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Estimation of Random Errors

The document discusses methods for estimating random errors in measurements including increasing the number of readings and using statistical means to obtain the best approximation of the true value. It describes several statistical analysis methods such as arithmetic mean, deviation from the mean, average deviation, standard deviation, variance and probable error. An example is also given to show calculating these values from a set of voltage measurements.

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30 views4 pages

Estimation of Random Errors

The document discusses methods for estimating random errors in measurements including increasing the number of readings and using statistical means to obtain the best approximation of the true value. It describes several statistical analysis methods such as arithmetic mean, deviation from the mean, average deviation, standard deviation, variance and probable error. An example is also given to show calculating these values from a set of voltage measurements.

Uploaded by

lyalashwany
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Estimation of Random Errors

These errors are due to unknown causes and occur even when all systematic errors have been
accounted for. In well-designed experiments few random errors usually occur, but they become
important in high accuracy work. The only way to offset these errors is by increasing the number
of readings and using statistical means to obtain the best approximation of the true value of the
quantity under measurement.

Statistical Analysis of Data


To make statistical methods useful, the systematic errors should be small compared with
random errors because statistical treatment can not improve the accuracy of measurement.

1- Arithmetic Mean(X`):
It’s the value lie in the medial number of measured variable and represents the most
accurate measured value for the true value. Arithmetic mean is given by:

reading is occur in the measurements, or the frequency number of each reading.

2- Deviation From The Mean(di):


Deviation is the departure of a given reading from the mean value. It’s given by:

The deviation from the mean may have a positive or a negative value and the algebraic
sum of all the deviation must be zero in symmetrical curve

3- Average Deviation(D):
The average deviation is the sum of the absolute values of deviations divided by the
number of readings

4- Standard Deviation(σ):
It’s the root mean square deviation, and the standard deviation represents the variation of
the reading from the mean value. For a finite number of reading
5- Variance(υ):
It’s defined as mean square standard deviation

6- Probable Error (r):


It’s the maximum chance (50%) that any given measurement will have a random error no
greater than ±r

r = ±0.6745σ

7- Gaussian Distribution Curve:


It’s the normal distribution curve for random errors where X in the centre of this curve.
The random errors may be positive or negative with respect to X thus lie at the two side
of the curve, small errors are more probable than large errors. Gaussian curve is drawn by
the following equation:
8- Histogram:
Graphically represent the number of observed reading against the observed value is called
the histogram and the connection between the distributions of observation is called
Gaussian curve
Example:
The following readings were recorded for voltage measurement:
10.1, 9.7, 10.2, 9.6, 9.7, 10.1, 9.6, 9.7, 10.1

Calculate:
1. Arithmetic mean (X)
2. Deviation from the mean (d)
3. Average deviation (D)
4. standard deviation (σ)
5. Variance (V)
6. probable error (±r)
Sol.:
Rearrangement the reading in two columns with its frequency or (number of
reading), thus

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