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62 views6 pagesHalf Wave Rectifier
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Vikal SharmaCopyright
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/ 6
Chapter 6
Phase Controlled Rectifiers
ka uals
Introduction
Principle of Phase Control
Full-wave Controlled Converters
‘Single-phase Full-wave Converters
Single-phase Two-pulse Converters with Discontinuous Load Current
Performance Parameters of Two-pulse Converters
Single-phase Symmetrical and Asymmetrical Semiconverters
Three-phase Thyristor Converters
~ Performance Parameters of 3-phase Full Converters
Effect of Source Impedance on the Performance of Converters
Dual Converters
Control of Single-phase Series Converters
Some Worked Examples
6.1 INTRODUCTION
It was discussed in Chapter 3 that diode rectifiers provide a fixed de output voltage. In case
controllable de output voltage is required,
In a phase controlled rectifier, a
After this, the ii
of a thyristor by supply voltage itself is called
applications, rectifier circuits make use of more than one SCR. In such a case, when an
incoming SCR is turned on by triggering, it immediately reverse biases the outgoing SCR and
turns it off. As ese are simple laggy
expensive‘and have As such, phase-controlled rectifiers are
extensively in industrial applications requiring controlled de power from ac supply mains.
305 306 Art 62 Power ELECTRONICS
Some industrial applications are electrochemical processes, de traction systems, high
voltage de transmission systems, megawatt power level de drives ete.
In the study of thyristor systems, SCRs and diodes are assumed ideal switches which
means that (i) there is no voltage drop across them, (ii) no reverse current exists under reverse
voltage conditions, (iii) t,, and t,= 0 and (iv) holding current is zero.
‘Trigger circuits are not shown in SCR circuit for convenience.
In this chapter, single-phase and three-phase controlled converters are described and the
effect of source inductance on their performance is examined. Basic operating features of dual
converters are also presented.
4 alls OF ae CONTRO!
fella! me: mre
‘The sintpiést form of controlled recifier cireuits consist of a single thyristor feeding de power
to a resistive load R as shown in Fig. 6.1 (a). The source voltage is v, = V,, sin wt, Fig. 6.1 (b).
‘An SCR can conduct only when anode voltage is positive and a gating signal is applied. As
such, a thyristor blocks the flow of load current i until it is triggered. At some delay angle a,
a positive gate signal applied between gate and cathode turns on the SCR. Immediately, full
supply voltage is applied to the load as vo, Fig. 6.1 (6). At the instant of delay angle a, v9 rises
from zero to V,, sin a as shown. For
resistive load, current ip is in phase
with vo. Firing angle of a thyristor is
measured from the instant it would
start conducting if it were replaced
by a diode. In Fig. 6.1, if thyristor
is replaced by diode, it would begin
conduction at wt = 0, 2x, 4n ete. ; firing.
angleis therefore measured. from
iring angle may also be defined
as follows : A firing angle is measured
from the angle that gives the largest
(o)
Fig. 6.1. Single-phase hal-wave thyristor ircult with R load (a) circuit diagram and
(b) vol ind current wavel 1S sSYwavwrr
Phase Controlled Rectifiers Art 6.2 307
average output voltage, or the highest load voltage. If thyristor in 6.1 is fired at wt = 0, 2n,
4netc., the average load voltage is the highest ; the firin, le should thus be n
Acritical observation of Fig
Once the SCR is on, load current flows, until it is turned-off by reversal of voltage at ot =
x, 3n ete. At these angles of x, 3n, 5x etc. load current falls to zero and soon after the supply
voltage reverse biases the SCR, the device is therefore turned off. It is from 616)
(q) produces only one load current
pulse for one cycle of sinusoidal source voltage, single-phase half-wave
thyristor circuit.
In Fig. 6.1 (0), thyristor conducts from ot = a to x , (2x + a) to 3x and so on. Over the
angle delay a, load voltage vp = 0 but during conduction angle (x — a), vp = v,. As
The variation of voltage across thyristor is also shown as ur in Fig. 6.1 (6). Thy
remains on from ot = a to x, (2x + a) to 3n etc. during these intervals v7 = 0 (strictly speaking
1 to 1.5 V). It is off from x to (2x + a), 3x to (4n + a) etc., during these off intervals vy has the
waveshape of supply voltage v,. It may be observed that v, = U9 + vp. As the thyristor is reverse
biased for x radians, the circuit turn-off time is given by
m
= —sec
where w = 2nf and fis the supply frequency in Hz.
The circuit turn-off time ¢, must be more than the SCR turn-off time , as specified by the
manufacturers.
After voltage Vo across load R in Fig. 6.1 for the single-phase half-wave cireuit in terms of
firing angle a is given by
Vo = sof "Vm sin of. dot) = —2{1+c08) (6D
The maximum value of average output voltage Vo occurs at a = 0°.
y, V,
Vom = oh. 2a
oo oe | x
y,
Also,
(6.2)
Average load current,
In some types of loads, one may be interested in rms value of load voltage V,,. Examples
of such loads are electric heating and incandescent lamps. Rms voltage V,, in sueh cases is
given by 308 ArT 6.2 Power ELectRonics
2
Vee [Efivasin? oe doo]
y, iT ir
= —2|(n-a)+—sin2a (6.3)
Wn [ Ma
The value of rms current /,, is
A
Looe
or =
Power delivered to resistive load = (rms load voltage) (rms load current)
ve
= Vor lor = = PR (6.4)
or: Hor = Pe = Por
Input voltamperes = (rms source voltage) (total rms line current)
ay2 v2
v2 7
= Vy Tgp = | x-a)+Zsin2a]
2RVn 2
fee _ Powerdelivered toload _ Vsr-Dor _ Vor
ae . Input VA Verve
1 1 i
From Eq. (6.3), input pf 7 Filo * sin 2a (65)
Van 2
exh Single-phase Half-wave Circuit with RL load
A single-phase half-wave thyristor circuit with RL load is shown in Fig. 6.2 (a). Line voltage
v, is sketched in the top of Fig. 6.2 (b). At of = a, thyristor is turned on by gating signal (not
shown). The load voltage vp at once becomes equal to source voltage v, as shown. But the
inductance L forces the load, or output, current ip to rise gradually. After sometime, ig reaches
maximum value and then begins to decrease. At wt = 1, vg is zero but ig is not zero because of
the load inductance L. After wt = x, SCR is subjected to reverse anode voltage but it will not be
turned off as load current ig is not less than the holding current. At some angle B > x, ig reduces
to zero and SCR is turned off as it is already reverse biased. After ot = B, vp = 0 and ig = 0. At ot
= 2n + a, SCR is triggered again, vg is applied to the load and load current develops as before.
Angle Bis called the extinction angle and (f - a) = y is called the conduction angle.
The waveform of volfage ur across thyristor Tin Fig. 6.2 (b) reveals that when ot = a, Ur
=V,, sin a; from ot =a, to B, vp = 0 and at ot = B, vp = V,, sin B. As B > x, up is negative at of
. Thyristor is, therefore, reverse biased from wt = § to 2x. Thus, circuit turn-off time fc =
2n-B
Set: For satisfactory commutation, tc should be more than ¢, the thyristor turn-off time
‘The voltage equation for the circuit of Fig. 6.2 (a), when T is on, is
diy
V,, sin ot =*Rig + L
Rig + LE
The load current ig consists of two components, one steady-state component i, and the
other transient component i. Here i, is given by Phase Controlled Rectifiers Art 6.2 309
Vp sin wot
0)
Fig. 6.2. Single-phase half-wave circuit with RL load (a) circuit diagram and
(0) voltage and current waveforms.
Vn
ree
where ¢ = tan % and X= oL. Here 6 is the angle by which rms current I, lags V,.
The transient component i, can be obtained from force-free equation
di,
Ri,+ LS =0
ue at
Its solution gives, iy = AemiLe
y,
iy = igt = sin (ot — 9) 4 AREY (66)
where Z= VR +X?
Constant A can be obtained from the boundary condition at wt = «
At this time ts Sig = 0. Thus, from Eq. (6.6),
Vy,
0 = Ft sin (a — 9) + AerRe/boe 310 ArT. 6.2 Power ELECTRONICS
or ain 5 sin (a — 9) efa/ol
Substitution of A in Eq. (6.6) gives
V, R
ig = Ye sin (wt — >) — Zz sin (a — ) exp. {-Z (oe - «)} (6.7)
for a
