Matrices

It is a mode of representing Data to ease calculation.

It is used in the field of Computer Science, Geometry, Finance, Science etc

A matrix is an ordered rectangular array of numbers or functions. The numbers or functions

are called the elements or the entries of the matrix.

The horizontal lines of elements are said to constitute, rows of the matrix and the vertical lines of
elements are said to constitute, columns of the matrix.
A matrix having m rows & n columns is called a matrix of order m × n or simply m × n
matrix
General representation of Matrices m xn is

Numerical: Consider the following information regarding the number of men and women
workers in three factories I, II and III. Represent the information in form of a 3 ×
2 matrix. What does the entry in the third row and second column represent

Solution:

Numerical:
Solution: Since this Matrix has 3 rows & 4 columns, the order is 3 x 4.
Using the convention

A13 = 19 , A21 = 35 , A33 = -5 , A24 = 12 , A23 = 5/2

Types of Matrices
 Column Matrices
 Row Matrices
 Square Matrices
 Diagonal Matrices
 Scalar Matrices
 Identity Matrices
Column Matrices: A matrix is said to be a column matrix if it has only one column.
In general, A = [aij] m × 1 is a column matrix of order m × 1.
Row Matrices: A matrix is said to be a column matrix if it has only one Row. In
general, A = [aij] 1 × n is a column matrix of order 1 x n.

Square Matrices: A matrix, in which the number of rows is equal to the number of columns,
is said to be a square matrix. Thus an m × n matrix is said to be a square matrix if m = n
and is known as a square matrix of order ‘n’. In general, A = [aij] m × m is a square
matrix of order m.

If A = [aij] is a square matrix of order n, then elements (entries) a11, a22, ..., ann
are said to constitute the diagonal, of the matrix A.
Note: diagonal elements come only in case of Square matrix
Diagonal Matrices: A square matrix B = [bij] m × m is said to be a diagonal matrix
if all its non diagonal elements are zero. That is a matrix B = [bij] m × m is said to be a
diagonal matrix if bij = 0, when i ≠ j.

Scalar Matrices: A diagonal matrix is said to be a scalar matrix if its diagonal elements
are equal. That is, a square matrix B = [bij] n × n is said to be a scalar matrix if
 bij = 0, when i ≠ j
 bij = k, when i = j, for some constant k.
Scalar Matrices: A diagonal matrix is said to be a scalar matrix if its diagonal elements
are equal. That is, a square matrix B = [bij] n × n is said to be a scalar matrix if
 bij = 0, when i ≠ j
 bij = k, when i = j, for some constant k.

Zero Matrices: A matrix is said to be zero matrix or null matrix if all its elements are zero.
We denote zero matrix by O.

Equality of matrices
Two matrices A = [aij] and B = [bij] are said to be equal if
 they are of the same order
 each element of A is equal to the corresponding element of B, that is aij = bij for all i
& j.

Numerical: Find the values of x, y and z from the following equations

Soluton: Comparing two matrices we get x=1, y=4 & z=3
Operation on Matrices
 Addition of matrices
 Subtraction of matrices

Addition of Matrices:
If A = [aij] and B = [bij] are two matrices of the same order, say m × n. Then, the
sum of the two matrices A and B is defined as a matrix C = [cij]m × n, where cij = aij +
bij, for all possible values of i and j.
The two matrices have to be of the same order. if A and B are not of the same order, then
A + B is not defined

Numerical:

Solution

Subtraction of Matrices
If A = [aij] and B = [bij] are two matrices of the same order, say m × n. Then, the
difference of the two matrices A and B is defined as a matrix C = [cij]m × n, where cij =
aij - bij, for all possible values of i and j.
The two matrices have to be of the same order. if A and B are not of the same order, then
A - B is not defined

Numerical:

Solution:
Properties of Matrix Addition
 Commutative Law
 Associative Law
 Existence of additive identity
 The existence of additive inverse

Commutative Law : If A = [aij], B = [bij] are matrices of the same order, say m ×
n, then A + B = B + A.
Associative Law : For any three matrices A = [aij], B = [bij], C = [cij] of the
same order, say m × n, (A + B) + C = A + (B + C).
Existence of additive identity : Let A = [aij] be an m × n matrix and O be an m × n
zero matrix, then A + O = O + A = A. In other words, O is the additive identity
for matrix addition.
The existence of additive inverse : Let A = [aij]m × n be any matrix, then we have
another matrix as – A = [– aij]m × n such that A + (– A) = (– A) + A= O.
So – A is the additive inverse of A or negative of A.

Multiplication of Matrices by scalar

If it is told that the apple & Orange that Tina, Abdul & Minu has is doubled, then we
have to multiply each of these matrices elements by 2. Here 2 is a scalar quantity.

If A = [aij] m × n is a matrix and k is a scalar, then kA is another matrix which is

obtained by multiplying each element of A by the scalar k.

The negative of a matrix is denoted by –A. We define –A = (– 1) A.

Numerical:

Solution: Solving we get

X=3, y=6, z=9 & t=6

Properties of scalar multiplication of a matrix

If A = [aij] & B = [bij] be two matrices of same order, say m × n, and k and l are
scalars, then
 k(A +B) = kA + kB,
 (k + l)A = k A + l A

Multiplication of 2 matrices
Let take scenario where
Amit wants to buy 5 eraser 7 pencils & Aditi wants to buy 3 eraser 4 pencils
Price at shop 1: Eraser 6, Pencil 7 & Price at shop 2 : eraser 4, Pencil 6
What will be the cost when Amit & Aditi buys these items from Shop 1 & Shop 2.
We can represent this data using matrix & use the concept of multiplication of two matrices to
find the total price.
Using the Product of Matrices we can say that Amit will have to pay 79 if he buys from
shop 1 & 62 if he has to buy from shop 2. Similarly Aditi has to pay 46 if she buys from
shop 1 & 35 if she buys from shop 2.

The product of two matrices A and B is defined if the number of columns of A is equal to the
number of rows of B. Let A = [aij] be an m × n matrix and B = [bjk] be an n × p
matrix. Then the product of the matrices A and B is the matrix C of order m × p. To get
the (i, k)th element cik of the matrix C, we take the ith row of A and kth column of B,
multiply them element wise and take the sum of all these products
Note: If AB is defined, then BA need not be defined
For approach to multiplication refer ExamFear video lessons.

Numerical:
Solution:

Zero matrix as the product of two non zero matrices

We know that, for real numbers a, b if ab = 0, then either a = 0 or b = 0. This need not be
true for matrices.

Eg
Here A x B = 0

Properties of multiplication of matrices

 The associative law
  The distributive law
 The existence of multiplicative identity
Transpose of a Matrix
 If A = [aij] be an m × n matrix, then the matrix obtained by interchanging the
rows and columns of A is called the transpose of A. Transpose of the matrix A is
denoted by A′ or (AT). In other words, if A = [aij]m × n, then A′ = [aji]n ×
m

 Properties of Transpose of Matrix

 Numerical:

 Solution:

Transpose of a Matrix
If A = [aij] be an m × n matrix, then the matrix obtained by interchanging the rows and
columns of A is called the transpose of A. Transpose of the matrix A is denoted by A′ or
(AT). In other words, if A = [aij]m × n, then A′ = [aji]n × m

Properties of Transpose of Matrix

Numerical:

Solution:

Skew Symmetric Matrices (Square Matrix)

A square matrix A = [aij] is said to be skew symmetric matrix if A′ = – A, that is aji =
– aij for all possible values of i and j.
Now, if we put i = j, we have aii = – aii. Therefore 2aii = 0 or aii = 0 for all i’s.
This means that all the diagonal elements of a skew symmetric matrix are zero.
Numerical:

Solution: Notice that aji = – aij for all possible values of i and j. Thus it is a skew
symmeticmatrix.
Theorem 1 : For any square matrix A with real number entries, A + A′ is a symmetric
matrix and A – A′ is a skew symmetric matrix.
Theorem 2 : Any square matrix can be expressed as the sum of a symmetric and a skew
symmetric matrix. Let A be a square matrix, then we can write

Elementary Operation (Transformation) of a Matrix

 The interchange of any two rows or two columns
 The multiplication of the elements of any row or column by a non zero number.
 The addition to the elements of any row or column, the corresponding elements of any
other row or column multiplied by any non zero number.

Operation 1: The interchange of any two rows or two columns

Operation2: The multiplication of the elements of any row or column by a non zero number.

Operation 3: The addition to the elements of any row or column, the corresponding elements
of any other row or column multiplied by any non zero number

Invertible Matrices
If A is a square matrix of order m, and if there exists another square matrix B of the same
order m, such that AB = BA = I, then B is called the inverse matrix of A and it is
denoted by A– 1. In that case A is said to be invertible
Note:
 A rectangular matrix does not possess inverse matrix, since for products BA and
AB to be defined and to be equal, it is necessary that matrices A and B should be
square matrices of the same order.
 If B is the inverse of A, then A is also the inverse of B.
Theorem: Inverse of a square matrix, if it exists, is unique.
Numerical: Using elementary transformations, find the inverse of the matrices

Solution: