ES 208 Module 2:

Solution of
st
some 1 ODE
Engr. Jomar A. Dela Peña
Instructor, CE Dept., USTP-CDO
Outline
▪ 2.0 Solution of some First-Order Differential
Equations
▪ 2.1 Variable Separable
▪ 2.2 Exact Equation
▪ 2.3 Linear Equation
▪ 2.4 Substitution Method
▪ 2.4.1 Homogeneous Coefficients
▪ 2.4.2 Bernoulli’s Equation
▪ 2.4.3 Other Substitution Method

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Exact Equation
▪ In was noted that when an equation can be put in the form

𝐴(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + 𝐵(𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0,
a set of solutions can be determined by integration, that is, by finding a function
whose differential is 𝐴(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + 𝐵(𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0.
▪ That idea can be extended to some equations of the form

𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0 −−→ (1)
in which separation of variables may not be possible. Suppose that a function
𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦) can be found that has for its differential, the expression 𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦; that is,

𝑑𝐹 = 𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦 −−→ (2)

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Exact Equation
▪ Then certainly
𝐹 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑐 −−→ (3)
▪ defines implicitly a set of solutions and it follows that 𝑑𝐹 = 0.

▪Two things are needed:

If equation 𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦 = 0 is exact, then by definition 𝐹 exist such that

𝑑𝐹 = 𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦
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Exact Equation
▪ But, from calculus,
𝜕𝐹 𝜕𝐹
𝑑𝐹 = 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
▪ So,
𝜕𝐹 𝜕𝐹
𝑀= , 𝑁=
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

▪ If these two equations are tested for exactness, then,

𝜕𝑀 𝜕2 𝐹 𝜕𝑁 𝜕2 𝐹
= and =
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦

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Exact Equation
▪ Again, the equation is exact when
𝜕2𝐹 𝜕2𝐹
=
𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
▪ Theorem: 𝑖𝑓 𝑀, 𝑁, 𝜕𝑦 , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 are continuous functions of x and y, then a
𝜕𝑥
necessary and sufficient condition that

𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦 = 0
will be an exact equation if
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
=
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

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Exact Equation
▪ Example: Solve the equation 3𝑥 𝑥𝑦 − 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 3 + 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0.

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Exact Equation

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Exact Equation
▪ Example: Solve the equation 2𝑥 3 − 𝑥𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 + 3 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 2𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 0.

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Exact Equation

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THANK YOU

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