a turning point, thus x = - ½

Hence from 2(-0.5)2 + 2(-0.5) + c = 1

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c = 1 – 0.5 + 1 = 1.5

10.1.2 Find the gradient of the curve y = 2x3 – 3x2 + x + 1 when x = 1. [5]

𝐝𝐲
= 𝟔𝐱 𝟐 − 𝟔𝐱 + 𝟏 at x = 1
𝐝𝐱

= 6 (12) – 6(1) + 1 = 1

10.2 First principles

10.2.1Differentiate f(x) = 5x2 + 6x + 2 from first principles. [5]

𝒅𝒚 {𝒇(𝒙 + 𝜹𝒙)} − {𝒇(𝒙)}

= 𝒍𝒊𝒎 ( )
𝒅𝒙 𝜹𝒙→𝟎 𝜹𝒙

𝒇(𝒙 + 𝜹𝒙) = 𝟓(𝒙 + 𝜹𝒙)𝟐 + 𝟔(𝒙 + 𝜹𝒙) + 𝟐

= 5x2 + 10xδx + 5δx2 + 6x + 6δx + 2

𝒅𝒚 {𝟓𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟎𝒙𝜹𝒙 + 𝟓𝜹𝒙𝟐 + 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟔𝜹𝒙 + 𝟐} − {𝟓𝒙𝟐 + 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟐 }

= 𝒍𝒊𝒎 ( )
𝒅𝒙 𝜹𝒙→𝟎 𝜹𝒙

= 𝒍𝒊𝒎 (𝟏𝟎𝒙 + 𝟓(𝟎) + 𝟔)

𝜹𝒙→𝟎

= 10x + 6

10.2.2 Differentiate f(x) = 5x2 from first principles. [5]

𝒅𝒚 {𝒇(𝒙 + 𝜹𝒙)} − {𝒇(𝒙)}

= 𝒍𝒊𝒎 ( )
𝒅𝒙 𝜹𝒙→𝟎 𝜹𝒙

𝒇(𝒙 + 𝜹𝒙) = 𝟓(𝒙 + 𝜹𝒙)𝟐

= 5x2 + 10xδx + 5δx2

𝒅𝒚 {𝟓𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟎𝒙𝜹𝒙 + 𝟓𝜹𝒙𝟐 } − {𝟓𝒙𝟐 }

= 𝒍𝒊𝒎 ( )
𝒅𝒙 𝜹𝒙→𝟎 𝜹𝒙

= 𝒍𝒊𝒎 (𝟏𝟎𝒙 + 𝟓(𝟎))

𝜹𝒙→𝟎

= 10x

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10.2.3 Differentiate from first principles f(x) = √𝒙 [10]
𝒇(𝒙+𝝏𝒙)− 𝒇(𝒙)
fi(x) = 𝒍𝒊𝒎𝒊𝒕 { }
𝝏𝒙→𝟎 𝝏𝒙

𝒇(𝒙+𝝏𝒙) 𝟎.𝟓 − 𝒇(𝒙)𝟎.𝟓

= 𝒍𝒊𝒎𝒊𝒕 { }
𝝏𝒙→𝟎 𝝏𝒙

From algebra (a – b) (a + b) = a2 – b2,

Hence multiplying both numerator and denominator by (𝒙 + 𝝏𝒙) 𝟎.𝟓 + (𝒙)𝟎.𝟓 , will make
the numerator to be the case of (a – b) (a + b).
[(𝒙+𝝏𝒙) 𝟎.𝟓 − (𝒙)𝟎.𝟓 ] [(𝒙+𝝏𝒙) 𝟎.𝟓 + (𝒙)𝟎.𝟓 ]
fi(x) = 𝒍𝒊𝒎𝒊𝒕 { }
𝝏𝒙→𝟎 𝝏𝒙[(𝒙+𝝏𝒙) 𝟎.𝟓 +(𝒙)𝟎.𝟓 ]
𝒙+ 𝝏𝒙−𝒙
=
𝝏𝒙[(𝒙+𝝏𝒙) 𝟎.𝟓 +(𝒙)𝟎.𝟓 ]
𝝏𝒙
=
𝝏𝒙[(𝒙+𝝏𝒙) 𝟎.𝟓 +(𝒙)𝟎.𝟓 ]
𝟏
=
[(𝒙+𝝏𝒙) 𝟎.𝟓 +(𝒙)𝟎.𝟓 ]
𝟏
fi(x) = 𝒍𝒊𝒎𝒊𝒕 { }
𝟎.𝟓 +(𝒙)𝟎.𝟓 ]
𝝏𝒙→𝟎 [(𝒙+𝝏𝒙)
𝟏
= 𝟎.𝟓 +(𝒙)𝟎.𝟓 ]
[(𝒙+𝝏𝒙)
𝟏
=
[(𝒙) 𝟎.𝟓 +(𝒙)𝟎.𝟓 ]
𝟏
=
𝟐(𝒙)𝟎.𝟓
𝟏
=
𝟐√𝒙

10.2.4 Differentiate f(x) = 4x3 from first principles. [5]

𝒅𝒚 {𝒇(𝒙 + 𝜹𝒙)} − {𝒇(𝒙)}
= 𝒍𝒊𝒎 ( )
𝒅𝒙 𝜹𝒙→𝟎 𝜹𝒙
𝒇(𝒙 + 𝜹𝒙) = 𝟒(𝒙 + 𝜹𝒙)𝟑
= 4x3 + 12x2δx + 12xδx2 + 4δx3
𝒅𝒚 {𝟒𝐱 𝟑 + 𝟏𝟐𝐱 𝟐 𝛅𝐱 + 𝟏𝟐𝐱𝛅𝐱 𝟐 + 𝟒𝛅𝐱 𝟑 } − {𝟒𝒙𝟑 }
= 𝒍𝒊𝒎 ( )
𝒅𝒙 𝜹𝒙→𝟎 𝜹𝒙
= 𝒍𝒊𝒎 (𝟏𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟐𝐱(𝟎) + 𝟒 (𝟎))
𝜹𝒙→𝟎

= 12x2

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10.3 Turning points
10.3.1A box without a lid has a square base of sides x mm and rectangular sides of height h
mm. It is made from 10 800 mm2 of sheet metal of negligible thickness. Prove that 𝒉 =
𝟏𝟎 𝟖𝟎𝟎− 𝒙𝟐
and that the volume of the box; 𝒗 = 𝟐 𝟕𝟎𝟎𝒙 − 𝟏⁄𝟒 𝒙𝟑 . Hence calculate the maximum
𝟒𝒙

volume of the box. [15]

Area of box = base are + sum of areas forming sides

= x2 + 4hx

= 10 800 mm2

Making h subject of formula gives

𝟏𝟎 𝟖𝟎𝟎− 𝒙𝟐
h= shown.
𝟒𝒙

Volume of box v = base area x height

𝟏𝟎 𝟖𝟎𝟎− 𝒙𝟐
= x2( )
𝟒𝒙

𝟏𝟎 𝟖𝟎𝟎𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟒
= 𝟒𝒙

𝟏𝟎 𝟖𝟎𝟎 𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟒
= −
𝟒𝒙 𝟒𝒙

= 𝟐 𝟕𝟎𝟎𝒙 − 𝟏⁄𝟒 𝒙𝟑 shown.

𝒅𝒗
= 𝟐 𝟕𝟎𝟎 − 𝟑⁄𝟒 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟎
𝒅𝒙

Solving for x gives

𝟐 𝟕𝟎𝟎 𝒙 𝟒
X2 = = 3 600
𝟑

X =√𝟑 𝟔𝟎𝟎 = ±𝟔𝟎

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𝒅𝒚𝟐
= − 𝟑⁄𝟐 𝒙
𝒅𝒙𝟐

When x = -60 second derivative is positive 90 implying a minimum turning point.

When x = 60 second derivative is -90 implying a maximum turning point.

Hence select positive value of x i.e. 60

Therefore volume v = 𝟐 𝟕𝟎𝟎(𝟔𝟎) − 𝟏⁄𝟒 (𝟔𝟎)𝟑

= 162 000 – 54 000

= 108 000 mm3

10.3.2 Find the turning points of the function y = 2x2 – 9x2 + 12x + 4 and distinguish between
them. [10]

10.3.3 A rectangle sheet of metal which measures 240 mm x 160 mm has squares removed
from each of the four corners so that an open box may be formed. Find the maximum
possible volume for the box. [15]

The squares to be removed from each corner are shown below, having sides x mm. When the
sides are bent upwards the dimensions of the box will be: length (240−2x) mm, breadth
(160−2x) mm and height, x mm.

Volume of box,
V = (240 −2x) (160 −2x) (x)

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 = 38 400x - 480x2 −320x2 + 4x3
𝒅𝑽
= 38 400 −1 600x + 12x2
𝒅𝒙

= 0 for a turning point.

Hence 4(9 600−400x +3x2) = 0, i.e. 3x2 − 400x + 9 600 = 0
−𝒃±√𝒃𝟐 −𝟒𝒂𝒄
Using the quadratic formula, 𝒙 =
𝟐𝒂

−(−𝟒𝟎𝟎) ±√(−𝟒𝟎𝟎)𝟐 −𝟒(𝟑)(𝟗 𝟔𝟎𝟎)

=
𝟐(𝟑)
𝟒𝟎𝟎 ±𝟐𝟏𝟏.𝟔𝟔
=
𝟔

= 101.943 mm or 31.390 mm
Since the breadth is (160 −2x) mm then x=101.943 mm is not possible and is neglected.
Hence x =31.390 mm
𝒅𝟐 𝑽
=−1 600+24x.
𝒅𝒙𝟐
𝒅𝟐 𝑽
When x =31.390 mm, = - 846.64 (negative), giving a maximum value.
𝒅𝒙𝟐

The dimensions of the box are: length = 240−2 (31.390) = 177.22 mm,
breadth = 160−2 (31.390) = 97.22 mm,
and height = 31.39 mm
Maximum volume = (177.22) (97.22) (31.390)
= 540 828. 619 mm3
10.3.4 Find the turning points on the curve y = 4x3 – 3x2 – 18x + 6 and distinguish between
them. [10]
𝒅𝒚
= 12 x2 – 6x – 18 = 0 at a turning point.
𝒅𝒙

2 x2 – x – 3 = 0
Solving for x gives x = 1.5 or –1
𝒅𝟐 𝒚
= 24x – 6,
𝒅𝒙𝟐
𝒅𝟐 𝒚
When x = -1, = - 30 implying a maximum turning point and
𝒅𝒙𝟐
𝒅𝟐 𝒚
When x =1.5, =30 implying a minimum turning point
𝒅𝒙𝟐

For y-values f (-1) = 17 and f (1.5) = - 14.25.

The points are A (- 1; 17) –maxima and B (1.5; - 14.25) - minima.

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10.3.5 Find the coordinates of the maximum and minimum values of the graph of
𝟐𝒙𝟑
f (x) = ( ) - 5x2 + 12x – 7 and distinguish between them. [8]
𝟑

Stage 1
𝒅𝒚
= 2x2 – 10x + 12
𝒅𝒙

Stage 2
𝒅𝒚
= 2x2 – 10x + 12 = 0
𝒅𝒙

Solving for x gives

x2 – 5x + 6 = 0
x2 – 2x – 3x + 6
x(x – 2) -3 (x – 2)
(x – 2) (x – 3) = 0
x = 2 or 3
Stage 3
𝟕
When x = 2, f(x) = 𝟑; and when x = 3, f(x) = 2

Stage 4
𝒅𝟐 𝒚
= 4x – 10
𝒅𝒙𝟐

Stage 5
𝒅𝟐 𝒚
When x = 2, = -2 < 0 implying a maximum turning point
𝒅𝒙𝟐
𝒅𝟐 𝒚
When x = 3, = 2 > 0 implying a minimum turning point
𝒅𝒙𝟐

Stage 6
𝟕
Hence solution; point (𝟐; 𝟑) is a maximum turning point

point (3; 2) is a minimum turning point.

10.3.6 An open rectangular tank with a square base of side x metres and height h metres is
designed in such a way that its capacity is at least 500 m3.
𝐱 𝟑 +𝟐 𝟎𝟎𝟎
(i). Show that the surface area of the tank is given by A = [4]
𝐱
𝟓𝟎𝟎
Volume of the tank = x 2h = 500 m3; thus h = 𝐱𝟐

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 𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝟐 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐱 𝟑 + 𝟐 𝟎𝟎𝟎
Surface area = x2 + 4(xh) = x2 + 4x( 𝐱𝟐 ) = x2 + =
𝐱 𝐱

(ii). Determine the minimum dimensions of the tank. [6]

𝐝𝐀 𝟐 𝟎𝟎𝟎
= 𝟎 at a turning point (minimum) = 2x -
𝐝𝐱 𝐱𝟐
𝟐 𝟎𝟎𝟎
2x = 𝐱𝟐
𝟐 𝟎𝟎𝟎
x3 = = 1 000
𝟐
𝟑 𝟓𝟎𝟎
x = √𝟏 𝟎𝟎𝟎 = 10 m and hence h = = 5m
𝟏𝟎𝟐

10.4 Tangents and normal

10.4.1 Find the equation of the line passing through the point of intersection of two straight
lines 3y – x = 2 and 2y + 5x = 1 and perpendicular to y – 2x = 7. [5]

Point of intersection by method of elimination

3y – x = 2 ……………i
2y + 5x = 1 ……………ii
Multiplying equation i by 2 and equationn ii by 3 and subtracting i from ii gives
17x = -1
−𝟏
x = 𝟏𝟕

By substituting for x in (i) gives

−𝟏
3y –( 𝟏𝟕 ) = 2

51y + 1 = 34
𝟏𝟏
y = 𝟏𝟕
−𝟏 𝟏𝟏
Point of intersection is ( ; )
𝟏𝟕 𝟏𝟕

The required equation is perpendicular to y – 2x = 7.

Using m1m2 = -1
m2 = -½
𝟏𝟏 −𝟏
= - ½ ( 𝟏𝟕 ) + c
𝟏𝟕
𝟏𝟏 𝟏 𝟐𝟏
From which c = 𝟏𝟕 - 𝟑𝟒 = 𝟑𝟒

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 𝟐𝟏
Therefore the equation is y = ½ x + 𝟑𝟒

10.4.2 Find the equation of the tangent and normal at the point where x = 1 for the curve
given by: f(x) = 4x3 – 18x2 + 6x – 3 [6]

Gradient function = 12x2 – 36x + 6

Gradient of curve equals gradient of tangent at the point of tangency i.e.
Gradient = 12(1)2 – 36(1) + 6
= -18
When x = 1, f(x) = 4(13) – 18(12) + 6(1) – 3
= -11
𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝒚 𝒚−(−𝟏𝟏)
-18 = 𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝒙 = 𝒙−𝟏

y = -18x + 7 (equation of tangent)

m1m2 = -1 (product of gradients of two perpendicular straight lines)

-18m2 = -1
𝟏
m2 = 𝟏𝟖 (gradient of normal)
𝟏 𝒚−(−𝟏𝟏)
=
𝟏𝟖 𝒙−𝟏

18y = x – 199 (equation of normal)

𝟐
10.4.3 Find the equation of the normal to the curve y = x + 𝒙 at (2; 3). If this normal meets the

axes at A and B, find the length of line segment AB and the area of the triangle OAB formed.
[10]
Given y = x + 2x-1,
𝐝𝐲 𝟐
= 1 –𝐱 𝟐 .
𝐝𝐱

When x = 2,
𝐝𝐲 𝟐
= 1 –𝟐𝟐 . = ½. (Gradient of the tangent)
𝐝𝐱

m1m2 = -1 (product of gradients of two perpendicular straight lines)

½ m2 = -1
m2 = −𝟐 (gradient of normal)
𝐲−(𝟑)
−𝟐 = y = -2x + 7 (equation of normal)
𝐱−𝟐

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For the normal,
𝟕
When x = 0, y = 7 (point A), and when y = 0, x = 𝟐 (point B)

𝟕 𝟐
/AB/ = √((𝟐) + 𝟕𝟐 ) = 7.83 units.

Area = √𝐬(𝐬 − 𝐚)( 𝐬 − 𝐛)(𝐬 − 𝐜)

Where s = ½(a+ b + c)
𝟕
= ½ [(𝟐) + 𝟕 + 𝟕. 𝟖𝟑] = 9.165

Therefore Area = √𝟗. 𝟏𝟔𝟓 (𝟗. 𝟏𝟔𝟓 − 𝟑. 𝟓)( 𝟗. 𝟏𝟔𝟓 − 𝟕)(𝟗. 𝟏𝟔𝟓 − 𝟕. 𝟖𝟑)
= √𝟏𝟓𝟎. 𝟎𝟔
= 12.25 square units.

10.4.4 Find the equation of the line passing through the point (1; 2) and perpendicular to the
line given by 3x – 7y + 2 = 0 [6]
𝟑𝒙 𝟐
Rearranging the equation gives: y = 𝟕
−𝟕

𝟑
Gradient of given equation =𝟕, but for perpendicular lines m1m2 = -1. Therefore gradient of
𝟕
line 2=− 𝟑.

𝟕
Hence 2 = − 𝟑 (𝟏) + 𝒄

𝟏𝟑
c= 𝟑

The equation becomes;

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 𝟕𝒙 𝟏𝟑
y=− +
𝟑 𝟑

Rearranging gives: 3y + 7x – 13 = 0

10.5 Rates of change

10.5.1 The distance x metres moved by a body in time t seconds is given by:
x = 2t3 + 3t2 - 6t + 2. Express the velocity and acceleration in terms of t and evaluate
acceleration when t = 4 seconds. [6]
𝐝𝐱
Velocity = = 6t2 + 6t – 6 m/s
𝐝𝐭
𝐝𝟐 𝐱
Acceleration = = 12t + 6 m/s2
𝐝𝐭 𝟐

When t = 4
𝐝𝟐 𝐱
= 12(4) + 6
𝐝𝐭 𝟐

= 54 m/s2
10.5.2 For a moving body, S =3t3 – t2, where S is the distance traveled in meters, and t is time
taken in seconds. Find the velocity and acceleration of the body after 2 seconds.
[5]
𝐝𝐱
Velocity = = 9t2 – 2t m/s
𝐝𝐭
𝐝𝟐 𝐱
Acceleration = = 18t – 2 m/s2
𝐝𝐭 𝟐

When t = 2
𝐝𝐱
= 9(2)2 – 2(2)
𝐝𝐭

= 32 m/s

𝐝𝟐 𝐱
= 18(2) – 2
𝐝𝐭 𝟐

= 34 m/s2

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 CHAPTER ELEVEN: INTEGRAL CALCULUS

11.1 General integrals

𝟓 𝟐
11.1.1 Integrate with respect to the variable; f(x) = 2x5 - 4 √𝐱 + - +6
𝐱𝟒 √𝐱 𝟑

[5]
𝟓 𝟐
∫ 𝐟(𝐱)𝛛𝐱 = ∫ ( 𝟐𝐱 𝟓 − 𝟒 √𝐱 + − + 𝟔) 𝛛𝐱
𝐱𝟒 √𝐱 𝟑

= ∫( 𝟐𝐱 𝟓 − 𝟒𝐱 𝟎.𝟓 + 𝟓𝐱 −𝟒 − 𝟐𝐱 −𝟏.𝟓 + 𝟔)𝛛𝐱

𝟐𝐱 𝟓+𝟏 𝟒𝐱 𝟎.𝟓+𝟏 𝟓𝐱 −𝟒+𝟏 𝟐𝐱 −𝟏.𝟓+𝟏 𝟔𝐱 𝟎+𝟏
= [( )− ( )+ ( )− ( )+ ( ) + 𝐂]
𝟓+𝟏 𝟎.𝟓+𝟏 −𝟒+𝟏 −𝟏.𝟓+𝟏 𝟎+𝟏

𝟐𝐱 𝟔 𝟒𝐱 𝟏.𝟓 𝟓𝐱 −𝟑 𝟐𝐱 −𝟎.𝟓 𝟔𝐱 𝟏
= [( )− ( )+ ( )− ( )+ ( ) + 𝐂]
𝟔 𝟏.𝟓 −𝟑 −𝟎.𝟓 𝟏

𝐱𝟔 𝟖√𝐱 𝟑 𝟓𝐱 −𝟑 𝟒
= [( )− ( )+ ( )+ ( ) + 𝟔𝐱 + 𝐂]
𝟑 𝟑 −𝟑 √𝐱

11.2 Definite integrals

𝛑
11.2.1 Evaluate∫𝟎 (𝟒𝐒𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝐱) 𝐝𝐱
𝟐 [5]
𝐛
𝐜
∫(𝐜 𝐒𝐢𝐧 𝐚𝐱) 𝐝𝐱 = − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐚𝐱
𝐚
𝐚

𝛑
𝟐 𝛑
𝟒 𝟐
∫(𝟒𝐒𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝐱) 𝐝𝐱 = [− 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝐱]
𝟐 𝟎
𝟎

𝟒 𝛑 𝟒
= {− 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 (𝟐)} − {− 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐(𝟎)}

= {-2 (-1)} – {-2(1)}

=2+2

=4

𝟒 (𝛉 + 𝟐)
11.2.3 Evaluate ∫𝟏 ( ) dθ, taking positive square roots only. [5]
√𝛉
𝟒 (𝛉 + 𝟐) 𝟒 𝛉 𝟐
∫𝟏 ( ) dθ = ∫𝟏 (𝛉𝟎.𝟓 + ) dθ
√𝛉 𝛉𝟎.𝟓

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 𝟒
= ∫𝟏 (𝛉𝟎.𝟓 + 𝟐𝛉−𝟎.𝟓 ) dθ
𝟒
𝛉𝟎.𝟓+𝟏 𝟐𝛉−𝟎.𝟓+𝟏
= [𝟎.𝟓 + 𝟏 + ]
−𝟎.𝟓 + 𝟏 𝟏
𝟒
𝛉𝟏.𝟓 𝟐𝛉𝟎.𝟓
= [ 𝟏.𝟓 + ]
𝟎.𝟓 𝟏

𝟐 𝟒
= [𝟑 √𝛉𝟑 + 𝟒√𝛉]
𝟏
𝟏𝟔 𝟐
= { 𝟑 + 𝟖} − {𝟑 + 𝟒}
𝟏𝟔 𝟐
= + 𝟖−𝟑+ 𝟒
𝟑
𝟐𝟔
= 𝟑
𝟑
11.2.4 ∫−𝟐(𝟒 − 𝐱 𝟐 ) dx [5]
𝟑 𝐱𝟑
= ∫−𝟐 (𝟒𝐱 − ) dx
𝟑
𝟑
𝐱𝟑
= [𝟒𝐱 − ]
𝟑 −𝟐
𝟖
= {𝟏𝟐 − 𝟗} − {−𝟖 + 𝟑}
𝟖
=𝟑+ 𝟖−𝟑
𝟐𝟓
= 𝟑
𝟑
11.2.5 Evaluate∫𝟎 (𝟑𝐱 − 𝐱 𝟐 ) 𝐝𝐱 [5]

𝟑
𝟑 𝟑𝐱 𝟐 𝐱𝟑 𝟑(𝟑𝟐 ) (𝟑𝟑 ) 𝟐𝟕 𝟐𝟕
∫𝟎 (𝟑𝐱 − 𝐱 𝟐 ) 𝐝𝐱 = [ − ] ={ − } − {𝟎} = { 𝟐 − }
𝟐 𝟑 𝟎 𝟐 𝟑 𝟑

𝟖𝟏−𝟓𝟒
= 𝟔

𝟐𝟕
=𝟔

= 4.5

𝟑
11.2.6 Evaluate∫𝟏 (𝟑𝐱 − 𝟔) 𝐝𝐱 [5]

𝟑 𝟑 𝟐
𝟑𝐱 𝟐 𝟑𝐱 𝟐
∫(𝟑𝐱 − 𝟔) = [ − 𝟔𝐱] − [ − 𝟔𝐱]
𝟐 𝟐
𝟐 𝟏
𝟏

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 𝟑(𝟑)𝟐 𝟑(𝟐)𝟐 𝟑(𝟐)𝟐 𝟑(𝟏)𝟐
= {( − 𝟔(𝟑)) − ( − 𝟔(𝟐))} − {( − 𝟔(𝟐)) − ( − 𝟔(𝟏))}
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐

𝟐𝟕 𝟑
= {( 𝟐 − (𝟏𝟖)) − (𝟔 − (𝟏𝟐))} − {(𝟔 − (𝟏𝟐)) − (𝟐 − (𝟔))}

= (-4.5 + 6) – (-6+ 4.5)

= 1.5 + 1.5

=3

11.3 Area under curves

11.3.1 Determine the approximate area between the curve y = x 3 + x2 – 4x - 4, the ordinates
for x from x = -3 to x = 3 and the x-axis by integration. [15]

𝟑 𝟐 −𝟏 −𝟐
Area = ∫𝟐 𝐟(𝐱)𝐝𝐱 − ∫−𝟏 𝐟(𝐱)𝐝𝐱 + ∫−𝟐 𝐟(𝐱)𝐝𝐱 − ∫−𝟑 𝐟(𝐱)𝐝𝐱

∫ 𝐟(𝐱)𝐝𝐱 = ∫(𝐱𝟑 + 𝐱𝟐 − 𝟒𝐱 − 𝟒) 𝐝𝐱

𝐱𝟒 𝐱𝟑
= 𝟒
+ 𝟑
− 𝟐𝐱𝟐 − 𝟒𝐱 + 𝐜

Hence

𝟑
𝟑 𝐱𝟒 𝐱𝟑 𝟑 𝟏 𝟏𝟎𝟑
∫𝟐 𝐟(𝐱)𝐝𝐱 = [ 𝟒 + 𝟑
− 𝟐𝐱𝟐 − 𝟒𝐱] = (− 𝟒) − (−𝟗 𝟑) = 𝟏𝟐
𝟐

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 𝟐 𝟐
𝐱𝟒 𝐱𝟑 𝟏 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟑𝟓
− ∫ 𝐟(𝐱)𝐝𝐱 = − [ + − 𝟐𝐱 𝟐 − 𝟒𝐱] = − {(−𝟗 ) − (−𝟏 )} =
−𝟏 𝟒 𝟑 −𝟏
𝟑 𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟐

−𝟏 −𝟏
𝐱𝟒 𝐱𝟑 𝟏𝟏 𝟏 𝟕
∫ 𝐟(𝐱)𝐝𝐱 = [ + − 𝟐𝐱𝟐 − 𝟒𝐱] = (𝟏 ) − (𝟏 ) =
−𝟐 𝟒 𝟑 −𝟐
𝟏𝟐 𝟑 𝟏𝟐

−𝟑 −𝟑
𝐱𝟒 𝐱𝟑 𝟏 𝟏 𝟒𝟕
− ∫ 𝐟(𝐱)𝐝𝐱 = − [ + − 𝟐𝐱 𝟐 − 𝟒𝐱] = {(𝟏 ) − (𝟓 )} =
−𝟐 𝟒 𝟑 −𝟐
𝟑 𝟒 𝟏𝟐

𝟏𝟎𝟑+𝟏𝟑𝟓+𝟕+ 𝟒𝟕 𝟏
Adding these results gives, Required area = 𝟏𝟐
= 𝟐𝟒 𝟒 square units

11.3.2 a. Showing all intercepts on the axes and the turning points on a sketch, indicate the

areas enclosed by y = x (x – 1) (x – 2) [7]

b. Find the areas enclosed by the curve and the x-axis. [8]

x 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
y 0 0.375 0 -0.375 0

Area = area A + area B

𝟐 𝟏 𝟐
∫𝟎 (𝐱 𝟑 − 𝟑𝐱 𝟐 + 𝟐𝐱) 𝐝𝐱 = ∫𝟎 ((𝐱 𝟑 − 𝟑𝐱 𝟐 + 𝟐𝐱)) 𝐝𝐱 − ∫𝟏 ((𝐱 𝟑 − 𝟑𝐱 𝟐 + 𝟐𝐱)) 𝐝𝐱

𝟏 𝟐
𝐱𝟒 𝐱𝟒
= [ − 𝐱𝟑 + 𝐱𝟐] − [ − 𝐱𝟑 + 𝐱𝟐]
𝟒 𝟎
𝟒 𝟏

𝟏𝟒 𝟐𝟒 𝟏𝟒
= {( − 𝟏𝟑 + 𝟏𝟐 ) − (𝟎)} − {( − 𝟐𝟑 + 𝟐𝟐 ) − ( − 𝟏𝟑 + 𝟏𝟐 )}
𝟒 𝟒 𝟒

Prepared by C Kembo: 2017 340/S02 Page 96

 𝟏 𝟏
= {(𝟒 − 𝟏 + 𝟏) − (𝟎)} − {(𝟎) − (𝟒)}

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
=𝟒+ = 𝟐 𝐬𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐬
𝟒

11.3.3Determine the area enclosed by the curve given by y = x3 +2x2 − 5x −6 and the x-axis
between x = −3 and x = 2. Use a graph to express your answer [15]

−𝟏 𝟐 −𝟏 𝟐
Area = ∫−𝟑 𝐲 dx + ∫−𝟏 𝐲 dx = ∫−𝟑 ( x3 +2x2 − 5x −6)dx +∫−𝟏 −( x3 +2x2 − 5x −6)dx
−𝟏 𝟐
𝐱𝟒 𝟐𝐱 𝟑 𝟓𝐱 𝟐 𝐱𝟒 𝟐𝐱 𝟑 𝟓𝐱 𝟐
=[ 𝟒 + − − 𝟔𝐱] -[𝟒 + − − 𝟔𝐱]
𝟑 𝟐 −𝟑 𝟑 𝟐 −𝟏
𝟏 𝟐 𝟓 𝟖𝟏 𝟒𝟓 𝟏𝟔 𝟏 𝟐 𝟓
=[(𝟒 − 𝟑 − + 𝟔) − ( 𝟒 − 𝟏𝟖 − + 𝟏𝟖)] - [(𝟒 + − 𝟏𝟎 − 𝟏𝟐) − (𝟒 − 𝟑 − + 𝟔)]
𝟐 𝟐 𝟑 𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏
=[(𝟑 𝟏𝟐) − (−𝟐 𝟒)] - [(−𝟏𝟐 𝟑) − (𝟑 𝟏𝟐)]
𝟏 𝟑 𝟏
=(𝟓 𝟑) − (−𝟏𝟓 𝟒) =(𝟐𝟏 𝟏𝟐) 𝐨𝐫 𝟐𝟏. 𝟎𝟖 square units

Prepared by C Kembo: 2017 340/S02 Page 97