Uy ‘ses = + Topic-wise coverage of entire syllabus x in Question-Answer form. ~ oad su ay * Short Questions (2 Marks) ayyB.Tech Students of of All Engineering Colleges Afili Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Techni¢al,Un Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow). radesh Technical University) (Formerly Uttar Pi MATHEMATICS - IV By Aditya Kumar ™ Z Quantum — Page — QUANTUM PAGE PVT. LTD Ghaziabad m New DelhiDIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS ad c 7 : 23 C) ‘Origin of Partial Differential ‘Bquations, Linear and Non Linear Ponte Eatations of fist order, Lagrange’s Equation Charts meee Cauchy's method of Characteristics, Solution © inear Parti care fial Equation of Higher order with consiane Cor ON Equations reducible to linear partial differential equatio’ constant coefficients. UNIT-1: PARTIAL : OF PARTIAL DIFFERENT! IAL EQUATIONS UNIT-2: APPLICATIONS | ears oO tial differential equation of second order, Method of separation of variables, Solution of wave. and heat wenduection equation up to two dimension, Laplace equation in (wo dimensions, Equations of Transmission lines. UNIT : STATISTICAL TECHNIQUES-I (3-1 C to 3-23 C) Introduction: Measures of central tendency, Moments, Moment erating function (MGF), Skewness, Kurtosis, Curve Fitting, Method of least squares, Fitting of straight lines, Fitting of second degree parabola, Exponential curves, Correlation’ and Rank correlation, Regression Analysis: Regression lines of y on x and x on y, regression coefficients, properties of regressions coefficients and non linear regression. UNIT-4; STATISTICAL TECHNIQUES-II (4-1 C to 4-23 C) Probability and Distribution: Introduction, Addition and multiplication law of probability, Conditional probability, Baye’s theorem, Random variables (Discrete and Continuous Random variable) Probability mass function and Probability density function, Expectation and variance, Discrete and Continuous Probability distribution: Binomial, Poission and Normal distributions. TATISTICAL TECHNIQUES-II" (5-1 C to 5-33 C) Sampling, Testing of Hypothesis and Statistical Quality Control Introduction, Sampling Theory (Small and Large), Hypothesis, Nallaypotesis Alternative hypothesis, Testing a Hypothesis, Level of siguteance, Confidence limits, Test of significance of difference ve ti an Esa geen Catlnce (ANOVA), Statistical Quality Control (SQQ), Control Chatts for Variables (p, | macau Sh Gate) Contr SHORT QUESTIONS Classification of linear part UNIT: (SQ-1C toSQ-16 c)tial Differentia] par A Equations CONTENTS _1-2C to 1-8C Origin of Partial Differential ......... Equations, Linear and i Non-linear Partial Equations of First Order, Lagrange’s Equations Part-l : Charpit’s Method, ‘Cauchy's sbigriaforentanst Part-2 : 5 : Method of Characteristics Part-3 :. Solution of Linear Partial .... Differential Equation of | Higher. Order with | Constant Coefficients | Part-4 : Equations Reducible iB: 1-21C to 1-23C | Linear Partial Differential Equations with Constar “Coefficients1-2 C (CC-Sem-3 & 4) Partial Differential Equations PART-1 Origin of Partial Differential Equations, Linear and Non-linear "Partial Equations of First Order, Lagrange’s Equations. - Questions-Answers Long Answer ‘Type and Medium Answer Type Questions Que 1.1. | Form partial differential equations of the equations by eliminating the arbitrary constants : z= ax+by+ab Answer Differentiating z partially w.r.t.x andy, a: iz ae OT ay Substituting for a and 6 in the given equation, we get z=pxtaqyt+pq which is a partial differential equation. P 6 Que 1.2. | Form partial differential equations of the equations by eliminating the arbitrary constants : az+b=a'xr+y Differentiating the given relation partially w.r.t. x, we get az a2 ax oz ox Again differentiating the given relation partially w.r.t. y, we get. oz ace ey ae oy a Multiplying eq. (1.2.1) and (1.2.2), we get pq = 1 (1.2.1) 1 (1.2.2)1-3 C (CC-Sem-3 & 4) his a partial differential equation. QuoLs. | Form the partial differential equation by eliminating the arbitrary function(s) from the following + i zeft-y z= (x). yO) efx tit) +g(e-it) newer | i Differentiating z partially w.r-t. x, we get % _ papery). (1.8.1) Ox Differentiating z partially w.r-t.y, we get oz 2 _ gq =fie?—y).- 2) A132) oy Dividing eq. (1.3.1) by eq. (1.8.2), we get Pls Pl X = py+qx=0 q yy) which is a partial differential equation. Differentiating z w.r-t. x, partially, we get 2 =p=$'@) yw) (1.3.3) Differentiating z w.r-t. y, partially, we get = =q=4@y'Q) (13.4) Differentiating eq. (1.3.3) partially w.r.t. x, we get ez Soo 27 o'@y'®) (13.5) Multiplying eq. (1.2.3) and (1.3.4), we get "&) WO) Ox) w'@) = 2s [Using (1.3.5)] = pq-zs=0 which is a partial differential equation. ii, Givenz = flr + it) + g(x -it) Differentiating z twice partially w.r-t. x and t, we have 22 pe ei ae “P+ +g —in1-4C (CC-Sem-3 & 4) Partial Differential Equations =f"eein eg" -id (1.3.6) = if + it)—ig (vit) if "(x + it) + 2g “(x it) or —f"xe + it)—g "(x -it) (1.3.7) oF ; a ‘Adding eq, (1.3.6) and eq. (1.3.7), we obtain & a z x which is a partial differential equation of second order. Que 1.4. | Solve the following differential equations : (a2 - yz)p + (y?- 2x)g = 2?-2xy. Answer Here Lagrange’s subsit dx _ dy dz ax 2 oay dz-dy _ _ __dy-de __—__da-de (w-yetyt2) (y-2)Qe+ytz) (2-x)(xt+y+z) dx-dy _ dy~dz “yy ynz 0 ary equations are ‘Taking the first two members, we have which on integration gives log (x ~y) = log (y ~z) + log a ( - or log |= 2} =loga or +—% =a (1.4.1) \¥ > z, y-z Similarly, taking the last two members, we obtain (1.4.2) (a=2 *\y-2 Que is. | Solve ve psseye1-5C i Rewriting the given equation 8S yp +"2d yy ‘The subsidiary equations are dx ye ‘The first two fractions give x*dx Integrating we get x-y= Again the first and third fractions give xdx =2dz Integrating, we get w-2=b wl 1.5.2) Hence from eq. (1.5.1) and eq. (1.5.2), the complete solution is yoy) = fx2-2) 15.1) Que is. | Solve the partial differential equation a(y?42) pyle! +2) q = 262-9") where p = & mnag= =. a a “Answer Lagrange’s subsidiary equations are 2 dy dz : XO'+D 7 Tyee Ae -y) (1.6.0) Using x,y, ~ 1.as multipliers, we get sedition = 2 tO x(y? + 2)— y*(x" + 2) — ala" — y") een aed 0 dz +ydy—dz=0 Integrating, we get “,¢ ¢ 2 +F -2=2 a = attyt Bee, (1.6.2) Again, using 2,2 ang 2 i poy tnd 3 asmultipliers, we got ee deel jf ewrtacton= ey ee y =1-6 C (CC-Sem-3 & 4) Partial Differential Eevations x Laci tdys sae 20 Rye Integrating, we get log x + logy + logz = loge, = wyz= 0, Hence the general solution is Ola? + y2~ 22, xyz) = 0 _| Solve xy - 2) p + y*z~x) q = 24x -y). Here the subsidiary equations are dx dy x(y-2) " ¥@-0) Za-y) Using the multipliers Ux, Vy and V/z, we have Lgcsbayetae each fraction = Sonar parma & + & + z = Owhich on integration gives logx+ logy +logz=loga or xyz=a (17.1) Using the multipliers 1, + ana + ,we get wy 1 1 4 PEtaO te each fraction = ~ ee +@ + = = 0, which on integrating gives 2. rd (17.2) Hence from eq, (1.7.1) and eq. (1.7.2), the complete solution is iets) xyz WetA] sove: Jp +a #1.1-70 rato W edhe (oes (MP geo Phe eqaints wl gotatlon jase art by +e ae comnplele a aed ot or b=(1- Jay ay, gd) thee complete solution is eax e(1- Va vy te Tm | sotvespaeP + where Fromeqtls ‘The equation is of the form fp, g=0 The complete solution is 2 = ax + by+e (193) where abza+b or b= — a-1 _. Fromeq. (1.9.1), the complete solution is 2 = ax + a a-1°°* 150, | Solve : 4xye = pa + 2px'y + 2azy*, re : Anya = pq + 2pxty + gry? Say (1.104) sothat, and . After putti ing the values of p and q in eq. (1.10.1), we get dxyz = dy, » ax 7 a savy & or ret BZ yy ee & aK OY ox oY ex yy de oe *. ox aaa ES PKAQYSPQ, a ez & stm E where 1 + P, t is of the form z= PX+Qy : +AP,Q)1-8 C (CC-Sem-3 & 4) Partial Differential Equations Its complete solution is 2 = aX+ bY + ab or z= ax? + by? +.ab. SR mes tene The given equation is of the form f(z, p,q) = 0 Let u =x + by (note the use of b instead of a, since a is a given constant) dz so that # mnaqzuo%. a du o du Substituting these values of p and q in the given equation, we get a) (a) 2|( dz)", 42 (de [egy 2 or 21 + 6%) (£) du or aji+ ee = fa?-7 2 222 " dz =du PS Integrating, we have + fle B fe -2 =ure or (1 +8?) (@?-22) = (x + by +0 We TAR] Sove (p+ q y= a2. iaewer | Let Flx,y,2, p,q) = (P+ Py -gz =0 2.12.1) Charpit’s subsidiary equations areoY Mathematics - WV 1-9C (CC-Sem.g3 eR ~) ae Qpy ‘The last two of these give pdp + gdq = 0 Integrating Ete= Now solving eq. (1.12.1) and eq. (1.12.2), put p? +? in eg. (1.12.1), so that ¢ eylz o(.12.9) Substituting this value of q in eq. (1.12.2), we get p = Goa oe Hence de = pds + qdy = VERE ae + Say z or zdz-cy Integrating, we get cy/ (a + cx)? + c*y? which is the required complete integral Que 1.13. Solve 2xz - px? - 2qxy + pq =0 UAC Let f(x, 92,2. @) Qez — px? — Iqxy + pq=0 (1.13.1) Charpit’s subsidiary equations are a a __dp__ da Fioq | Dy-p px -2pq+2qxy 22-2qy 0 . dq=0 or q=a. Putting q = in eq. (1. 13.1), we get _ 2x (z-ay) pewy-a dz = pdx + qdy = 2X 2=) de + ady xa de-ady 28 gy z-ay a Integrating, log (z -ay) = log (x? - a) + log b or z-ay=b(x?-a) or z=ay +b(x*-a) which is the required complete solution. Gone] Solve 22 + p* + qy + 2y? = 0. Let flx.9. 2,7. g) = 2 +P? bay + By” or ef LTD1-10 C (CC-Sem-3 & 4) Partial Differential Equations Charpit’s subsidiary equations are aw =2p -¥ From first and fourth ratios, dp=-dz or p=-x+a Substituting p = a-x ineq, (1.14.0, we get gz b -22- 2-2) y dz = pdx + qdy =(a—x)dr— 1 [2+ By? + (a-2I dy Ed Multiplying both sides by 29°, ay? de + 4yz dy = 29° (ax) de — Ay? dy — By (a— 2) dy Integrating dey? = b%a-xP ty] +b ory? [(x—a)?+ 2z +9] = b, which is the desired solution. Queris.| Solve the PDE 2, 0 subject to the condition Here, we have F(x, y,2,P: Q) = PI ‘The characteristics system takes the form de ay dz op = 90, FF APO, Gf aPht aF, = 2p) @® __ op spOF1=pl, a =- IF, +q(0F =a) Note that 2 « pit) ple) =cetand Gy =A > 0 = de! where c and d are arbitrary constants. Since we are looking for a characteristics strip (.., F(x, ¥,2, p,q) =0), we set z(t) = p(t) q(t) = ede™. The ‘equations for the characteristic system are = x(t) = de! + d,, ylt) = cel +c, 2(t) = ede%, pt) = ce', q(t) = de', where c, and d, are constants. ‘The initial condition z(s, ~ 5) = 1 is given on the line y = - x traced out by (c, 8), we have fis) = s and g(s) =~ s. We must find A(s) and &(s) such that 1= G(s) = h(s)k(s) 0= G6) = hts) K(s), O= F...X-1)- FY. J) = Mis) - AG).Mathemati _ Thon, we i 5) = Land his) =, ‘Thus, we hav ai For the choice ie) , we obi xfs, N= e'= 1+ 8,9" pls) = a =e we obtain 2 e two eC at From the frst bwo equations) 270%) 9 ‘Then the solution is . ay, yee SEE +2y 4 1, the solution is given by It we choose h(s) =~ Land k(s) = 2 2x, y= aye i PAR ‘Solution of Linear Pahl Differential Equation of Hight Order with Constant Coefficient. ‘The given equation is (D?- DD' -6D)z = 0 where a ae -2 ; oe and D’ a Auxiliary equation is m—m 0 = (m-3)(m+2)=0 > m=3,-2 CF= fly + 8x) + f(y — 28) Pl=0 Hence the complete solution is 2=CF+PI= A +8) +f, 28) where f, and f, are arbitrary functions, =| Solve the linear partial diff rential equation fes1-12 C (CC-Sem-3 & 4) Partial Differential Equations az atz at aye The given equation is (Dt +D")z = 0 Auxiliary equation is mé+1=0 > m* + 142m? = 2m? > (m? + 1)? - (my2? = 0 => (m? + 2m + 1)(m? - V2m +1) = 0 so that m+ J2m +1=0 or m?- 2m +1=0 1ii > m= —1#i 1ti v2” V2 -1+i l+i Let a= pp tand 2, = then, m= 24 F.2% Here % and 2, denote complex conjugate of z, and z, respectively. CF=f +22) +40 + Ax) +h +22) +h + %x) PI=0 Hence the complete solution is z= OF +Pl=fy +z) +h + Ax) + hy +2n) +h (y+ %2) where f,, f,, f, and f, are arbitrary functions. . | Solve the linear partial differential equation os gfe! 62 +8, a Bey? ery, (D3 — 8D*D’ + 4D") u = e**® where D= 2 and D’ Auxiliary equation is mm’ —3m?+4=0 mm + 1)—4m(m + 1)+4(m+1)=0 (m + 1) (m?-4m + 4)=0 (m-2P (m+) =01-13 C (CC-Sem-3 & 4) Mathematics - IV m=2, 7 CF= FO -2) thy +20 +4, 0 +28) 1 ae PIS eapip' + 4D* 1) ifs du du du edu © @-s0"@)+ 40" i where x+2yeu es =e Hence the complete solution is u=CF+PI Los FAW-D +f +) +f, + w+ soe” where f,, /, and /, are arbitrary functions. Que 1.19. ] Solve oe, 2 9M = cos (2x +y). Answer Given equation in symbolic form is (D? + DD' - 6D") z = cos (2x +y) where Dz 2 adds & a Aunillars equation is m?+m~6 = Owhere m =~3, 2. CF = fy — 3%) + fly + 2x) (2)8- (2) (1) - 6-1) = case of failure and we have to apply the general method Sine Dts DD’ -6D? = Pl= cos (2x + y) 1 ? — DD’ - 6D® = 1 ~ D+8D)D~apy © +y) Dray Jee +e=T5 de] leo yet . DraplJoseas] fe yse-mx=c-21] 1 * Drape * 008 & + 2x)Partial Differential Equations 1-14 C (CC-Sem-3 & 4) = [[x cos erBe+ 20d], 5, = [Je cos(Sx+ ede], 25 xsin (5x +) , cos (5x + 2] i [ 5 lesy-a2 [Integrating by parts] 2 5 sin (x-+ y= HH) + Ze 8 Be + Y~ 8H) % sine +y) + eens (x +3) Hence the complete solution is . 1 2 =f - 8) +79 +20) +E sin x+y) + 95 cos (2 + y) Given equation is S4Z, 4 Symbolic form is (D? — 4DD' + 4D) z = e**”, Its is mucliary equation is (m — 2)? = 0, where m = 2, 2. CF = fly + 2x) + xf,fy + 2x) 1 +. Ps Doar” ‘The usual rule fails because (D — 2D")? = 0 for D = 2 and D' =1. To obtain the PI, we find from (D - 2D')u = e**, the solution us | Fe,c-mx)de = J ett de axe! axe [vo y=ce-mx=c- 2x] emt? and from (D - 2D) z =u = xe**, the solution te fatie-maye Type Lager gre date ty yse-mx=e—2x} Hence the complete solution is2 = f(y + 2x) + 2f,(y + 2x) +} gigtesy i :1-15C (CC-Sem-3 & 4) ‘The given equation is . (pe-2DD +D= sin ‘Auniliary equations 7 a m—2m+120 > m=h1 ) iy +2) +0 +* Ple oo sin (x +0) (p-D" = laplfinusnd, wheres sinu=-sinx Hence the complete solution is z= CF+Pl=fy +2) +afy +x)-sinx where f, and f, are arbitrary functions. Solve the linear partial differential equation oz 7 Fro aay Febgt TA 8in Qe ey). ‘The given equation is (D'~4D'D' + ADD %e = 4 sin (2x +9) ‘The auxiliary equation is m— 4m? + 4m = 0 = mm? ~ 4mm + 4) es m=0,2,2. CP= AO) + fly + 28) + af ly + 22) Pl= 1 Pee ~4D°D's appt 48in 2x +) = 5 1 sles: DD ap apr sin ae +9] 4 D 1 D= apy Pia 5 »|1-16 C (CC-Sem-3 & 4) Partial Differential Equatio ~~ sin (2x + y) sain (ety sin r+ y)| 3 (2x +9). Hence the complete solution is =CF+PI Fly) + Fy + 28) + af(y + 2e) 2 cos (Qe ty) where /,, /, and f, are arbitrary functions. Que 1.23. | Solve : wa sin (x + 2y) +e", Answer The given equation is (D8 - 7DD" - 6D’ jz = sin (x + 2y) +e 9 Auxiliary equation is m3 —7m — (m+ D(m? -m-6) > m 1,-2,3 CF = fv -2) + fy - 22) + fly +80) i apr sins + By) ‘ * D-7Db* 6D" PI corresponding to sin (x + 2y) Ci where see Foe Jffsin uw du du du, 1 1 7p SUE ae conte + 2y) Pl corresponding toe™**1-17C (CC-Sem-3 & 4 1 er” ae 3 ex of gpe tmp? Dp wey ¢ 1 pasty 1 ___gkt¥ ax. aoe or. grt 1 ya tee? Required P= ~ 75 cos (2 +*)* 99 Complete solution is ; _ A cos x + 2y)+ % eae peop sPlafy -2)hiv-29+h0*8 7g Tt og where ff, and fare arbitrary function: Que 1.24, Solve (D?- DD’)z = c08 x 608 29 a ‘Auxiliary equation is :m*—m=0 mim-1)=0 m=0,1 CF =f0) +f +2) Pls pps wii = Fp pp Hoste 9) e05 (e-29)) Yt 1 ie 4204008 -29)] (Put D? =—1, DD! =~2 and D? = -1, DD’ =1) ett 1 Tepes +29) ,es(223] fa i: = SJeos(x+2y)—2 2 “Y) ~ = 008 (x — 2: Thus, the complete solution ig 3 y) 2210 +fy4x4) +2) + Sos (2+29)~2eos e-2 25;| Solve :r+ o 94. ES 3 ; i mininaH nee!1-18 C (CC-Sem-3 & 4) Partial Differential Equations ‘The given equation isr+s-2t= /2x+y. We know that ez a (D+ DD'-2D)z= /2xry Auxiliary equation is m?+m-2=0 Aly +2) + fly ~ 2x) nn = ———__ D?+Dp-2p*.*** Put D=2,D'=1,let 2e+y =u = vu dud Or a cpap Ive uu =14 ys 4°15 PI= Hee +P? Complete solution is z= CF+PI = fly +2) + f(y 20) + + (2x 4982 where f, and f, are arbitrary functions 6. | Solve r+ (a+b) s+abti=xy. Given equation r + (a +b) +abt= xy We know that ez @z eb) eat ghee Setla+d) aed xy (Dt + (a+b) DD +ab D%) Put D=mandD Auxiliary equation is :a mi+ia+b)m+ab=0 m+am+bm+ad mim +a)+bim +a) im +a) (m+) m=-a,-b CF = fy -ax) + fy - be) 1 pre} DresHDD aD)” 1 pis ——___} (D+eDD+bDD+abD) 1 * DD=aD)+6D D+ ab)” 1 D=aD)(D=+bD)™ 1 ° 7 D 1 lpfi 2] D yh >| _bD' PD? Dp = Hoot Integrating twice, we get Dt 2 PIs #y | xt Pre =*y ‘ aye Complete solution 6 ox 22 CF +P = AY-axsp 3 2 (y~ bx) HY | (a~ tat SaatPartial Differential Equations aT. Solve the following partial differential equation : Bt (D?- DD’ - 2b? + 2D + 2D) 2 = sin (x+y) where notations have their usual meaning. ‘Tho given difforential equation is (D'~ DD'- 2D"? + 2D + 2D = sin (2x + y) ‘That can be written as (D+D")(D-2D'+ 2z= 0 Comparing it with (D-m, D'~a,) (D-m,D'-a,z m,=~1,a,=0,m, Complementary function OF = fy —x)e + fly + 2x) = f(y 2) + fy + Arle ™ 1 2D +2D+2D' -4,D?=-1,DD'=-2 1 * TapaeeaDeap Ort? PI= sin(2x+y) Put, D D+D 1__W-D) * 2D+DyD-D) _1(-D) ee D? “ah arp P-Prsin ae +») {2cos(2x + y)—cos(2x + y)} 7 7 = apap int») sin(2x+y) sin(2x+y) = ~Leos (x+y) z=CF+PI 2a f(y -2)+ fy rode *— 2 cos (Oe +)1-21 C (CC-Sem-3 & 4) PART-4 Equations Reducible to Linear Partial Differential Equations — with Constant Coefficients. Questions-Answers ‘Long Answer Type and Medium Answer Type Questions ‘Que 1.28, | Solve the linear partial differential equation Answer Putz =e%,y =e" so that X=logx and Y= logy and let D= DD‘ = —°__ then the given equation reduces to oxey {DD - 1) - 4DD' + 4D‘ - 1) + 6D'}z = e* +4" => ((D*-4DD' + 4D) -(D - 2D )Jz =e 4" = (D-2D)(D-2D'- z=" ua CF = f(¥ + 2X) + ef (¥ + 2X) (log y + 2 log x) + xf, (log y +2 log x) (log yx) + xf, (log yx*) = g,(yx")) + xg (yx)? PI eo fd ney D-2D'-1|D-2D" - 1 1 . = pawns [sta« ae] where 3X + 4Y =u ” a} | lL reer D-2D°-1\" 5° 1 pert ak ay1-22 C (CC-Sem-3 & 4) Partial Differential Equations Hence the complete solution is 2= CF + Pl=g,x*) +xg, x*) + 4 xy! where g, and g, are arbitrary functions. Que 1.29. | Solve : (x*D* + 2xy DD' + *D")z = x"y". Answer Let x = e%, y =e” so that X = log x, Y= log y and let D Dp' = © then the given equation reduces to axey [DW - 1) + 2DD' + D'(D'= Vie =e" => (D'+2DD'+D®-D-Di)z= 0" = [(D+D¥-( 4 Die= 0" = (D+D)(D+D'-Ve=0%"" . OF =/(¥-0+eA¥-Y = (log y —log x) +3f, (log y —log =) =f {te 2) + (1or2) = (3) ny i X PI= Dy Dp)yD+D-D * mtn (m+n)(m+n-1) oe (men)(m+n-) Hence complete solution is z=CF+PI p xy = 8,0) +380) * Tim tn D “cy Where g, and g, are arbitrary functions. Ive: xr —y%t + px—qy = logs. va 2 .y =e so that X =log and ¥ = logy and let D= 2 andD'= x x’ then the given equation reduces toMathematics -IV 1-23 C (CC-Sem-3 & 4) (AD -1)-D(D'-1)+D-Diz=X ++(1.30.1) = (D?-D)z=X which is a homogeneous linear partial differential equation, with constant coefficients. CF = 9, ene. and Pl= 5 pe = woo FF ffududu where X=u we ue = (faust. fyau-y Hence solution to eq. (1.30.1) is xe 6 xe 2=O(%+O+O(¥-H+ > * = O(log y + log x) + 4,(log y —log.x) + (082 ‘oust ed ‘Therefore the complete solution to the given differential equation is 2 = O,(log xy) + 4, (toe 2,2 += (log x)? P= food +, (¥ * 42 (log x)? where f, and f, are arbitrary functions. SO©BOT C(CO Mean 4) Partial Differential Equations (2 Marks Questions) 41. Find the particular integral of (D?+ DD) z «sin (x+y) where pa, Dee. ox ay a (D? + DD')z = sin (x+y) 1 5 in ix ty) ID Replace D® and DD' by Pl= si sin (x sy=-} sin (x+y) 12, Find the particular integral of the following partial differential equation (D* + DD! - 6D")z = 008 (2 +9) FTO 2015-1000), Marl 1 pie es (289) D?+Db'-6D" , 22, DD' by -2.1.and D” f failure. Thus ae Replace D? by ~ by. It will be a case 0 1 = EPD=D ogg (22+ 9) pl= <>. (ax+¥)* Gna Dp? 7 (aD - Dienst? a2) w ee cos (2+ y)) -16 2 pain (e+ 9* 8H w 2 _|2De0s (2x+9) -P +1 in (2x +9) z E igsin(2e4 9-8 (ax+yh Esin(2x+9) 16Partial Differential Equation, SQ-2.C (CC-S ARTU 2014-150), Marka py 13. Solve: (D- _5p'+4)82=0 0: (D- sp'+ 482-0 pn) +2 fy 8) 42°F 0 + 5x) ame Leroy oe 0 I aa 22 pg +15 +h +5947 0 #50) 14, Solve : (D?-2D')2=0 p = thy ‘Asis: There is no linear factor. Let us assume that z=) Ae™*™ be the solution corresponding to (D?-2D)2z=0 (D2 -2D')2= Al any — -2Akye"” = 0 = Yen? -2b) =0 pad’ 20 -2h=0 or k= WD 15. 16. 17. ae joc 112); Hence, the general solution is, z = yA y Solve : (DD? + D®D) z = 0. DDD + D'z=0 Putting D = m and D' = 1, we get auxiliary equation as mm +1)=0 m=0,0,-1 Thus, CF = Oy + 02) + 2h + 08) + by —2) oie eee x) 2= 6,0) +260) + 9-2) Solve the PDE (D -. -D'-1) (D+ D’ ~2) z= e%-, (D-D'-1)(D+D'-2)z =e%-» , CFs ef +2) +e% fy —x) = a eo) ae, O-D-ND+ Da” =a) ey 1 oy, Beye ge? Thus e fl e “R(y +x) 6% f(y x) het ‘ing the arbitrary functio® Formulate the PDE by eliminat 2016-1701), Marks © from $(x" + ¥?, 9? 4 22) 29jos 1W @ Marks Questions iveDy oe? +97, 9? +22) = ge Mensa v(x, ¥, 2) = 9? +22 rerentiating eq. (1. f ffere! ing eq. ( 7.1) partially wr. Di ae ee aeee ule wv Lae” Gz ae |=? tox, we get jae 0 *P + 6,(0 + 2ep] =0 (20 + os2P) = 9 yrilarly differentiating eq (1.7.1) pantalyw at.toy, ae ee alaeas we get ula % &) WL ay a ay|=0 gulay + 0% 4 + d,L2y + 2eq] =0 ( 2 a") Se ie and * (ie., the coefficient matrix should be singular), ay 2y +229 aly +2q) —J2P xy + xzq -Y4 xy +200 -yp)=0 Sdvep-g=1- The complete sol Hence z = ax + (a-1) Solve z =px +ay+ \(l+P +o wn equation is of the form z = lution is 2=ax +by +e wherea~b=1 'y +e is the desired solution. px + ay + flp,q) where Give fe.g= fir +d Its complete solution is = ax +) * (ieee . Find the particular integral of Weaw pop? + app! + D+ D+ Dl Gi'p-1p'480 Wee 0° aDD + (pyyee D+ DI=DU+P ip + 3D! +2D+ D-\Dy| ‘ ‘The parti js faa by hoe aie at integra aD Yop 4D“ es >, ‘ Do DD fa oT =DoMx-y- 7 aye te Dt ee (leer Applications of Partial UNET * ge * ° _| Differential Equations Part-l Part-20: Pari-3: 2-2C to 2-116 - CONTENTS © Classification of Linear Partial Differential Equation of Second Order, Method of Separation of Variables 2-11C to 2-29C Solution of Wave and Heat Conduction Equation upto Two Dimensions 2-29C to 2-39C Laplace Equation in Two Dimensions, Equation of Transmission. LinesDIC WESow-d 80 Application of Partial Differential Baur biongy [PA RT-1 Classifioation of Linear Partial Differential Equation of Second Onder, Method of Separation of Variable. Long Anawer Type and Mi 2220. AKTU 2015-160), Marks 05 c=(1-y%) B_4 AC = (~ 2xy)?- 4(1- 32) -y) = 4x2y?—4(1 —y? — x? + xy?) = Ax2y? 4 + dy? + de? — 4x22) = 4? +y%)-4 For hyperbolic : For elliptical : _ 4AC > 0, forx 2 Lory 21orbothx,y21 2 — AAC < 0, for x and y <0 For parabolic : B? - 4AC = 0, for any of x and y = 1 andO Que22 | Apply method of separation of variables to solve 2, oe jy 7°" cos y, given that 2 0. a = 0 when x = 0 and ©. 9 when yeMathematics - IV 2-3 C (CC-Sem-3 & 4) — o_O Bem-8 & 4) on(2.2.1) where X is a function of x only and Y is a function of y only. ez oY ye x x or ety dx by From given eq. (2.2.1), x oy Now and Thus = Che * + 6p (tein 9404) (2.2.2) Putting = Owhenz=0 +C, From eq. (2.2.2), (2.2.3) Putting(ferential Equations Application of. Partial Di 2-40 (CCSem3&4) =(0+C) _e*)siny -y(2siny) =0-* Fromeq, (2.2.3), = h(l-€ iG 7] solve by separation of variables * au 2 29 ou, acy Answer ‘The given equation is yt, et 0 ey a ey Let u= XY, where X isa function of x and Yis @ funetion of y only. due Sexy a and ou _ xy oy Put these values in eq. (2.8.1), aX ay ay aX | 2x! . yy GPx 7° Dividing by XY, we get yak 3 d¥ Mar “Yay 7° yaX 2 a¥ Xa" Yd i. ae ay, Px Fy dy “PY Taking xa ~* 1 a = yo = beds On integrating we x ‘Taking ere &Mathematics -IV 2-5 C (CC-Sem-3 & 4) ( pt \ iy j-Bac + = e | Therefore the complete solution is, u=X¥ ot Que24, | Solve 2% -2u + Busing method of separation of Ox’ an variables subject to the conditions u = 0 and =~ =e when x= 0 for all value of y. Answer (2.4.1) Let (2.4.2) > e a From eq. (2.4.1), 1X 1 Kar ya 2) (say) and From eq. (2.4.2), w= Cre (Ce 4 Cet) (2.4.3)Partial Differential Equation, 2-6C (CC-Sem-3 & 4) __Apintion fa 2-6 C(CC-SemSE~_ oa Cer (Cy c)) c, +6, From eq. (2.4.3), atc tem eee”) ne ae) (2.4.4) wade (ee GU get Re + e*) eu 1 2A, ke se ° = = 2)=-3 2Ak=1 and en Atx=0, ” =o kei AS oR So, A Thus from eq. (2.4.4), le Que 2s. | solve by the method of separation of variables : 2, x = +2yu=0. RcnES eu x + 2yu=0 Bxdy * Let u = XY, where X is a function of x and y is a function of Y only. oy ay tVxY=0 x0X OY ae ay ~~ XY Divide by X, we get‘Thus, fe C,C,=a] Que 2.6. | Solve by method of separation of variable for PDE om + 2s =0,u(x,0)=4e*. — [ARTU 2016-1700, Marks 07 ‘Answer a ou 2du Given, x &% , 204 _ (26.1) ven, = 5 20 Assuming x = 3.in eq. (2.6.1), we get g SH, mu 4 Let u = XY, where X is a function x and Yis a function of y only. eu ou xy (26.2) a and & oxy (263) x Putting Ka and 5 in eq, (2.6), we get ox= On integrating, we Bet log X= 3 On integrating, we Bets k log ¥=- 5 7+ 198C 4 -by Y= Ce ‘Therefore the complete solution u=XY 4, u=CCe.e* ieee w= cce? A264 Now, ux, 0) = C,C,e* font = Ce" On comparing the coefficients, we get C,C,= 4 ana £ Putting the value of C,C, and k in eq. (2.6. 4), we get ulx,y)= 4e"Mathematics - IV 2-9 C (CC-Sem-3 & 4) See ee ee Solve the P.D.E. by separation of variables method, UW, = Uy + 2u, u(0,y) = 0, Zue,s-1 +e%, let u=XY (2.1) where X is a function of x ey and ¥ is a function of y only. ou faye x =XY" yy eu & é x = Sumy ey yx Ret OY Soe From the given equation, YX" = XY" + 2X x" ysoy x ¥ = =. = 2 +2=Msay) (2.7.2) xe i ep Taking - X"-hX=0 Ausilary equations m?—h=0 > X= Ce +C,e% (2.73) y ‘Taking yesh > 2 =k-2 > 2 =(k-2)dy Integration yields, : log ¥ = (hk ~ 2 + log C, (2.74) Celt? = Hence from eq. (2.7.1) ulz, y) = (Ce™ Ce) Ce” (2.7.5) lying the condition u(0, y) = 0 in eq. (2.7.5), we get ee u(0, y) = 02 (C, + C,) Cye*-2ential Equations (2.7.8) 202 0=-O1 Fromeq. (2.7: 4 1 ost general sauton i em fern uty) = EGC (OE me 50, colle ve)” five Lhe x: i ficients, we Bet Comparing the coe! bel 220 (4), e1+e= =C,Cs 20,0,Nk = 1, k=? 1 20,C,Vk = 1k=-1 : C,Cy= Hence from eq. (2.7.1), the 2 gitar olsen is ep fiey, Leet ee” us, 9)= 5 -e +5 Lie eye La ae = ula, y) = sinh V2 +e sina Gusis. | Solve the following equation by the method of separation of variables pee et cos x given that u = 0 when t=0and & =0whenx=0. Answer — Let u=XT eee (2.8.1) where X is a funétion of x only and T'is a function of t only. ° Then, aero ar 7 aMaxs me ou ei av = 3 a? dX X—)=—.- 2 a ee a) dt dx Gan ou je Gt axat raz 22.8.3) Substituting eq. (2.8.2) i 8 a) in eq. (2.8.3), we getMathemat Iv 211 € (CO-Sem.3 &4) ‘i cos x (2.8.4) Now, > Integration yields, (2.8.5) Also, Integrationyields, © x= _ oF sinx+C, (2.8.6) Using eq. (2.8.5) and eq. (2.8.6), we get from eq. (2.8.1), ute, t) = xr-(-Leine+,) (pe +) ..2.8.7) Applying the condition u = 0 when ¢ = 0 in eq. (2.8.7), we get o= (sins +e.) +0) > P,+C,=0 =0,=-p? Fromeg. 289, SH» (-Fsine+a) Cpte’) (2.8.8) Applying the condition & = O when x = 0 in eq. (2.8.8), we get 0=C,-p%e) > c,=0 Substituting the values of C, and C, in eq, (2.8.7), we get utx, )=— 4 sin (p4+—p2)=sine (1-4) P2-12 C (CC-Sem-3 & 4) Application: of Partial Differential Equation, @ue29, | Write the solution of one dimensional wave equation, Answer One dimensional wave equation is given by Fu, Zu Fu wore C2 = (2.9.1) a a mm T = Tension in the string. m = Mass per unit length of the string. Solution of one dimensional wave equation is done by method of separation of variables. Let w= Xx) TO Where X is a function of x only and Tis a function of f only. Differentiating eq, (2.9.2) partially w.r-t.x and t respectively and putting the values in eq. (2.9.1), (2.9.2) eu x@t ou _ x2 and et? at eae, 2 pok & &e From one dimensional wave equation, x ene -Cr ax ae om ‘Separating the variables, 2 39 = 1.27 __ pork or 0 (say) 7 : Case i: When — > 1a _ ip ox Cr at® or &X ex = oana #P por <0 or * + ROX = O and a +RCOT=0 Auxiliary equations arem? + k? = 0 and m? + °C? = 0 m= thi and m= *kCi ‘Thus complementary functions are X= C, cos kx + C, sin ke and T = C, cos kCt + C, sin kCt u=XT ey u =(C, cos kx + C, sin kx) (C, cos kCt +C, sin kCt)Mathomati Case ii: When m= m= hand £hC = X= Cre 4Cge* and T= Cre! + Cge tO Thus w= Cyel + Cee Cre + Cye hl) ..12.9.4) ! ese =Oand —~—;=0 Cr at m =0,0andm =0,0 > X= Cy+Cyox and T=Cy, +Cyot Thus W= (Cy + CyxMCy, + Cyt) (2.9.5) The solution given by eq. (2.9.3) satisfies the one dimensional wave equation. Thus the required solution of one dimensional wave is given by eq. (2.9.3). Now to find the values of C,, C,, C, and C,, which are obtained by applying boundary and initial condition: Boundary conditions : Let in one dimensional wave equation w(x, t) is the deflection of the string stretched between two fixed points (0, 0) and (J, 0). Let fx) be the initial deflection and g(x) be the initial velocity. ‘The two boundary conditions are (0, )=0 ‘i u(l, t)=0 wii) Initial conditions : The two initial conditions are ula, 0) = fx) Gu e a 2) gts) wiv) ™ (5 1. ba Initially if the string is at rest, g(x) = 0. Now to find the constants of eq, (2.9.3), apply the boundary condition (i) to eq. (2.9.3). C, (C, cos KCt + C, sin RCT) > C,=0 [: C,cos ACt + C, sin kCt # 0) From eq. (2.9.3), C, sin kx (C, cos RCt + C, sin RCH) (2.9.6) Now put boundary condition (ii), in eq. (2.9.6), Y 0 = C, sin Al (C, cos kCt + C, sin RCD) sin kl = 0 kl=nn >2-14 C (CC-Sem-3 & 4) Application of Partial Differential Equations k From eq. (2.9.5), ot ny a nnce us Cosin®*( cy cos™ Ct. e,sin 7 7 nxCt, p gin t®Ct us sina x (4 cos — + By sin = wd2.9.7) Now apply initial conditions (iii) and (iv) us ¥ A,sin 22 =e) (2.9.8) ml -(2.9.9) => nie p, sin 2% = g(x) and = ‘The left hand side of the eq. (2.9.8) and eq. (2.9.9) represents Fourier sine expansion of the right hand side. Thus _ 2p nex A= Zh fsa dx nn p _ 27! ATK and a Bn = 7 fysesin = ae Putting the values of A, and , in eq. (2.9.7), we obtain the required solution of one dimensional wave equation. Que 2.10. | Find the deflection u(a, t) of a tightly stretched vibrating string of unit length thatis initially at rest and whose initial position is given by sinax+ dsin (Sux) + J sint6xx), Osxsi Answer 1 Given wave equation is, ay & ci a os (2.10.1) Let y = XT, where X is a function of x only and Tis a function of t only. ay yer att a and Hyp EX ax? ax? Substituting these values in eq. (2.10.1) REEDED rarerSeparating the variables, 2 12% = ae SF = Heap) (+ HK =O and D+ o%y7=0 m= shi and m= taki X=C, cos kx +C, sin he T= C, cos akt +C, +sin akt ‘Thus y = (C, cos kx + C, sin hx) (C, 0s akt + C, sin akt) (2.10.2) ‘The boundary conditions are, (0, t)=0 y(0,f) =0 Initial conditions are, ( ‘yl, 0) = sin mx + fein Gm) + 2 sin (6nz), OSx <1 2). = Put x =0,y =0 in eg. (2.10.2), 0 =C, (C, cos akt + C, sin akt) C,=0 From eq. (2.10.2), y = Cysin ke: (C, cosakt +C,sinakt) (2.10.3) Now ® ~ C, sin hx «(ak Cy sin akt + akC,, cos akt) = ak Cy sin kx -(~C, sin akt + C, cos akt) @ Ny = akC, sin he(C,) C,=0 From eq. (2.10.3), y = Cz sin kx - C, cos akt y=A,sinke-cosakt [ C,C,=A,] (2.10.4) Put x = 1,y = 0 ineq, (2.10.4) 0=A, sink: cos akt sink=0 henn From eq. (2.10.4), =A, sin(nnx) cos (annt) -£2.10.5)Solve completely the equatio Que Zl ns of the string of length / fixe representing the vibratio O:y (8) =0,y (0) = fiz) and Y (x0) =0; O mes, sin ae -(Q.11.11) a Since eq. (2.11.10) represents Fourier series for fix), we have 22h in 2 (2.11.12) a,= 7 [f@sin mad ( From eq. (2.11.11), 6, = 0, for alln Hence eq. (2.11.8) reduces to < nnCt . nn y= Qa, cos = sin (2.11.13) where a, is given by eq. (2.11.12) when fix) i.e., y(x, 0) is known, Que 2.12, | Find the displacement of a finite string of length L that is fixed at both ends and is released from rest with an initial displacement fiz). AKTU 2014-1601), Marks 05 7- bial Kaquny, Applic! in 21gc(cc-sem 3&4) ‘Answer | Let the equation of the string be a cr at ill satil ‘ven re equation Tt will satisfy the giv a i ; c, cos kCt + C, sin hCt w= (C08 he + n hex) (Cy cos het + C, sin hey, 2.14, ‘According to given conditions, (0, t) = w(Ls, #)= u(x, 0) = fl) (3)... at Applying w(0, t) = 0 in eq. (2.12.1), C, = 0 , usin kx (A, cos hCt+B, sin kCt) (2.124 where, C,C,=4, C,C,=B, Applying u(L, t)=0 k= +s) 4 nl ME) 0a] mls (228 ) =me vin) [ A,sin mat, 00 2 | ‘ Applying (2) =0,B,=0 From eq, (2.12.3) Applying w= DAnsin C2) cos (26) .d24 ule, 0) = flx) in eq. (2.12.4)Mathematics - IV 2-19 C (CC-Sem-3 & 4) A,= 2 [free sin (28) de (212.5) Thus complete solution is given by eq, (2.12.4) where A, is given by eq. (2.12.5). Write the solution of two dimensional wave equation. Equation of two dimensional wave is given by 2, 2 ae bas c a (2.13.1) Es a” ay ‘The boundary conditions are u(0, y, t) = 0 u(a, y, t) u(x, 0, t) u(x, 6, t) = 0 ‘The initial conditions are u(x, y, 0) = fx, ») ov) = a(x9) wiv) Let u = X(x) Y() T (#) is a solution of eq. (2.13.1). Differentiating partially wrt. x,y, and ¢ and putting the values in eq. (2.13.1), 2, xy = ot EE ar Dividing both sides by XYT, Case i: When Where Bak +R, X=C, cosk,x + C, sin kx, ¥=C, cos ky + C, sin kyy and T =C, cos kCt + C, sin ACt Thus u = (C, cosh,x + C, sin k,x) (C, cos kyy + C, sin k,y) (C, cos kCt + C, sin kCt) (2.18.2) 12X _j212Y_p ii: Lek 1 pt SB ond Case ii: When 5 Vay”20 ¢ (CC-Sem-3 &4) Application of Partial Differential Equations, oe -Sem- s-ancicosems& 4) _ AE Where, eek tk, Its solution is given by ~hCt u=(C\e" +Cye XC, lt 4Cy by, et +Ce ) i 1 0F Case iii : When ia 4 EF 00nd Gap it Itssolution is walle + CNCy + ONCE + CO (218.4) elution of two dimensional wave equation is given by eq. (2.13.2). Apply boundary condition (i) to eq. (2.13.2), = 0=C, From eq, (2.13.2), w= C, sin k,2(C, cos hey + C, si hy \C, 008 kCt +C, sin kCt) 2135) At x=a,u=0 0=C, sin k,a(C, cos hy + C, sin hay N(C, cos bCt +C,sin kCO) sin ke = 0=sinmn tee 1 a From eq. (2.13.5), u=C, sin a (C,c0s hyy + C, sin hy) (C, cos kCt + C, sin be Ct) (2.18.6) Row st y=0,u=0 From eq. (2.13.6), => O= Cc. At y= ee | wx Cysin = Cy sin hy y(C.c0s ACt+Cgsin kCt) eas bu=0 sin k,b = 0= sin nx From eq. (2.13.7) max u=C,Cysin nay gin “7 (Cp coshCt + Cysin kCt) i (222)( 8 Jana coe KCH+ Basin ACH) (2.198)Mathematics - IV 2-21 C (CC-8em-3 & 4) Now apply initial condition (v), fts,9)= sin( 722) sin( 42) 9 Ay 22 (E Fesa)sin( 2)sin(™*2)dedy 2139 Differentiate eq. (2.13.8) w.r.t. t, ou ao sin( 2) in( [-hCA,,, sin Ct+RCB,,, cos kCtl At B= gtx,9) ale, y) = aesin( 228 xe) in( 2) By 4° s{ max any Ree, 5 lofpateaisn( a in b ) aedy (2.13.10) Solution of two dimensional wave equation is given by eq. (2.13.8) and the values of A,,, and B,,, are given by eq. (2.13.9) and eq. (2.13.10). 14, | State and solve one dimensional heat flow equation. One dimensional heat equation is given by a _ atu (214.1) a” at Let w= Xe) Te) 18X_ 1 T_ The three possible solutions are : i. X= C,coshx + Cysinkx, T'=Cye"hC# ie, u= (C,coskx+C,sinkx)C,e** ii X= Cie sGye™, T= Cee @ ie, u= CeP(C,e +C,e™) iii. X= Cyx+Cp, T=Cy ie, u=(Cxr+ CC, ‘The only solution which satisfies the condition of one dimensional heat equation is given by solution (i). 2¢2 ie, U= (Cyeoskx+Cysinkx)Cye* O' (2.14.2)tial piferential Equation — ae ae | ay Application © seas o ofthe prable gene ccsen nen, cro nature tr role aint orerperatur ry Now the ae rg bomogenen par at Prition i 36,0 =fs phe a sencitions ue 20,0 = ant Qex u=(Cx +0) Cy + CC, Case ti: X= Ceh* 4.0, che Y= Cy. 4.0, 08, Ta Cy OM ‘Tous u=X¥Tc(CU-Sem-3 & 4) Application | of Partial Differential Equations Cy oh + Cp Ce “gb? 4 Oy FRCS x= C, cos hye + C, 810 hy % Y= Cy cos hyy + Ca sin hy, T= Cs & 2 (C, cos hx + C, sin ya) (Cy 008 ky 4, sin ky) Cy oO we have to choose that solution which satistieg Out of these three solutions, fhetheat equation, Accordingly, case (i is accepted here. 2 Geos kx + C, sin k,x) (C, €08 ky 1 = (C, 008 hy C7 (2.17.2) oandx=0in eq, (2.17.2) -07 +0, sin hy) Cs e poundary conditions on putting u = Now we apply we get 0= C(C,cos ky +C, sin ky) Cs eeu = c,=0 ‘The eq. (2.17.2) reduces to u = (CosinAyx)(C coshpy + Cy sin hay )Cs ee or we sinkx(Ann coshgy + Bnn in kpy)e"Ct wow a aoe 2.173) #07 O= sinka(Amn COSkay + Bmn Sin ky Je sin k,a=0=sin mn k= ™ a From eq. (2.17.3), «(ME . sin( =) [A,,, 008%,y + B,., sin k,y] eC Now at 7 = 2.18) and at sin hb ‘Thus from eq. (2.17.4), whereMathematics - IV ae Now the initial condition u(x, y, 0) = From eq, (2.17.5), > fixy) Re, y) = Bynsin( 22) sn( EY) a 6 22 rab B= = s (mnx\. (nn an = EF fa fof le) sin( 22) sin ("E) arly Solution is given by eq. (2.17.5) and value of B,,, is given by the above equation. v Que 2.18. | A square plate is bounded by lines x = 0, y = 0; = 20,9 = 20. Its faces are ieevloen: The temperature along the upper horizontal edge is given by u (x, 20) = x (20 - x) when 0 k=n u=sinnx (Ae + Be) 208 Lim uf, yin U9) = 0, it ati Fromeg, (2.20.3), isfies only when A, = 0, it. 4= DB sin neDB sin ne 2ps B= = uosin neds Thus from eq. (2.20.4), Que 2.21. | Solv u,1)=0,u(=,9) =O and w(o, Answer Given, =0, subject to the conditions 1(x,0) =0, AKTU 2014-15(1), Marks 10 Let u= (Cyc + Cyc) (C, cos hCy + Cy sin kCy) (2.21.1) ‘This solution will satisfy given differential equation. Applying u(x, 0) = 0 in eq, (2.21.1), we get (A, +B, e-*) sin hy (2.21.2) where C,C,=A,,C, Applying u(x, 1) = 0 in eq. (2.21.2) u=O=sink u= (A, + Be) sin nay (2.21.3) Applying ule, y Asx 2, u-»0, this is only possible if A Thus from eq. (2.21.3)Application of Partial Differential Equatio,,, 8, e™ sin nay (2.21, 4) ving u(0,)) = #o nae = YB, sin nay A B, = 2) up sin nny dy where, in , Ug my é u = 2ug[- cos nay}}, = — 2u, (cos nm Dd B,, = 2ug (1 —cos nn) Fromeq.(2.214) w= Y'2u (1 -cosnn) e™* sin nay au , ou 0 ina rectangl, Solve the Laplace equation ra ro =0in gle in the ay-plane, 0 < x mow oa ; =) MMe amet ne ee oe a ot tA A plication of Partial Difforontint Ky pplic p.gomn-3 & 4) (CC-Sem- a6 coc sem’ On integrating tA 2RC nt - 208, a0 pe 1) eu Att=0,i20,A20 2 92 n? ay ORE oyg ( as) Ln TIL QueRRA] Find the current i and voltage ¢ in a line of length ue! ‘ine 7 seconds after the ends are euddenly grounded, given that secon nx Gx, 0) = ig, e(2, 0) = ey sin “]- Also R and G are negligible. For elimination of i, differentiating eq, (2.24.1) partially w.r.t x and €q, (2.24.2) partially w.r.t t, we have &e a Soe 1b ang SE ; a axe nd ae ae 43) Hence, sS=10 Se (2.24 lence, ale Se i ee Z 4 ‘The initial conditions are itz, 0) =, e(¢, 0) = =egsin BH Since, the ends are Salen rounded, the boundary conditions are Also i = i, (constant) when a ‘Gx =O Which ae Nowe =XT be aso aites a = =o ABH ie Owhen t = aye Tis a function of ¢ only, 9: (2.24.3) where X is a function -— ca @e Beek Pang He Frome, (2.249) %7 zexr ae Separating the variables X”_ 7» Se pt Tate dea 2 ns xTMathematics - IV d , P ++ DX sand 22 dt X= C, con ps + C,in px T= C,cos PL 4.0, gin Pt en Ee Te € = XP =(C, cow pe + C, sin px) plo. pt (cyeor fi resin ft) i228 Applying the boundary conditions eq, (2.24.5) in eq. (2.24.71), we get C,=Oandp= on being an integer Eq. (2.24.7) becomes e= Goin ™(o, co Ts sin at . e= nts an) 224.8) or where A= OCjanin CL, in Anz gin tt, BPE ogg Ott. a fine” Nie ' Wie Wie) B=0 «NT nme e=Asin cos re Since & = 0 when t = 0, we get Fromeq. (2.24.8) $4. sin 2 cos TH is also a solution By superposition, e= L Asin] cos egal asin TE when t= 0 Butoy 2-38 C (CC-Sem-3 & 4) Application of Partial Differential Raya, log, Integrating w.r.t. , regarding x as constant L Zi. nt i= ~ Seon ME bin AE + Fy (2.249 where fix) is an arbitrary constant function. Since i = i, when ¢ = 0, we have i, = 0 + flx) or flx) From eq. (2.24.9), we have etree! je cos ™ sin —. fee Tt” Wie ic 2 assuming that the initial voltage), ‘GEEFBE_| solve V, sin =; V(x,) = 0 and V=0at the ends =0 and x=! for allt, T 5M) = V=XT on(2.25,4) where X is a function of x only and T is a function of t only. 2 &V _ rx ana 2 - ex? et? Substituting in the given equations, we get TX" = LCTX" x. 107 =-pisay) i 2 => X" + p*X=0 X= C, cos px + C, sin px a r o Les =-, "42 pe ib a p> T" +76? 0 it 7 rt T= C, cos +, sin FI a MEG TEE Hence, V=XT= 0 then eq. (2.1.1) represent A212) functions of and y and 1.1) represents elliptic equation. ‘ts parabolic equation. ts hyperbolic equation. 22. Classify the following differential equation in the first quadrant y*u,,- Uy, =0 _ On comparing above equation with standard form, tu Ou dh Hs r(ssu "ey So, it will represent elliptic equation. 23. Classify the following partial differential equ: ata? 79 [ARTURoIsaemD, Marks 0 a ae? On comparing above equation with standard form,tics - 1V (2 Marks Questions) SQ5 S a CiCC-g¢, &4) go Bae aay aie Se A=1,B=0,0=1 y 2 Now B-4AC =0- 4x1 41 =0 ae -4<0 So, itwil represent elliptic equation ify the i 24. Classify the equation w+ 3u, 4 4,,=0. AKTU 2014-15(11), Marks pas Let u,, + 8u,, tu, = A=1,B=3,C=1 _ B-4AC=9-4(1)1)=550 Hence, the given partial differential equation is hyperbolic. 25. Solve me 3% using method of separation of variables. ua Let u = XT, where X is a function of x and T is a function of t only. oe pK eu ox ex! et ox er To KS 1% = $F noe & & = hoe InX=hr+ Cy grey 32 ok T wars Et+Cr k ee GeXxT ‘ a ete ilea a acto vu oe, oe 26, Write down the solution for the PDE = arpartial Differential Equay arial Dati $Q-6 C(CC-Se Te du au. 2% to one dimensional }, Ane. iven PDE 7 me a the give? a nes On comparing ax »quation we have cequatiot Cot ae solution of this 7 7 .¢ solution of a CA ae a istribution in ature distribu arod 27, Find the stendy state temperate ie eapectivels kept at 30 gm whose ends are Kel aa a So, th uw fener eee ‘Ans: Steady state temperature distribution is given DY ou 20 : ( w=C,x+Cy 21 cs , u = 30 0 and at w= 70 C, +0, = C,= 10 ae 0.x + 10 28, Write two dimensional heat equation. ARTU 2015-1600), Marks 02 2, ‘Ags ‘Two dimensional heat equation is (&-%) =0 ae?) 29. Write down transmission line equations. ‘Ane. i, Telegraph equations : ev av a Vv ae = ROL (2.9) a a 3p 7 ACR (2.92) a Both eq. (2.9.1) and e ii, Radio equations : ev _ av 4. (2.9.2) are known as telegraph equationMathematics - IV (2 Marks Questions) SQ-7C (CC-Sem-3 & 4) 2.10. Write down the case (or equation) for submarine cable. ni Transmission line equation is wv ay Ge = tos (uo+Re) Za rev 2.104) aa . we to +(LG+ RC) S + RGi 2.102) For submarine cables, L = C = 0 hence the eq. (2.10.1) and eq. (2.10.2) will reduce to enee the olarak eV _ pov a ai d So = RGi an ae 7 RG 2.11. Specify with suitable example the clarification of Partial Differential Equation (PDE) for elliptic, parabolic and hyperbolic differential equation. 2 AKTU 2016-170), Marks 02 «(2.11.1) at Py oar” where A, B, C are constants or continuous functions of x and y possessing continuous partial derivatives and A is positive. Now eq. (2.11.1) is i. Elliptic, if B?-4AC <0 i, Hyperbolic, if B?- 4AC > 0 iii, Parabolic, if B?- 4AC =0 Example : Consider partial differential equation as follows : ou, Ou, ou 4 eat ae 0 Here A=4,B=4,C=1 i Bt - 4AC = (4)? - 4(4)(1) = 16 - 16 = 0 Hence, the given equation is parabolic. OOOStatistica| Techniques | CONTENTS — Part-1 Part-2 Part-3 Part-4 Introduction : Measures of 3-2C to 3-8C Central Tendency, Moments, Moment Generating Function (MGF), Skewness, Kurtosis Curve Fitting, Method of Least z Square, Fitting of Straight Lines; Fitting of Second Degree Bas Parabola, Exponential Curve | { { | Correlation and Rank Correlation......3-15C to 3-18C Regression Analysis : 1. S-18C to 3-23C Regression Lines of y on x and.x on y, 2 Regression Coefficients, < Properties of Regressions Coefficient and Non-Linear Regression3-2 (CC-Sem-3 & 4) Introduction : Men i ee : Measures of Centi mdeney, Moment Moment Generating Function (MGR) Shanon en Statistical Techniques I the origin. ay? 7 —(- 1.5)? = 14.75 = 3 py'Hy + uy — 80) — 3 (— 1.5)(17) + 2 (- 1.5)8 = 39.75 dig Ha 4 Hyg’ + 6 (Hy 7 (Hg) 30H = 108 - 4(- 1.5)(— 30) + 6(— 1.517) ~ 3(- 1.5) 42.3125 Moments about origin, 4-15=25 i + (04) = 14.75 + (2.5) = 21 = Hy + 30v.—20,° 19.75 +3 x 2.5 x 21-2 x (2.5) = 166 = 60,20, + 30,4 5 x 166 — 6 x (2.5)? x 21 + 3 x (2.5)¢ ut Avyvs 49.3125 + 4 x 2. 132 Define skewness and kurtosis of a distribution. The are 0, 2.5, 0.7, and 18.71. Find geass first four moments of a distribution skewness and kurtosis. the coefficient o! wwness means lack of symmetry ie., when 8 ‘henit is called a skewed distribution and this The term ske' d or negatively skewed. it symmetric be positively skewer Skewness distribution is no distribution mayMathematics -IV 3-3C (CC-Sem-3 & 4) Kartosis Tt tells whether the distribution, ifplotted on @ graph would give Karmal curve, acurve more lat than the normal curve, oF more peaked than the normal curve. Numerical: ips Oy y= 25 ty =O, Hy = 18-7 : ng _ 0.7? Coefficient of skewness (B,) = 85 = = 0.08136 (+ ve) 2° (25° ‘The distribution is positively skewed. i Hs Kurtosis (B,) = = 2.9936<3 B= OaF ‘The distributions platykxurtic. JS. | Find the M.GF. of the random variable X having the following probability density function x O 0 Distribution is positively skewed. (Que 36.| The following table represents the height of a batch of 100 students. Calculate skewness and kurtosis : Height (in cm) | 5961 |63| 65 |67|69]'71|78|75 No. of students | 0| 2 | 6|20|40/20] 8| 2| 2 Answer. Height) No.of |u==—9"| fu | fu? fue pe | 2 (cm) =| student f 4 59 0 -4 0 0 0 0 61 2 -3 -6 18 - 54 162 63 6 -2 -2 24 | - 48 96 65 20 = - 20 20 - 20 20 67 40 0 oO 0 0 0 69 20 1 20 20 20 20 71 8 2 16 32 64 128 73 2 3 6 18 54 162 15 2 4 8 32 128 512 IN = Bf = 100| fu = 12 | Sfu? =164|5fu3 = 144]5 fut = 113-8 C (CC-Sem- cinch vinnnnitchaabea Statistical Techniques Moments about 67; Ma = Hy'= ny? 6.56 ~(.24)2 6.5024 + ayy = 176-4 (11.52) (0.24) + 6(6.56) (0.24) = 167.19798 Coefficient of skewness, = (6.824448) 9.1694 (positive) (6.5024) Hence, the curve is positively skewed. Me 2 3.9544 >3 u Hence the distribution is leptokurtic. ahd st So, Pino right Aetaeldens. A ispaantlal DP Coefficient of kurtosis, f3-9 C (CC-Sem.3 & 4 Te Qu Use the method of least squares to obtain the normal equations and fit the curve for y = “+ ¢,vx to the following table x Mathematics - IV of values: x | O1 | 02 [04 | 05 ie je, |G oe ¥ Answer Normal equations to the curve y =“ +¢,vx are x yx 1 1 Le oly “LE 1 Dove = aly tals Table of values is : 1 1 = fe a y ah ave ve es o1 | 21 210 6.64078 3.16228 100 o2 | 11 55 4.91935 2.23607 25 o4 [7 175 4.42719 1.58114 6.25 05 | 6 12 4.24264 1.41421 4 1 5 5 5 1 1 2 6 3 8.48528 0.70711 0.25 1 rea 4.2 E(y/x) = 302.5} Byvx = 83.71524 La rideiies Substituting the values in normal equations, we get 302.5 = 136.59 + 10.10081 ¢, BT) (B72) and 33.71524 = 10.10081 ¢, +4.2¢, Solving eq, (3.7.1) and eq. (3.7.2), we Bet p= 1.979217 and ¢, = 3.28182 .e the required equation of curve is 1.97327 | 3 o8182vz ¥ Henc ares, derive the normal WESGE] Using method of least sau equation to fit a parabola y =4 + bx + cx? from the following data (naniinninteenin