CHEMISTRY PROJECT On Determination Of The Contents of Cold Drinks

PROJECT PREPARED BY:

Mayank Sharma XII-A Session : 2010-2011 Boards Roll Number :

Kendriya Vidyalaya No. 4, Delhi Cantt

AIM
COMPARITIVE STUDY AND QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENT BRANDS OF COLD DRINKS AVAILABLE IN MARKET

CERTIFICATE
This is hereby to certify that, the original and genuine investigation work has been carried out to investigate about the subject matter and the related data collection and investigation has been completed solely, sincerely and satisfactorily by Mayank Sharma of CLASS XII-A, Kendriya Vidyalaya No. 4 Delhi Cantt regarding his project titled Determination of the Contents of Cold Drinks. Teachers Signature (Dr. A.K. Sharma)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It would be my utmost pleasure to express my sincere thanks to My Chemistry Teachers Dr. A.K. Sharma in providing a helping hand in this project. Their valuable guidance, support and supervision all through this project titled Determination of the Contents of Cold Drinks, are responsible for attaining its present form.

Mayank Sharma XII-A

PURPOSE
In recent days, soft drink brands were put into various questions regarding their purity. News flashed that they contain harmful pesticide, which arouse many interest in knowing its contents because I have been drinking them for years. I wanted to confirm that whether the charge imposed on these brands are true or not. Another fact which inspired me to do this project is that I am in touch with qualitative analysis whose knowledge with other factors helped me to do so.

CONTENTS
I. Introduction II. Theory III. Apparatus IV. Chemicals Required V. Detection of pH VI. Test for Carbon Dioxide VII. Test for Glucose VIII. Test for Phosphate IX. Test for Alcohol X. Test for Sucrose XI. Result XII. Conclusion

INTRODUCTION
The era of cold drinks began in 1952 but the industrialization in India marked its beginning with launching of Limca and Goldspot by parley group of companies. Since, the beginning of cold drinks was highly profitable and luring, many multinational companies launched their brands in India like Pepsi and Coke. Now days, it is observed in general that majority of people viewed Sprite, Miranda, and Limca to give feeling of lightness, while Pepsi and Thumps Up to activate pulse and brain.

THEORY
Cold drinks of different brands are composed of alcohol, carbohydrates, carbon dioxide, phosphate ions etc. These soft drinks give feeling of warmth, lightness and have a tangy taste which is liked by everyone. Carbon dioxide is responsible for the formation of froth on shaking the bottle. The carbon dioxide gas is dissolved in water to form carbonic acid which is also responsible for the tangy taste. Carbohydrates are the naturally occurring organic compounds and are major source of energy to our body. General formula of carbohydrates is CX (H2O)Y. On the basis of their molecule size carbohydrates are classified as:Monosaccharide, Disaccharides and Polysaccharides. Glucose is a monosaccharide with formula C6H12O6 .It occurs in Free State in the ripen grapes in bones and also in many sweet fruits. It is also present in human blood to the extent of about 0.1%. Sucrose is one of the most useful disaccharides in our daily life. It is widely distributed in nature in juices, seeds and also in flowers of many plants. The main source of sucrose is sugar cane juice which contain 15-20 % sucrose and sugar beet which has about 10-17 % sucrose. The molecular formula of sucrose is C12H22O11. It is produced by a mixture of glucose and fructose. It is non-reducing in nature whereas glucose is reducing. Cold drinks are a bit acidic in nature and their acidity can be measured by finding their pH value. The pH values also depend upon the acidic contents such as citric acid and phosphoric acid.

Test Tube Test Tube Holder Test Tube Stand Stop Watch Beaker Burner pH Paper Tripod Stand China Dish Wire Gauge Water Bath

APPARATUS

CHEMICALS REQUIRED
Iodine Solution Potassium Iodine Sodium Hydroxide

Fehlings A & B Solution Lime Water Concentrated HNO3 Benedict Solution Ammonium Molybdate

DETECTION OF PH
EXPERIMENT
Small samples of cold drinks of different brands were taken in a test tube and put on the pH paper. The change in the color of pH paper was noticed and was compared with the standard pH scale.

OBSERVATION

Sr. No. Name Of TheColour Change pH Value Drink 1 2 3 5 Coca Cola Sprite Limca Fanta Pinkish Dark Orange Light Orange Orange 23 3 4 34

INFERENCE
Soft drinks are generally acidic because of the presence of citric acid and phosphoric acid. pH values of cold drink of different brands are different due to the variation in amount of acidic contents.

TEST FOR CARBON DIOXIDE

EXPERIMENT
As soon as the bottles were opened, one by one the sample was passed through lime water. The lime water turned milky.

OBSERVATON

Sr. No.

Name Of The Drink Coca Cola Sprite Limca Fanta

Time Taken (sec) 28 20 38 36

Conclusion

1 2 3 4

CO2 IS PRESENT CO2 IS PRESENT CO2 IS PRESENT CO2 IS PRESENT

INFERENCE
All the soft drinks contain dissolved carbon dioxide in water. The carbon dioxide (CO2) dissolves in water to form carbonic acid, which is responsible for its tangy taste.

CHEMICAL REACTION INVOLVED

Ca(OH)2(s) + CO2(g) ----------- CaCO3(s) + H2O(s)

TEST FOR GLUCOSE

EXPERIMENT
Glucose is a reducing sugar acid. Its presence is detected by the following test:-

1. BENEDICTSS REAGENT TEST:Small samples of cold drinks of different brands were taken in a test tube and a few drops of Benedicts reagent were added. The test tube was heated

for few seconds. Formation of reddish color confirmed the presence of glucose in cold drinks.

OBSERVATON
Sr. No. 1 2 3 4 Name Of The Drink Observation Conclusion

Coca Cola Sprite Limca Fanta

Reddish Colour Precipitate Reddish Colour Precipitate Reddish Colour Precipitate Reddish Colour Precipitate

Glucose is Present Glucose is Present Glucose is Present Glucose is Present

INFERENCE
All the samples gave positive test for glucose with Benedicts reagent. Hence all the drinks contain glucose.

2. FEHLINGS SOLUTION TEST

Small samples of cold drinks of different brands were taken in a test tube and a few drops of Fehlings A solution and Fehlings B solution was added in equal amount. The test tube was heated in a water bath for 10 minutes. Appearance of brown precipitate confirmed the presence of glucose in cold

drinks.

OBSERVATON
Sr. No. Name Of The Drink Observation 1 Coca Cola Reddish Brown Precipitate Reddish Brown Precipitate Reddish Brown Precipitate Reddish Brown Precipitate Conclusion Glucose is Present

Sprite

Glucose is Present

Limca

Glucose is Present

Fanta

Glucose is Present

INFERENCE
All the samples gave positive test for glucose with Fehlings (A & B) solutions. Hence all the cold drinks contain glucose.

TEST FOR PHOSPHATE

EXPERIMENT
Small samples of each brand of cold drinks were taken in separate test tubes and Ammonium Molybdate followed by concentrated Nitric Acid (HNO3) was added to it. The solution was heated. Appearance of canary-yellow

precipitate confirmed the presence of phosphate ions in cold drinks.

OBSERVATON
Sr. No. Name Of The Drink Observation 1 Coca Cola Canary Yellow Precipitate Canary Yellow Precipitate Canary Yellow Precipitate Canary Yellow Precipitate Conclusion Phosphate is Present

Sprite

Phosphate is Present

Limca

Phosphate is Present

Fanta

Phosphate is Present

INFERENCE
All the soft drinks samples gave positive test for phosphate ions. Hence all the cold drinks contain phosphate.

CHEMICAL REACTION INVOLVED

NaHPO4 + 12(NH4)2MoO4 + 21HNO3 + 3H+ ---------- (NH4)3PO4.12MoO3 + 21HN4NO3 + 12H2O

TEST FOR ALCOHOL

EXPERIMENT
Small samples of each brand of cold drinks were taken in separate test tubes and Iodine followed by Potassium Iodide and Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) solution was added to each test tube. Then the test tubes were heated in hot water bath for 30 minutes. Appearance of yellow colored precipitate

confirmed the presence of alcohol in cold drinks

OBSERVATON
Sr. No. Name Of The Drink Observation 1 2 3 4 Coca Cola Sprite Limca Fanta Yellow Precipitate Yellow Precipitate Yellow Precipitate Yellow Precipitate Conclusion Alcohol is Present Alcohol is Present Alcohol is Present Alcohol is Present

INFERENCE
All the cold drinks samples gave positive test for alcohol. Hence all the cold drinks contain glucose.

CHEMICAL REACTION INVOLVED

CH3CH2OH + 4I2 + 6NaOH ------ CHI3 + HCOONa + 5NaI + 5H2O

TEST FOR SUCROSE

EXPERIMENT
5 ml samples of each brand of cold drinks were taken in separate china dishes and were heated very strongly until changes occur. Black colored residue left confirmed the presence of sucrose in cold drinks.

OBSERVATON

Sr. No. Name Of The Drink Observation 1 2 3 4 Coca Cola Sprite Limca Fanta Black Residue Black Residue Black Residue Black Residue

Conclusion Sucrose is Present Sucrose is Present Sucrose is Present Sucrose is Present

INFERENCE
All the brands of cold drinks contain sucrose. But amount of sucrose varies in each brand of drink. Fanta contains highest amount of sucrose.

RESULT
After conducting several tests, it was concluded that the different brands of cold drinks namely: 1. Coca Cola 2. Sprite 3. Limca 4. Fanta All contains glucose, alcohol, sucrose, phosphate and carbon dioxide. All cold drinks are acidic in nature. On comparing the pH value of different brands Coca Cola is the most acidic and Limca is least acidic of all the four brands taken.

CARBON DIOXIDE
Among the four samples of cold drinks taken, Sprite has the maximum

amount of dissolved carbon dioxide and Fanta has the minimum amount of dissolved carbon dioxide.

CONCLUSION
DIS-ADVANTAGES OF COLD DRINKS
1. Soft drinks are little more harmful than sugar solution. As they contain sugar in large amount which cause problems in diabetes patients. 2. Soft drinks can cause weight gain as they interfere with the bodys natural ability to suppress hunger feeling. 3. Soft drinks have ability to dissolve the calcium so they are also harmful for our bones. 4. Soft drinks contain phosphoric acid which has a pH of 2.8. So they can dissolve a nail in about 4 days. 5. For transportation of soft drinks syrup the commercial truck must use the hazardous matter place cards reserved for highly consive material.

6. Soft drinks have also ability to remove blood so they are very harmful to our body.

USES OF COLD DRINKS

1. Cold drinks can be used as toilet cleaners. 2. They can remove rust spots from chrome car humpers. 3. They clean corrosion from car battery terminals. 4. Soft drinks are used as an excellent detergent to remove grease from clothes. 5. They can loose a rusted bolt.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
LABORATORY MANUAL OF CHEMISTRY
BY- VEENA SURI

DINESH COMPANION CHEMISTRY

BY- S.K. MALHOTRA

WEBSITES www.icbse.com

TEACHERS REMARKS