Chapter 1 Q1. What is data? Ans, Raw facts and figures are called data, Itis used to perform certain ‘operations in an organization, It gi the status of past activi Data may be numerical like inventory figures, test scores, etc, Data may be non numerical like your name and address. Q 2, What is information? Ans. Processed data is called information. It is usually output of a process, and is meaningful. The grade of a student in a particular subject in a semester precisely gives the complete information of the performance ofa student, Q 3. What is the difference between data and information? formation is processed form of data. Data is given to the computer for input and information is received from the computer in the form of output. Q4. Define data processing. Ans, Data processing is any computer process that converts data into information or knowledge. The provessing is usually assumed to be automated an running on a computer. I can also be defined "The manipulation of data to achieve some required objective is called data processing. QS. What is data manipulation? Ans. Applying different operations on data is called data manipulation, This: operation include classification, calculation, sorting, and summarizing. Q 6, Define field? Ans. Each column of a table in relational database is called a field. It feprésents the attributes of the entity. In table it is represented as a column header. Q 7. Define record, Ans. A collection of related fields treated as a single unit is called recond. If tudent then it will be called student we collect different attributes of a record, 107 / 543 88%QS. Define file. Ans, A collection of related records treated as « single unit is called a file, If we collect the records of students then collective it will be called a student file, Q9 Name the file types from usage point of view. Ans, Types of files from usage point of view + Master file + Transaction file + Back up file Q 10, Name the file types from function point of view. ‘Ans, Types af files from function point of view. + Program files + Data files 11. What is program file? Ans, A file that contains software instructions, The:source fites and executable files aare examples of program file. Q 12, What do you mean by file organization? Ans. The physical arrangement of records of a file on secondary storage devices is called file organization, There are a ot of methods to store files on secondary storage. All the methods have their own advantages and distidvantages. Q13, Name different types of file organization? Aas, Different types of file organization + Sequential files + Direct or random access files + Indexed sequential files Q 14. What are sequential files? Ans. In, sequential files records are stored sequentially, These files store dita as it artives one after another in the sequence. These files take more time to store data. The best reason for using sequential files is there degree of portability to other program, The drawback to sequential files is that you only have sequential access to your data, Q 15, What are direct or random access files? Ans. In random files records are accessed directly without going through the preeeding 108 / 543 88%records. Record in this type of file is stored on a calculate uderess, In random file the data is stored exactly as it appears in memory, thus saving processing time. Q.16. What are indexed sequential files? Ans. The data in this type of file can be accessed sequentially as well as randomly based on a key value. As records are stored in the form of key-pointer pair in the indexed file, therefore, it requires more space on the disk as compared to random files, Is processing iy as fast as random files, Q 17. What is an index? Ans, A database index is a data structure that improves the speed of opefaitions on a database table, It is a table created by system developers or DBA containing the key attributes of the table for which the index is created. Indexes can be created using one or more columns of a database table, providing the bases for both rapid random lookups and efficient access of ordered records. Q 18, Define database? Ans. A database is a structiired collection of records or data that is stored in a computer so that a program ean coy y answer queries. The records retrieved in answer to queries become information thal cam he used to make decisions. The tecm database refers to the collection of related records or related data sets or files, and the sofiware which is used t manipulate the database is datwbuse management system or DBMS, Q 19.What is database management system? Ans. A collection of programs that enables you to store, modify and extract information from a database. There are many different types of DBMS, ranging from sinall systems that run on personal computers to huge systems that run on mainframes. The DBMS is used for large and medium sized organizations having different types of files fordifferent purposes. Q 20, What is data dictionary? Ans, DBMS uses.a file to store the data definition or description of the structure of database is called data dictionary i.e. data about database, 1t holds the name, type, range of values, source, and authorization for aecess for each data elements in the organization's files and databases, Q21. What do you mean by consistency constraint? Ans, These are the rules that must be followed to enter data in the database e.g. in name field there must not be a numerics! value, in date of birth field there must be adate. 109 / 543 88%Q 22. What is meant by dai Ans, Data independence means that data and application programs are separate from each other. Physieal implementation of data is hidden from application program, DBMS lies between the application program and database. Q 23, Name some large databases developed. Ans. NADRA, Google, VISA and Amazon books database are a few commonly known Jarge databases around the world. Q.24. Write down uny two disadvantages of database system. Ans, Disadvantages of database system Additional waining is required. Additional hardware cost. Additional software cost. Q 25. What are the activities performed on data? Ans, The user of database normally has the following facilities. Adding new files to the database. Removing existing files from the databiise. Inserting new data into the existing files. Retrieving data from existing files. Updating data in existing files: Deleting data from existing files: Q 26. Name the four major components of database system. Ans, Four major components of database system Data: + Raw facts that become information after processing. Hardware: The physical components of a system it includes: Input / Ourput (1/0) Devices. Primary storage Secondary storage devives VO channels Processor, Software: 110 7 543 88%+ Utilities Personnel: People who involve with the syst + Programmer / Analyst + End Users « Database Administrator, Chapter 2 QL. Define relation. Ans, In relational database the table in which data is stored is €alled a relation, Collection of rows and coluinn is called table, Bach intersection oF a row and column is called cell, Table contains the descriptive information about an e Table iv also called relation. Each file in a file management system corresponds to ‘table in database management system. Q2, What isan Entity? Ans, Anything about which we want to store data is called entity, It can be a person, place or event etc. Entity always has a unique name with in a domain. Q3. What is the use of views? Ans, Views are virtual wble used to keep data safe and secure from unauthorized . Unlike ordinary table in a’relational database, a view is not a part of Physical schema, It is dynamic. virtual table computed from data in the database. Changing the data in a table alters the data shown in view. Q4. What is a key? Ans, A key field iS. field of set of fields of a database table which together form & unique identifier for a database record. The aggregate of these fields is usually referred to simply as "the key". A key field also defines searches. Q 5. Define primary key. Ans. In relation the altribute or t combination of attributes that uniquely identifies a sow or a record, ¢.g, A social security number, ISBN, student roll number, ete, Q 6, Define secondary key. Ans, A secondary key isa non-unique field that is used as a secondary or alternate 5:16 112. / 543 88%key. Some times records are required to be accessed by a field other than the primary key. in these situations another key that is used is called secondary key or alternate key. Q 7. Define candidate key. Ans, There can be more than one keys orkey combinations that qualify to be selected as primary key. In a relation there can be only one primary key at a time, Rest of the ke¥s or key combinations are called candidate keys. Q8. Define composite key. Ans. Composite key consists of two or more than twa fields. Composite key ts, also designated as a primary key. It is created in « situation when no single field fulfills the property of uniqueness. To make unique more thar one field are combined and used as primary k Q 9, Define sort ke Ans. A field or set of fields in a record that dictates the sequelice of the file acconfing to our requirement, For example the sort keys STATE and NAME arrange the table data alphabetically by name within'statevSTATE is the major sort key, and NAME js the minar sort key, Q 10. What is the use of index file? Ans, Indexes are stored in index file; DBMS\uses index files to speed up the sorling and searching operations, Q 11, Who is end user? Ans, It is the person whouses the database management system for his need. He must have knowledge of information technology. He does not need 1 have the detail knowledge of the compitter system. He should be aware of the usage details of Lhe software he intends fo use. Q 12, Who is data administrator’ Ans. The DA department is responsible for the definition, organization, superyision and protection of data in order to provide good quality, shareable and, accessible'data throughout the enterprise. The Data Administrator manages a staff that ISresponsible for establishing and implementing the Data Administration Program. Q 13. Who is database administrator? Ans. A database administrator (DBA) is a person who is responsible forthe environmental aspects of a datuhuse. In general, these inelude: 5:16 113 7 543 88%Recoverability: Creating and testing backups. Integrity: Verifying or helping to verify data imegrity Defining and/or implementing access controls to the data. Ensuring maxismum tp tin Performance: Ensuring maximum performance given budgetary constraints Development and testing support: Helping programmers and engineers toefficiently utilize the database. Q 14. List two properties of a relation, elation, * nies + The order of column is insignificant. +The order of row is insignificant. Q 15. Discuss the data manipulation in DBMS system? Ans, Data manipulation of database management system is different from file management system. In database management system: Data is stored in relation or tables, Adatabase may have more than one relation with unique names. Relations in a database relate to each other using primary and foreign keys. DBMS uses index to quickly access the data stored in relation. Database query language ie. SQL is used for data manipulation in data Chapter 3 QL. Define amulysis. Ans. A process of Stuulying the existing system is known ay analys analysis also determines what should take place in the mew system. I important activity for the development of database system, The person responsible for the requirement analysis is calle The very Q 2. What is the importance of project planning? Ans, Project planning is part of project management. Initially the project scope is defined and the appropriate methods for completing the project are determined Following this steps, the duration for the various tusks necessury to complete the 5:16 114 / 543 88%work listed and grouped into a work breakdown structure. Then the necessary resources can be estimated and costs for each activity can be allocated to each resource, giving the total project cost, Q.3, What is data modelling? Ans. The identification of data abjects and their relationships to other data objects, Data modelling is often the first step in database design, Designers first ereate conceptual model of how data items relate to each other. Data modelling involves auprogression from conceptual model to logical mode! to physical scherna, Q4. Define cardinality. Ans, The number of entity occurrences of first entity associated with one ar more occurrences af the second entity is known as cardinality. It is expressed as one or ‘many e-g. 2 country can have many cities but a country can have only one capital. Q5, Define Modality. Ans. Moilulity defines whether the participation of af Gitity tn. relationship is mandatory or optional. If a relationship has « cardinality of zero, then is is an optional relationship. If relationship has cardinality of at least one the relationship is mandatory. Q 6, What is ab E-R diagram? ‘Ans, An entity relationship E-R diagram is «special illustrates the interrelationships between entities in a database, ER diagram often use symbols to represent three different types of information, Q7. What is logieal database design? Ans, It is the process of mapping the conceptual model to the structures of target DBMS. If the target database is relational then it will be mapped on normalized relations. QS. Whatis physical database design? Ans, Physical database design is the last step of database design. The objective of physical database design is to implement the database as a set of stored, records, files, indexes and other data structures. These data structures provide performance and also ensure data integrity, security and recoverability. Q 9. What is meant by centralized database distribution? Ans, In centralized database all the data és stored at single Incation. 11 is easy but have a few disadvantages. Data communications may be high in some cases. Data 5:16 115 / 543 88%is not readily aecessible by remote users. If central server fails, whole database fails ‘Q 10. What is partitioned database distribution? ‘Aus, In partition distribution data is divided into fragments and these fragrnents of data are placed at different computers. It is more accessible than centralized database strategy. Q IL What is replicated database distribution? Ans, Full eopy of database is stored on some other computer. Any change i parent computer is replicated to the others, In this strategy more storage i required. Therecan be a huge communication cost while replication, Frequent synchronization is-also required Chapter 4 Q 1. What is meant by entity integrity? Ans, Itis.a constraint on entity, Entity integrity is an integrity rule which states that every table must have a primary key and! that the column or columns chosen to-be the primary key should be unique and not null, A direct consequences oF this integrity rule is that duplicate aire forbidden ina ue of & primary Key must be unique no duplicate rows, logically appear in a table. This NOT NULL eharicteristie of a primary key ensures thut a Valle can be used to identify all rows in a table, Q 2. Whatis referential integrity? Ans, [ia constraint on foreign key. If a foreign exists in a relation then either the foreign key value must match the primary key value of some tuple in its parent table or the foreign key value must be completely NULL. Q.3, What is redundancy? Ans. Redundancy appears when same data values are stored more than once in a table, It is also called redundancy if the same values are stored in more than one table, 5:16 116 _/ 543 88%ation és s process of converting complex data structures into simple ible dats structures, [tis a technique for reviewing the list of entities and their attributes to ensure that attributes are stored from where they belong. In other words we ean say that it is a process of analyzing the dependencies of attnbuites within entities, Q 5. What is repeating group? Ans, Repeating group is set of one or more data items that may occur a variable humber of times in a tuple. Q.6. What are database anomalies? Ans, These ate certain situations created when one or more records are deleted. ‘modified or inserted in the database and the databases goes into am inconsistent state. Q7. What is insertion anomaly? Ans, Insertion anomaly occurs when a new record is inserted in the relation, In this: anomaly user cannot insert a fact about an entity until, He-has an velditional fact about another entity, Q8. What is deletion unomaly? Ans. The deletion anomaly occurs when a record is deleted. In this uly the deletion of a record automaliéally deletes the fact of another enti Q.9, What is modification anomaly? jon anomaly’ ceurs When the record is updated in the the modification in the value of speeifie attribute requires modifigation inall reeords in which that value occurs, Q 10, What is partial dependency? Ans. A type of dependency in which one or more non-key attributes are functionally dependent on a part of primary key. Q 11. What is transitive dependency? Ans. The transitive dependency is'a type of funietionall dependency between Iwo or more hon-key attributes. It exists if a non-Key attribute depends on any other non key attribute. Q 12. What is integrity constraint? 5:16 117 7 543 88%Ans. Integrity means the correctness and consistency of the data. Integrity is usually expressed in terms of certain constraints which are the consistency rutes that the database is not permitted to violate, Integrity is also concerned with the quality of data, Integrity is maintained with the help of constraints. These constraints are the rules that are designed to keep data consistemt and con ormal form? in Ist normal form if and only if all underlying domain contain Each cell should contain only one value and relation dogs.not contain any repeating group. Q 14. What is 2nd Normal form? Ans, A relation is in 2nd normal form if itis in Ist normal formamd every non-key altribute is fully functionally dependent on the primary key. All onskey attribute must depend on primary key. Following are a few conditions for 2p normal form. + The primary key consist of only one atritwité, © Nonon-key attributes exist in the relation, «Every non-key attribute is functionally dependent on the primary key. Q 15, What is 3rd Normal form? ‘Ans. A relation is in 3rd normal form if itis in 2ND normal form and no transitive dependencies exist. Transitive dependency is a functional dependency between two oF more non-key'aftributes of a relation. Chapter 5 QL. What is Microsoft Access? Ans, [t iS one of the most popular and powerful DBMS. It provides the features to the usersito create and maintain databases, We can create tables, forms, queries and reports using MS Access Q2. What is wizard? Ans. A wizard A wizatil has jon that makes performing complex tasks easier. 5:16 118 / 543 88%undemeath, When you have fitled in the required data, you click the next button to go to the next window, or you can click the back button to change your previous decision. Q3, What is menu bar? Ans, It is the second bar from top, It can bar represents a mem, Every word on this bar also has a character underlined ‘This underlined character represents the short cut key combination for that particular menu, Q4. What is database abject? Aits, A component of database system is known as database objeét, These database objects are used to manage data, 5. Whatis a table’ Ans, Table is a coltect dd columns, All the intersection points of rows and columns are called cells, In these cells data can be-stared. Each column of table represents a field, Each field is specified t0 store'a particular type of data, Table can be viewed in different ways but most commonly used are datasheet view and design view. Q.6. What is a query? Ans, Query is a datahase abject used to get data from the database. In query we ‘can speci in criteria to get the required data, The actual objective of data storage is that it can be retrieved when ever required. Using query object data can also be deleted and updated. Q7. What is a form? Ans. The window that is used to enter data inte the database is called a Form. Using form data can be entered, edited and even viewed in Microsoft Access. Data entered in forms directly goes to the tables, Forms are always made after table creation. The fields on forms are linked to the table fields, Q8. What are reports? Ans, Reports are database objects used to represents queried data ina presentable format. Not all but most of the RDBMS provides this facility 1o its users, Reports can be generated on the basis af tables and queries, We ean apply formatting on the reports to make them more presentable and understandable. 5:16 119 ./ 543 88%QY. What is an IDE’ Ans, IDE stands for integrated developm way (o doa task. It presents graph (environment. 1s « simple and easy | objects Like buttons, icons and menus to in operations, Using IDE a new user and programmer can easily do perform their jobs, MS Access als provides the same facility far its users. Chapter 6 Q L. What is a table? Ans. Table is a collection of rows and columns. Bach intersection of row and column is culled a cell. Cell is the place where data is placed. Table is the fundarnental object of relational database. ‘able is also kriown as relation, Each row represents i (upl represents un attribute of un entity. T: entity, nd each column le oF relation itself represents an Q.2. What is meant by degree of relation? Ans. The number af fields of a felation is ealfed the degree of the relation. A table's degree is specified at the time Of creation. But asa ute it can be changed at any time. Change in degree of a table may cause data loss: Q 3. What is meant by the cardinality of the relation? Ans, The number of reconds in a table is called the earcinality of that table. Cardinality of 4 ible changes as new records are added of previous records are deleted, Forexample a table having 40 rows/records has cardinality 40. Q.4. What are two two table views available in Microsoft Access? Ans, Design view and Datasheet view QS. What is Test data type? It data type of a field in MS Acce combination of text and numbers, as well as numbers that don't require caleulations, such as phone numbers, Its size is 255 characters or the length set by 5:16 120 / 543 87%the FieldSize property, whichever is less. Micmosoft Access does not reserve space for unused portions of a text field. Q6. What is Memo data type? Ans. A text type field that can contain more than 64000 charueters. 11 is used for Jong description. Q7. What is Number data type? Ans. This field is used 10 store numeric data for imathent of this data type can be 1. 2.4 of 8 bytes (16 bytes if the to Replication ID). | culculutions/ Size ielSize property ig set Q8, What is AutoNumber data type? Ans. A unique sequential (incremented by 1) number or random number assigned by Microsoft Access whenever a new record is added toa table. AutoNumber fields can't be upxluted. Its size is 4 bytes Q.9. What is the use of Default view? Ans. In some cases, the value of all records if’ certain field is sume, A default value can be set in this case. The user does not need to type the same value again and again. The property set the default valie is Used fo set default value for a field. Q10, What is sorting? Ans, Arrangement of data in particular sequence is called sorting. ‘The sequence ‘can be in ascending or descending oriler. QL. What is referential integrity? Ans, Referential imegrity is a system of rules that ensures that relationship between records in related tables are valid and that you don’t accidentally delete or change related data. ‘To enforce referential integrity both tables must have at least one common field, which have same data type and size. Q12, What is a query? Ans, A query is a question that requires some data from the database, A query is created by specifying fields to display theit from i table or another query. It ean also specify condition for extracting data. Queries Select records from one or more tables in a database, Q.13, What is a join? 5:16 121 7 543 87%Ans. A query that extracts dita from multiple tables is called join. It uses the relationship of tables to get data, Q.14, What are wildcards? Ans, Wildcards is a special symbol that is used in queries to search data. Some important wildeards are *, and #. Wildcards characters are meant to be used With fields that have the Text data type. You can sometimes use them successfully. with otlier data types, sel as dates, Q 15, Define criteria ina query? Ans. A condition used to limit the number of rows extracted from database is called criteria, For example, instead of viewing all the suppliers.that your company uses, you can view just suppliers form China, To do thisyou specify criteria that limits the results to records whose Country field is "China. Chapter 7 QL. What is a form? Ans, A window that consists of visual components tor input and disph A form is constructed from a collection of individual design hese elements sure called controls. The common elements are text boxes, labels, check boxes ete, these clements are used for different purposes, Q2. Write a few tises of Form? Ans. Form is tsed to. add data in the database. ft is used to delete d database, Using form data can included in the database, Data can be forms, Data can also be searched with the help of forms, Forms are also used as a custom Uialog box that accepts user input and carries out an action based on the input. Q3. What is a sub form? Ans.'The sub form in a form that is placed in a parent form. The parent form is called the main form, Sub form is also called child form. His useful forthe tables when they have relationship of one to many, The table having foreign key is used: 5:16 122 / 543 87%for sub-form. Q4. What is conditional formating? Ans, The conditional formatting is a special type of formatting. This formatting depends on the control's value and can be added to text hoxes, lists and combo boxes. QS. What is a report? Ans, Reports are the ailtput of database application. The user ean generate different types ef reports by manipulating the database, Q6, What is linking? Ans, The process of linking in MS Access creates a link to an object in another database table, In this method table is not copied from its orig location but just linked. Q7. What is a switch board: Ans, A switchboard is essentially a Microsoft Agcess form that allows you to c navigation or perform tasks within your database application. ‘This form cally 4 customized menu that contain user-defined commands, using either buttons, fabels, images or hyperlinks, that inyolve actions that will automatically carry ouit tasks for you such as opening other forms, naming queries or printing reports. Q8, What is keyboard shorteuts? Ans. Keyboard shortcuts are the combinations of keys that are used to perform different tasks, ‘They can save time and effort, Q 9, What is input mask? Ans, Aw inputmask controls the walue of a cell to. store it into a specific format c.g. adatubsase required to store a date field in a ddfmnv/yy format. It will be represerited with input mask tf Q.10. Define tabular form briefly? Ans, In tabular forms multiple records are displayed with ficlds in columns and records in rows. Each row represents a record. 11 is best for the situation when you Want to display a few records and of narrow fields and you Want to see several 5:16 123 / 543 87%records at the same time. QL. Define columnar form? Ans, Fotm field and label are displayed side by side in columnar form. In this type of form only: value is displayed at a time, Columnar form provides a record navigation bar to tmverse through reconts. Q 12. Define Datasheet form? Ans. A datasheet form disphiys data in datasheet view, Euch row displays he record at atime, Datasheet form provides recont navigation bar (o navigate through different records. This type of form is often used for the basis of sub form. Q 13. What is a list box? Ans. I isa type of text box, Multiple values can be associated. with TiS box ancl more than one value can be displayed and selected at the same time. Q 14, What is a camho box? Ans. It is a type text box. Multiple values can be associated with combo box but only one value can be displayed and selected at time Q 15, What is a switch board? Ans. It is a type of form used to display buttons linked to different database objects, These buttons are used (0 open, close, or modify those objects Chapter 8 Q 1. What is computer program? ‘Ans.‘The set of instructions given (o the computer to solve a specific problem is called computer program, Computer can solve problems with the help af compiter program. Computer programs are written in programming languages Q 2. What is programming language? Ans. Programming language is used to communicate with computer. All computer programs are written in programming languages. Every programming, language has a set of alphabets and niles. The instructions of computer program are written by using the alphabets and rules detined by the programming 5:16 124 / 543 87%