Methoden der Systemtechnik (MSE SS 2023)

Solution optimization functional analysis

Order Name Last name Matrikel Nr Department

1 Deepak Lingaraju 3141816 MSc.
Mechatronics
2 Sawan Lingaraju 3156922 MSc.
Production &
Logistics
3 Subramaya Nataraj 3117338 MSc.
Mechatronics
4 Manjunatha Bandebommenahalli 3117338 MSc.
Nagarajappa Mechatronics

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1. Which properties must the methods that are part of the method class Optimizing
solutions have? What alternative methods are there?

Methods that are part of the method class for optimizing solutions should possess the following
properties:
1. Structural Improvement: These methods should be capable of improving the structure
of solution possibilities by optimizing the organization, arrangement, or composition of
components within the solution.
2. Mathematical Optimization: The methods should utilize mathematical techniques or
algorithms to optimize solution alternatives. This can involve mathematical modeling,
simulation, or optimization algorithms to find the best solution based on defined criteria.
3. Functional Enhancement: The methods should support the enhancement of functional
aspects of the solutions, such as improving performance, efficiency, reliability, usability,
or other relevant functional attributes.
4. Analytical Approach: These methods should involve a systematic and analytical
approach to assess and evaluate solution possibilities. This may include analyzing trade-
offs, conducting sensitivity analysis, or performing risk assessments to identify the most
optimal solution.
5. Iterative Process: The methods should allow for iterations and refinements to
continuously improve the solutions. This involves feedback loops and iterations to
refine and enhance the solutions based on the evaluation of results.
Alternative methods for optimizing solutions include:
1. Input Output Method: This method analyzes the inputs and outputs of a system or
process to optimize its performance and efficiency.
2. Operations Research: This field uses mathematical models and optimization techniques
to solve complex problems and make better decisions.
3. Linear Optimization: Also known as linear programming, this method optimizes a linear
objective function subject to linear constraints.
4. Queuing Models: These models analyze queuing systems to optimize their performance,
minimizing waiting times and maximizing resource utilization.
5. Simulation Methods: These methods involve creating computer models or simulations
to mimic real-world scenarios and optimize system behavior.
6. Monte Carlo Method: This technique uses random sampling and statistical analysis to
estimate and optimize solutions in complex systems.

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2. What is the relationship between input, output, flow object, state, goal, system, process,
behavior, and function? Draw a black box diagram to show the relationships

When the internal structure of a system is unknown, but its functioning and required inputs and
outputs are known, the concept of a black box becomes a valuable tool for managing
complexity. A black box is a device, system, or object in science, computing, or engineering
that can be observed solely based on its inputs and outputs, without knowledge of its internal
workings. It represents a concrete open system that is viewed purely in terms of its stimulus
inputs and outputs, disregarding its interior structure.
In this approach, only the external structure, represented by input and output variables, is
considered. The black box system, which acts as the processing entity, takes in the input data
or information and generates the corresponding output as a result or response. The internal
operations and actions performed by the system to process the input and produce the output are
represented by the process element.
The black box system also encompasses other important elements. The function element
denotes specific capabilities or actions performed by the system to achieve a particular purpose
or objective. The behavior element describes the dynamic aspects or actions of the system,
detailing how it reacts or behaves in different situations. The state element refers to the
condition or state of the system at a specific point in time.
The goal element represents the desired objective or target that the system aims to achieve. All
these elements within the black box, including the system, process, function, behavior, state,
and goal, work together to accomplish the desired outcome. The relationships and interactions
between these elements are depicted by the arrows, indicating the flow of data and the
dependencies between them.
Overall, this approach enables a simplified view of the system, focusing solely on its external
behavior and disregarding its internal structure. By considering only the input and output
variables, it provides a phenomenological perspective that reduces complexity and facilitates
analysis and understanding of the system's functioning.

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3. What steps must be taken to carry out a functional analysis? Which intermediate and
final results are generated? What questions can be asked to support the process of the
method? (see Lindemann, concept development and design of technical products, VDI
Springer))
In the process of functional analysis, the following steps are taken to analyze the basic functions
of a technical object and identify alternative ways to execute them:
1. Introduction of basic functions: The basic functions of the technical object are identified
and introduced. The focus is on understanding how these functions are currently
performed.
2. Analysis of functions: The functions are analyzed to determine how they are executed.
This involves questioning and understanding the specific methods used to achieve the
desired outcomes.
3. Formation of a functional tree: Not all known and conceivable functional fulfillments
need to be determined for each basic function. Instead, a functional tree is created, where
the realized functions are identified for each construction element.
4. Transformation into a matrix: The basic functions and identified functional steps are
transformed into a matrix. The basic functions are listed in the horizontal column, while
the functions related to each basic function are filled vertically in the matrix.
Through this process, the following results are obtained:
• Identification of alternative ways to execute basic functions: By questioning how the
basic functions can be executed differently, new perspectives and approaches to solving
problems can be discovered.
• Focus on essential systematic relationships: The analysis helps identify the key
systematic relationships involved in executing the functions. This allows for a
concentrated focus on the most important technical problems.
• Recognition of unique solution combinations: The transformation of basic functions and
functional steps into a matrix facilitates the identification of interesting combinations
that form part of the overall solution to the problem.
• Exploration of innovative solutions: The analysis and matrix representation of functions
can lead to unique and intriguing solutions that address the technical challenges at hand.
By following these steps and considering the questions posed, a comprehensive understanding
of the technical object's functions and potential alternative execution methods can be achieved,
ultimately leading to innovative and effective solutions.

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4. A bicycle factory wants to release an innovative transport bicycle. It should be able to
transport people, serve as a grill or sales stand, or carry large loads. A functional analysis
is carried out to better differentiate between the functions. You will be involved as a
consultant.)
As a consultant involved in the functional analysis of the bicycle factory's innovative transport
bicycle, the following steps can be taken to differentiate between the functions and develop a
well-designed product:
1. Identify the core functions: Begin by identifying the primary functions that the transport
bicycle should perform, such as transporting people, serving as a grill or sales stand,
and carrying large loads.
2. Explore alternative execution methods: Investigate different approaches to executing
each function, considering various designs and mechanisms that can achieve the desired
outcomes effectively.
3. Analyze function details: Delve into the specific methods, technical requirements, and
operational considerations associated with each function. This analysis helps to
understand the intricacies involved in performing the functions successfully.
4. Determine relationships and dependencies: Identify the essential relationships and
dependencies between the functions. For instance, the ability to carry large loads may
impact the overall design and stability of the bicycle, which in turn influences the other
functions.
5. Create a functional tree or matrix: Organize the functions, variations, and
interdependencies in a visual representation, such as a functional tree or matrix. This
visual aid aids in prioritizing functions and making informed decisions during the design
process.
By following these steps, the bicycle factory can gain a comprehensive understanding of the
functional requirements for their innovative transport bicycle. This analysis facilitates the
development of a well-designed product that effectively meets the needs of transporting people,
serving as a grill or sales stand, and carrying large loads. It helps identify the technical aspects,
structural considerations, and operational requirements necessary for a successful
implementation.

5. . What effects does the definition of technical functions, interfaces and modules have on
the structure of a company or supply chain? (Keyword: platform strategy of VW)

The definition of technical functions, interfaces, and modules can have significant implications
for the structure of a company or supply chain, particularly when implementing a platform
strategy like that of Volkswagen (VW). Here are some key effects:
1. Scalability and flexibility: Well-defined technical functions, interfaces, and modules
provide companies with scalability and flexibility. This allows for easier integration of
new features or technologies into existing products, enabling faster development cycles
and improved responsiveness to changing market demands.

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 2. Supply chain optimization: The definition of technical functions, interfaces, and
modules directly impacts supply chain structures. Through a platform strategy, suppliers
can focus on producing standardized components that can be utilized across multiple
products within the platform. This streamlines supply chain operations, reduces costs,
and enhances logistical efficiency.
3. Collaboration and partnerships: Establishing common technical standards encourages
collaboration and partnerships within the industry. By defining functions and interfaces,
companies can work together more effectively, sharing resources and leveraging each
other's expertise. This fosters strategic alliances and collaborations along the supply
chain, driving innovation and bolstering competitiveness.
4. Organizational structure and skills development: The definition of technical functions
and modules influences the organizational structure and skills development within a
company. It may necessitate cross-functional teams and interdepartmental collaboration
to design and develop products based on the defined functions and modules. This
promotes an integrated and agile organizational culture that emphasizes continuous
improvement and knowledge sharing.
5. Modularization and standardization: Defining technical functions, interfaces, and
modules enables companies to establish a standardized and modular approach to product
development. This promotes the reuse of common components across different
products, resulting in reduced design complexity and increased operational efficiency.
VW's platform strategy, for example, facilitates the sharing of common technologies
and components among various vehicle models.
Volkswagen's platform strategy exemplifies how defining technical functions, interfaces, and
modules has enabled the company to achieve economies of scale, reduce development costs,
and offer a diverse range of vehicle models sharing common components. Moreover, it has
facilitated fruitful collaborations with suppliers and partners, allowing VW to leverage external
expertise and drive innovation forward.

6. What is the difference between function and ability? (see Wasson Systems Engineering,
It can be expressed as an equation)
In the field of systems engineering, it is important to differentiate between the concepts of
function and ability. While both terms relate to the capabilities of a system, they carry distinct
meanings:
1. Function: Function refers to the specific actions or behaviors that a system is designed
to perform. It represents the intended purpose or tasks that the system is expected to
execute. Functions are typically described in terms of inputs, outputs, and the
transformation or processing of these inputs to produce desired outcomes.
2. Ability: Ability, on the other hand, pertains to the inherent capacity or potential of a
system to perform certain functions or tasks. It encompasses the system's inherent
qualities, resources, skills, and knowledge that enable it to carry out specific functions
effectively.

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According to Wasson's Systems Engineering approach, the relationship between function and
ability can be expressed as an equation: Function = Ability + Context. This equation highlights
that a function is not solely determined by the system's abilities, but it is also influenced by the
context in which the system operates. The context includes various factors such as constraints,
requirements, dependencies, and external influences that shape how the system's abilities are
applied to perform the desired function.
Understanding the distinction between function and ability is essential in systems engineering
as it enables accurate definition of system requirements, assessment of performance
capabilities, and the design of systems that can effectively fulfill their intended functions within
the given context.

7. How do the requirements / performance attributes flow into the capability?

When describing systems for marketing or analysis purposes, we typically consider four main
types of qualities: 1) basic features, 2) operating or behavioral features, 3) physical features,
and 4) system aesthetics. Basic features encompass the overall properties of a system and are
often emphasized in marketing materials, with specific key features highlighted to attract
potential clients or customers. General characteristics are commonly shared across multiple
instances or models of a system. On the other hand, operating characteristics focus on the
system attributes related to usability, survivability, and performance within a specified
operating environment. These operating characteristics provide a more detailed understanding
of the system's capabilities, below the level of general characteristics.

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References
1. Wasson, C. S. (2016). System Engineering: Analysis, Design, and Development
Concepts, Principles, and Practices. John Wiley & Sons
2. INCOSE Systems Engineering Handbook: A Guide for System Life Cycle Processes
and Activities. (2015). International Council on Systems Engineering (INCOSE).
3. Pahl, G., Beitz, W., Feldhusen, J., & Grote, K. H. (2007). Engineering Design: A
Systematic Approach. Springer.
4. Gausemeier, J., Fink, A., & Schlake, O. (2015). The Maturity of Function Engineering
as a Discipline. International Journal of Product Development, 20(1- 3), 6-32
5. Pugh, S. (2011). Total Design: Integrated Methods for Successful Product
Engineering. Addison-Wesley Professional.
6. Blanchard, B. S., & Fabrycky, W. J. (2011). Systems Engineering and Analysis.
Prentice Hall.