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EST2 Rules..

1) This document discusses trigonometric functions and their properties, including: definitions of trig functions in different quadrants, trig identities, double angle and sum/difference formulas, and trig functions of negative angles. 2) It also covers conic sections like circles, ellipses, and hyperbolas - defining their standard equations and discussing properties like foci, vertices, asymptotes, etc. 3) Additional topics covered include derivatives, behavior of functions, transformations of functions, and transition of functions.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
167 views17 pages

EST2 Rules..

1) This document discusses trigonometric functions and their properties, including: definitions of trig functions in different quadrants, trig identities, double angle and sum/difference formulas, and trig functions of negative angles. 2) It also covers conic sections like circles, ellipses, and hyperbolas - defining their standard equations and discussing properties like foci, vertices, asymptotes, etc. 3) Additional topics covered include derivatives, behavior of functions, transformations of functions, and transition of functions.

Uploaded by

khadijakarimest
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Trignometry

𝝅
, 𝟗𝟎° y - axis
𝟐
S A
 Sin and csc positive  All positive
 (-ve, +ve)  (+ve, + ve)
𝜋 𝜋
90+θ, 180- θ, + θ, π - θ θ or ( – θ)or 90 - θ
2 2
180°π °x – axis
360 2π
T C
 Tan and cot are positive  cos and sec are positive
 (-ve, -ve)  (+ve, -ve)
3𝜋 3𝜋
π +θ, - θ, 180 + θ, 270 - θ - θ, 270 + 𝜃, - θ, 360 - θ, 2π - θ
2 2

𝟑𝝅
270,
𝟐
𝜋 3𝜋
Change 90°, , 270, and changes.
2 2

Sin cos , csc sec


cos sin , sec csc
tan cot , cot tan

−4
Example If tan θ = and θ ∈ [270°, 360°]
3
: Find:
1. Cos (270 – θ)
2. Sin (180 + θ)
3. Tan (-θ)
4. Cos (90 + θ)
Solution:
−4
1. Cos (270 – θ) = - sin θ =
5
−4
2. Sin (180 + θ) = - sin θ =
5
−4
3. Tan (- θ) = - tan θ =
3
−4
4. Cos (90 + θ) = - sin θ =
5

Trigonometric rules for (- θ):


Sin (- θ) = - sin θ
Csc (- θ) = - csc θ Odd function
Tan (- θ) = - tan θ F(-x) = -f (x)
Cot (- θ) = - cot θ

Cos (- θ) = cos θ
Sec (- θ) = sec θ

Example Sin (- 10) = - sin (10)


Cos (- 30) = cos 30
:
Trignometric rules for double angles:
1) sin 2θ = 2 sin θ cos θ
𝑎⁄ sin 2b = a sin b cos b
2
2) cos 2θ = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 - 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝜃 Note:
= 1 – 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 θ2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 = 1
= 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 − 1
2𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃
3) tan 2θ =
1−𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃

Trignometric rules for relation between 2 angles:


1) sin (x + y) = sin x cos y + cos x sin y
2) sin (x – y) = sin x cos y – cos x sin y
3) cos (x+ y) = cos x cos y – sin x sin y
4) cos (x – y) = cos x cos y + sin x sin y
tan 𝑥+tan 𝑦
5) tan (x + y) =
1−tan 𝑥 tan 𝑦
tan 𝑥−tan 𝑦
6) tan (x-y) =
1+tan 𝑥 tan 𝑦

"sine law"
𝑎 𝑏 𝐶
= =
sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 cos 𝐶
corally:
𝑎+𝑏 sin 𝐴+sin 𝐵
=
𝑐 sin 𝐶

Example
:
Find x:
7 𝑥
=
sin 60° sin 80°

(sin 80°) 7
X= = 7.96
sin 60°

"cosine law"
𝐶 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 − 2𝑎𝑏 cos 𝐶
𝑏 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑐 2 − 2𝑎𝑐 cos 𝐵
𝑎2 = 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 − 2𝑏𝑐 cos 𝐴

Example
:
𝐶 2 = 112 + 82 − 2 × 8 × 11 cos 37°
𝐶 2 = 44.4
C = 6.66
Function

Even
Neutral Odd
All powers
Powers Are All powers are
Are even
even and odd odd
Symmetric
y - axis Eg: x + 2
Symmetric
eg: 𝑥 2 + 2
origin point
1 0
Eg:
2 0
𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 + 4 𝑥 5 + 2𝑥 3 + 𝑥
𝑥4 + 𝑥2 + 3
3 2 0 5 3 1
4 2 0
𝑥3 + 𝑥

3 1

F (-x) = f (x)
Note:
|𝑥 | is even
function

F (-x) = -f (x)
Drivitive

𝑥𝑛 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1 𝑥5 5𝑥 4

𝑚𝑥 𝑛 𝑚𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1 5𝑥 3 5𝑥3 𝑥 2

𝑛 4𝑥 4
𝑛𝑥

𝑛 0 3 0

Example 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑦 ̀ : 𝑦 = 3𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 8
:
Solution: 𝑦̀ = 9𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 5

The slope of tangent of function a texact point is drivitive by substituing x

Example Find tangent for 𝑥 3 - 2𝑥 2 + 3 at point (2, 0)


:
Solution: 𝑦̀ = 3𝑥 2 − 4𝑥

Slope = 3(2)2 - 4(2) = 4

Tangen is y = 4x + b
Subs. (2, 0)
0 = 4 (2) + b
b = -8
tanget equation = y = 4x - 8

Behavior of function
1 5 2
If 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 + 6𝑥
3 2
Then: 𝑦̀ =𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 6
𝑦̀ = (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 − 2)
Then, x = 2 is the maximum point for y.
x =3 is the minimum point for y.
 in the interval ]−∞, 2[ the function y increase.
 In the interval ]2, 3[ the function y decrease.
 In the interval ]3, ∞[ the function increase.
For the function signs:
1 5
𝑦 = 3 𝑥 3 − 2 𝑥2 + 6𝑥
(mode 5, 4)

Conic section

1) Circle: 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑟 2 𝑐𝑜𝑓. 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑓. 𝑦


2𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 2 = 2𝑟 2

𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑎 ≠𝑏
2) Elipse: + =1
𝑎2 𝑏2
If: 𝑎2 > 𝑏 2 then elipse is horizontal.
If: 𝑏 2 > 𝑎2 then elipse is vertical.
Center = (h, k) , 𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2
Foci

Horizontal Vertical
∵ center = (x, y) ∵ center = (x, y)
Foci = (x ± c, y) Foci = (x, y ± c)

Example (𝑥−3)2 𝑦2
+ =1
: 9 49
∵ 49 > 9 ∴ Elipse is vertical
Center = (3, 0) 𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 - 𝑏 2 = 40
C = 2 √10
foci= (3, 2 √10) and (3, -2 √10)

Asymptote of Elipse

𝑎𝑥 𝑛 𝑎𝑥 𝑛 𝑎𝑥 𝑛
If
𝑏𝑥 𝑚 𝑏𝑥 𝑚 𝑎𝑥 𝑚

And: n=m and: n < m and: n > m

Vertical horizontal Vertical Horizontal Vertical Horizontal


asymptote asymptote

𝒂 Zeros of Zeros of
Zeros of 𝐲=𝟎 Oblique
Deminator Dominator
Deminator 𝒃

Oblique or slant for elipse:


𝑎𝑥 2 −𝑐
𝑥−𝑏
5𝑥 2 −2
Example
𝑥−3
:

5𝑥 2 −2 43
= 5𝑥 + 15 +
𝑥−3 𝑥−3
Oblique = 5x + 15
𝑥2 𝑦2 Equations have – ve sign at middle
3) Hyberpola: - =1
𝑎2 𝑏2

 If x became first, then hyberpola is horizontal.


 If y became first, then hyberpola is vertical.

Vertex = (h, k)
𝑏
Asymptote = y = k ± (x – h)
𝑎

Example
(𝑦−3)2 𝑥 2 −14𝑥+49
: - =1
16 25

(𝑥−3)2 (𝑥−7)2
- =1
16 25
 Center = (7, 3)
 Vertical

4
 Asymptote: y=3± (x – 7)
5

4𝑥−13 −4𝑥+43
5 5

Transition of function

f (x)+d Up d points (x, y) (x, y + d)

f (x)- d down d points (x, y) (x, y - d)

f (x + c) Left c units (x, y) (x - c, y)

f (x - c) Right c units (x, y) (x + c, y)

- f (x) Reflection x- axis (x, y) (x , - y)

f (- x) Reflection y- axis (x, y) (- x , y)


Stretch for |𝑎| > 1
a f (x) vertical
Compression for 0 < |𝑎| < 1

Stretch for 0 < |𝑎| < 1


f (b x) Horizontal
Compression for |𝑎| > 1

𝑥 𝑚 −𝑏𝑚 𝑚
Limit theorm "4": if limx→a 𝑛 𝑛 = (𝑏)𝑚−𝑛
𝑥 −𝑏 𝑛

sin 𝑎𝑥 𝑎
Limit trig. theorm: limx→o =
𝑏𝑥 𝑏
tan 𝑎𝑥 𝑎
limx→o =
𝑏𝑥 𝑏

𝐥𝐢𝐦(𝐱 → 𝐢𝐧𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐲)

𝑎𝑥 𝑛 𝑎𝑥 𝑛 𝑎𝑥 𝑛
𝑏𝑥 𝑚 𝑏𝑥 𝑚 𝑏𝑥 𝑚

If: n=m if: n < m if: n>m

𝑎
limx→∞ = limx→∞ = 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜 limx→∞ = ∞
𝑏
3𝑥 2 −3 3𝑥 3𝑥 2
Eg: limx→∞ =3 eg: limx→∞ =0 eg: limx→∞ =∞
𝑥2 2𝑥 2 +2 2𝑥+3

Note For lim(x → 𝑎)you can use drivitive


𝑑
𝑥 2 −9 (𝑥 2 −9)|𝑥=3
𝑑𝑥
Eg: limx→3 = 𝑑 =6
𝑥−3 (𝑥−3)|𝑥=3
𝑑𝑥

Solving inquality:
𝑥−2 𝑥
1) >0 ≤ -1
𝑥+3 𝑥+1
 x – 2= 0
x=2 𝑥
+1≤0
 x+3=0 𝑥+1
x = -3
2𝑥+1 1
≤ 0 , 2x + 1 = 0 , x = -
𝑥+1 2
x + 1 = 0 , x = -1
x < -3 or x > 2

−1
-1<x≤
2

Matrices:
2 3
If A = [4 2], then A is (2 × 3) matrix
5 3

If, A is (2 × 3), and B is (3 × 4)


Then AB = (2 × 3) ∙ (3 × 4) is correct matrix

But, BA = (3 × 4) ∙ (2 × 3) cannot be 4 ≠ 2

Vectors:
𝐴̂ = (10, 36°)
(r, θ)
𝐴̂ = 8 𝑖̂ + 6 𝐽̂

If 𝐴⃑ = 3𝑖̂ + 5 𝑗̂ and ⃑⃑ = 4 𝑖⃑ + 2 𝑗⃑
𝐵
Find 3 𝐴⃑ + 2 𝐵 ⃑⃑ :
3 (3 𝑖⃑ + 5 𝑗⃑⃑ ) + 2 (4 𝑖⃑ + 2 𝑗⃑⃑ )
= 9 𝑖⃑ + 15 𝑗⃑ + 8 𝑖⃑ + 4 𝑗⃑
= 17 𝑖⃑ + 19 𝑗⃑
In calculator:
 to change from polar (r, θ) to cartesien (a 𝑖⃑ + b 𝑗⃑ )
use shift (-)
 to change from cartesien (a 𝑖⃑ + b 𝑗⃑ ) to polar (r, θ)
use shift (+)

Arthmetic sequence
𝑇𝑛 = a + (n – 1) d , d = n – (n – 1)
𝑛 𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = (2a + (n – 1) d) = (a + L)
2 2
Example
If A ∙ S = 2, 4, 6, 8, ………. 22
:
Find 𝑇7 and summution of A ∙ S :
Solution:
a=2,d=6–4=2
𝑇7 = 2 + (7 – 1) 2 = 14
11
Sum = (2 + 22) = 132 𝑇𝑛 = 22 = 2 + (n – 1) 2
2 n = 11

Geomtric sequence

𝑇𝑛
𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎(𝑑)𝑛−1 , d=
𝑇𝑛 −1
𝑎 −𝐿𝑑 𝑎(1−𝑑 𝑛 )
𝑆𝑛 = =
1−𝑑 1−𝑑
𝑎
𝑆∞ = where 0 < d < 1
1−𝑑
Example G ∙ S = 2, 4, 8, ….., 256, find 𝑇5 , sum.
: 8
a=2 d= =2
4
𝑇5 = 2 (2)5−1 = 32
2−256 ×2
𝑆𝑛 = = 510
1−2

Quick calculator tips:


 if you have equation with 𝑥 2 , |𝑥 |
shift solve 555 (first solution)
shift solve – 555 (second solution)
 if you have an equation and x is an angel (x°)
shift solve 90, 180, 270 or 360
 calculate standered deviation in calc:
mode, 3, 1, [type numbers], on, shift, 1, 4 (var), 3 (6x), =
 calculate line regression:
mode, 3, 2, [type numbers], on, shift, 1, 5 (reg)
(1 : A) y – interception
(2 : B) slope

Logarithm rules

1) 𝐵𝑒 = R log 𝐵 𝑅 = 𝑒
Eg: 32 = 9 log 3 9 = 2

2) log 𝑎 𝑎 = 1 eg:, log 5 5 = 1 , log √3 √3= 1


If B = R , then e = 1 Note:
Lne = 1 Ln is logarithm with e in base

3) If B = a , R = 1 , then e = 0
log 𝑎 1 = 0 eg: log 3 1 = 0 , log 5 1 = 0

4) If log 𝑎 𝑥𝑦 = log 𝑎 𝑥 + log 𝑎 𝑦


Then log 𝑎 𝑥 + log 𝑎 𝑦 = log 𝑎 𝑥𝑦
Eg: log 3 (2 × 5) = log 3 2 + log 3 5

𝑥
5) log 𝑎 = log 𝑎 𝑥 - log 𝑎 𝑦
𝑦
𝑥
log 𝑎 𝑥 - log 𝑎 𝑦 = log 𝑎
𝑦
11
Eg: log 5 11 - log 5 2 = log 5 ( )
2

𝑥𝑦
log 𝑎 = log 𝑎 𝑥 + log 𝑎 𝑦 - log 𝑎 𝑧 - log 𝑎 𝑙
𝑧𝑙
Note
Numbers in numenator are positive
Numbers in demenator are negative

6) log 𝑎 𝑥 𝑛 = n log 𝑎 𝑥
Eg: log 2 125 = log 2 53 = 3 log 2 5
7 log 5 2 = log 5 27 = log 5 128

log𝑎 𝑥
7) log 𝑦 𝑥 = (you choose your own new base)
log𝑎 𝑦

log 7 Note:
log 5 7 = If logarithm has no base then base = 10
log 5
log11 2
= log 3 2 eg: log10 3 = log 3
log11 3
1
8) log 𝑦 𝑥= , log 𝑏 𝑎 × log 𝑎 𝑏 = 1
log𝑥 𝑦
1
log 7 5 = , log 7 5 × log 5 7 = 1
log5 7

Compination

And X Or +

Eg: 1) if we have 10 men and 8 women


What number of 1 ways to make:
1) Group of 3 men and 2 women.
2) Group of 3 men or 2 women.
Answer:
1) 10𝐶3 × 8𝐶2 = 3360
2) 10
𝐶3 + 18𝐶2 = 148.

2) In test John has 2 papers A, B contain 7, 11 Question. He has to solve 12


Question, selecting 4 at least from each paper. How many ways can John select a
question?

𝐶4 × 11𝐶8 + 7𝐶5 ×
7 11
𝐶7 + 7𝐶6 × 11𝐶6 + 7𝐶7 × 11𝐶5 = 16401

Area of triangle
1
The main rule : B.h
2
First sec. rule:

1
Area = 𝑆1 × 𝑆2 × sin θ
2

Second sec. rule:


Half p =q

1 1 1 1
Area = √ 𝑝( 𝑝 − 𝑆1 )( 𝑝 − 𝑆2 )( 𝑝 − 𝑆3 )
2 2 2 2
Eg:
Area = √9(9 − 7)(𝑞 − 5)(𝑞 − 6)
= 6√6 𝑐𝑚2

Equalitral triangle area:


𝑆2
Area = × √3
4
Third degree function:
𝑥 3 + 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0
Roots = 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3
 If one root is a + bi then the second one is a – bi
To find a, b and c:
∵ roots = 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3
Then, -ve roots = −𝑥1 , −𝑥2 , −𝑥3
a =( −𝑥1 ) + (−𝑥2 ) + (−𝑥3 )
a = sum of –ve of roots
b = (−𝑥1 ∙ −𝑥2 ) + (−𝑥1 ∙ −𝑥3 ) + (−𝑥2 ∙ −𝑥3 )
c = −𝑥1 ∙ −𝑥2 ∙ −𝑥3
eg: find a, b and c:
𝑥 3 + 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0
If roots = 2, -3 and 5
Solution:
-ve roots = -2 , 3, -5
a = -2 + 3 – 5 = -4
b = (-2 × 3) + (-2 × -5) + (3 × -5) = -11
c = (-2) (3) (-5) = 30
∴ 𝑥 3 + (-4) 𝑥 2 − 11𝑥 + 30 = 0

Angle between 2 lines

𝑚2 −𝑚1
tan θ = | |
1+𝑚1 𝑚2
(for only acute angle)

Example
: and b°
Find a°
3−(−2)
tan a° = | |
1+(−2)(3)
a° = 45° b° = 135°
Distance between point
and line

|𝑎𝑥1 +𝑏𝑦1 +𝑐 |
L=
√𝑎2 +𝑏2
Example
:
Find L: point: (2, 5)
Line: 5x – y – 3 = 0

|5(2)+(−5)−3| √26
L= =
√52 +(−1)2 13

A sin (Bx + c) + D For sin


csc
Eg: 5 sin (2x -3) + 8 cos
sec
Amplitude = |𝐴| = |5|
2𝜋 2𝜋
Period = = =π
𝐵 2
-ve right
𝑐 −3
Horizontal shift = =
𝑏 2 + ve left

Vertical shift -= D = 8
Range -A+D<y<A+D
-5 + 8 < y < 5 + 8
5 < y < 13

No Amptitude:
𝜋 For tan
Period = And cot
𝑏
Lxponential function
𝒚 = 𝒂(𝒃)𝒙 +c

−𝑥
2𝑥 = (1⁄2) [increase]

(1⁄2)𝑥 = 2−𝑥 [decrease]

y = a (𝑏)𝑥 + 𝑐
y intercebtion = a + c

If a is +ve y > c
range
If a is –ve y< c

−(2)𝑥 = −2𝑥 reflection on x axis


For 2𝑥

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