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Chapter 02

ملخص اساسيات احصاء

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Kian Ali
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32 views16 pages

Chapter 02

ملخص اساسيات احصاء

Uploaded by

Kian Ali
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Describing Data: Frequency Tables,

Frequency Distributions, and


Graphic Presentation
Chapter 2

2-1 Copyright 2018 by McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.


Learning Objectives
LO2-1 Summarize qualitative variables with frequency and
relative frequency tables
LO2-2 Display a frequency table using a bar or pie chart
LO2-3 Summarize quantitative variables with frequency
and relative frequency distributions
LO2-4 Display a frequency distribution using a histogram
or frequency polygon

2-2 Copyright 2018 by McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.


Constructing Frequency Tables
FREQUENCY TABLE A grouping of qualitative data into mutually
exclusive and collectively exhaustive classes showing the number of
observations in each class.

Mutually exclusive means the data fit in just one class


Collectively exhaustive means there is a class for each
value

2-3 Copyright 2018 by McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.


Constructing Frequency Tables
To construct a frequency table
First sort the data into classes
Count the number in each class and report as the class
frequency
Convert each frequency to a relative frequency
Each of the class frequencies is divided by the total
number of observations
Shows the fraction of the total number observations in
each class

2-4 Copyright 2018 by McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.


Graphic Presentation of Qualitative
Data
BAR CHART A graph that shows the qualitative classes on the
horizontal axis and the class frequencies on the vertical axis. The class
frequencies are proportional to the heights of the bars.

Use a bar chart when you wish to compare the number of


observations for each class of a qualitative variable.

Copyright 2018 by McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.


2-5
Graphic Presentation of Qualitative
Data
PIE CHART A chart that shows the proportion or percentage that
each class represents of the total number of frequencies.

Use a pie chart when you wish to compare relative differences in the
percentage of observations for each class of a qualitative variable.

Copyright 2018 by McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.


2-6
Constructing Frequency Distributions
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION A grouping of quantitative data into
mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive classes showing the
number of observations in each class.

This is a four-step process


1. Decide on the number of classes
2. Determine the class interval
3. Set the individual class limits
4. Tally the data into classes and determine the number of
the observations in each class

2-7 Copyright 2018 by McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.


Frequency Distributions
Step 1 Decide on
the number of
classes
Use the 2k > n rule,
where n=180
k is the number of
classes
n is the number of
values in the data
set
2k > 180, let k = 8
So use 8 classes

2-8 Copyright 2018 by McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.


Frequency Distributions
Step 2 Determine the class interval, i
i ≥ (highest value – lowest value)/k
Round up to some convenient number

So decide to use an interval of $400


The interval is also referred to as the class width

2-9 Copyright 2018 by McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.


Frequency Distributions
Step 3 Set the individual class limits
Lower limits should be rounded to an easy to read
number when possible

2-10 Copyright 2018 by McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.


Frequency Distributions
Step 4 Tally the individual data into the classes and
determine the number of observations in each class
The number of observations is the class frequency

2-11 Copyright 2018 by McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.


Relative Frequency Distributions
To find the relative frequencies, simply take the class
frequency and divide by the total number of observations

2-12 Copyright 2018 by McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.


Graphic Presentation of a Frequency
Distribution
HISTOGRAM A graph in which the classes are marked on the
horizontal axis and the class frequencies on the vertical axis. The class
frequencies are represented by the heights of the bars, and the bars
are drawn adjacent to each other.

A histogram shows the


shape of a distribution.
Each class is depicted as a
rectangle, with the height
of the bar representing
the number in each class.

Copyright 2018 by McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.


2-13
Graphical Presentation of a Frequency
Distribution
A frequency polygon,
similar to a histogram,
also shows the shape of a
distribution.
These are good to use
when comparing two or
more distributions.

Copyright 2018 by McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.


2-14
Cumulative Frequency Distributions

Copyright 2018 by McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.


2-15
Cumulative Frequency Polygon

Copyright 2018 by McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.


16

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