NOTES ON

Presentation Skills

FALL Semester 2022

Architecture & Civil Engineering
Departments

Dr./ Nouran Magdy

Chapter One / Presentation skills FALL-2022

CHAPTER ONE: Presentation skills

FIRST STEPS
IT’S ALWAYS A GOOD IDEA TO START BY ANALYSING YOUR TASK, AS YOU WOULD DO
FOR ANY OTHER ASSESSMENT.

- Analyze the task and think about what you need to say (the content) and who
you will say it to (the audience).
- Brainstorm your content, write down everything that comes into your head
about the topic. Remember, there’s no right or wrong in brainstorming, so write
down everything you can think of.
- Now you have a basis from which to write an outline and organize your
presentation. If you need to do any research or find out more information about
the topic of your presentation, now is the time to do it.

WHAT IS A PRESENTATION?
A presentation is a form of predominantly formal and one-way communication
aimed at giving information to one or more people in ways that enable them to act.

A presentation takes place in order to persuade a person or group of people to:

• adopt or revise an attitude
• accept or modify an opinion
• take or refrain from taking an action or decision.

FEATURES OF A PRESENTATION

With respect to ‘content’ were identifying a key concept of presentation (43%) and
relevance (43%). Best features in evaluations of ‘slides’ were clarity (50%), graphics
(27.3%) and readability of the text and font size (23%). Finally, best features in
‘presentation style’ were clarity (59%), pace (52%), voice (48%), engaging with the
audience (43%), addressing questions (34%) and eye contact (28%).

The seven features of effective presentations together from the word SUCCEED.
The letters stand for:

S – Suitability: i.e. is a presentation the best way to communicate?

U – Understanding: i.e., will a presentation help others
understand your message?
C – Convincing: i.e., can you convince others to your message

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using a presentation?
C – Commanding: i.e., will your delivery be commanding and
authoritative?
E – Entertaining: i.e., will your presentation entertain?
E – Enthusiastic: i.e., can you convey enthusiasm with your ideas?
D – Daring: i.e., is the presentation exciting and lively?

1- STRUCTURING YOUR PRESENTATION

If you are considered to use a visual aid for your presentation as PowerPoint software,
then you must have a plan to design the slides of your presentation according to the
subject you are supposed to present in front of your audience in a logical sequence. For
Example, if you have a research, or you are supposed to give a lecture, the following
table will guide you to achieve the best sequence of your subject.

Table 1-1 Structuring your PowerPoint presentation for a typical lecture

Slides Number of slides Content of the slide

Title Slide 1 Names & Institution
Introduction 1-2 Give an overview of your research or
lecture. (Tell them what you will got to
say)
Substance of 25 Give the lecture (the core of your study/
research/lecture break it into sections / use humor / ask
questions / case histories)
(Say IT)
Summary / 1-2 Tell them what was the lecture about
Conclusion then the conclusion of your study
(Tell them what you have just said)
Questions Consider Handouts
Total = 28 to 30 slides in maximum 20 minutes

WHY SHOULD YOU USE VISUAL AIDS IN A PRESENTATION?

Giving the audience something to look at takes their focus away from you and if you’re
nervous about speaking in front of a crowd, anything that takes the attention of you will
be very welcome! Visual aids should also aid the understanding of the audience.
If your visual doesn’t help the audience understands, then it’s only going to distract
them, and you don’t want that. So don’t just do a PowerPoint presentation for the sake
of it to make sure that any visuals you provide will attract and hold the audience’s
attention and interest, and/or explain or clarify your key points. Visual aids can
enhance your presentation, but they can’t do all the work for you. You still need to plan
and deliver an engaging talk that can be understood without relying on visual aids.

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A- Uses of visual aids

Visual aids have many uses when giving a presentation. Visuals can help in:
- Capturing attention
- Increasing interest
- Clarifying an idea
- Reinforcing a concept
- Providing a reference point e.g. the spelling of an unfamiliar word, or a chart
showing trends.
However, your visual aids can’t do all the work for you, and they shouldn’t distract from
the main content of your presentation.

B- Types of visual aids

- presentation software e.g. PowerPoint
- whiteboards
- handouts
- overhead transparencies (rarely used)

C- Presentation Softwares
There are a lot of programs and apps available to help you design visuals to accompany
your talk. Here are just a few:
- Microsoft PowerPoint
- Prezi
- emaze
- Projeqt
- Haiku Deck
- PowToon

Points to Consider while using Power point

- PowerPoint allows you to create slideshows featuring embedded multimedia e.g.
pictures, videos, music.
- Less is More (28 to 30 slides in maximum 20 minutes)
- Not too much text (The 6*7 rule : No more than 6 lines per slide, and no more
than 7 words per line).
- Use graphs rather than tables.
- Create sections , this will help you to organize your presentation.
- Make sure the text can be read – Use appropriate font size (28-40 pt for

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headlines, 18-28 for text, 12-14 for references) - look at your presentation from
2 meters away to estimate that it’s big enough.
- ALL CAPITAL LETTERS ARE DIFFICULT TO READ – Upper and Lower case
letters are easier.
- Serif fonts are difficult to read on screen – ex: Times new roman font ( Z )
- Sanserif fonts are clearer – ex: Calibri font ( Z )
- Italics are difficult to be read on screen.
- Bold Fonts are preferable.
- Underlines may signify hyperlinks.
- Avoid Clutters, stick three to five points per slide at most, use numbers, bullets,
or even colors to make these points as a list with specific sequence.
- Use color combinations that work when projected (light on dark vs dark on
light).
- Beware of backgrounds – not too fussy.
- Beware of animations – distracting.
- Beware of sound effects – distracting.
- Art works can be distracting.
- A range of design options are available.
- Can be hands-free if you use a wireless presenter or presentation remote (you
can also get an app for your phone that can do this).
- There are a couple of different versions around so make sure your version is
compatible with the computer you will use to display your presentation.
- It’s easy to get caught up in using animations, transitions, and fancy backgrounds
so remember to keep it simple.
- Requires you to stay near the computer to click to the next slide unless you have
a hands-free device.
- Somewhat limited when compared to specialist presentation software such as
Prezi.

Points to Consider while using White boards

- Readily available.
- Easily erased.
- You can write as you go.
- Need to have a proper whiteboard marker (NOT a permanent marker) for a
whiteboard, and chalk for a blackboard.
- You have to turn away from your audience to write anything.
- Can be time-consuming to write and you need to write neatly.

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Points to Consider while using Handouts

- The audience can make notes directly on the handout
- You can give out a handout at the start of your talk and direct the audience’s
attention verbally, without physical interaction.
- Can supplement other visual aids, for example by putting your references on the
handout rather than on the PowerPoint.
- Can be interactive.
- Printing and photocopying costs money.
- Not environmentally friendly – but you could create and distribute digital
versions to save paper.
- Can distract the audience.
- You need to anticipate numbers and ensure you have enough handouts.

General tips for visual aids

- Use all visual aids as a prompt, and don’t read them word-for-word to the
audience.
- Trust the audience to read the information for them.
- In addition to the above, don’t put your whole talk on your visual aids. They
need to supplement your speech, not substitute for it.
- Make sure the audience can see the visual from all points in the room.
- Use a large font – preferably 18pt or bigger – and make sure the text can be seen
from the back of the room.
- Don’t limit yourself to text – include pictures, symbols, graphs, and other visual
representations where appropriate.
- Allow the audience time to read and absorb the visual.
- Keep your visual aids simple for maximum effect.
- One idea per slide is a good rule for PowerPoint.
- Have a backup plan in case technology lets you down, and be prepared to give
your presentation without visuals if necessary.
- Practice using the aids in your presentation so you know exactly what to do and
when.

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HOW TO PRESENT?

Here the steps to follow to be an effective speaker:

A- The beginning (The introduction)

This is the most important part of any presentation. It is when the speaker establishes a
rapport with the audience and makes the first impression on the audience.
- Get the audience's attention by signal words
The speaker may use the following words or expression when starting his/her
presentation:
Right. Well. OK. Ee…mm. Let's begin. Good. Fine. Great. Can we start? Shall we start? Let's get the
ball rolling.

It is common to begin with a joke, humor , an anecdote, a statement made to surprise or

to gain the audience's attention, to make people want to listen, to feel relaxed and even
to introduce the subject. Asking direct questions or rhetorical questions in the beginning
of a presentation in order to involve the audience in your discussion is an effective
technique. Even asking to show their hands in response to a question or giving some
information or personal ideas and feelings can also be effective and interesting for the
audience.
- Greetings
The speaker may greet the audience by saying something like:
Good morning / good day / Good afternoon/ Hello ladies and gentlemen. Good morning members
of the jury. Good afternoon esteemed guests. Good evening members of the board .Fellow colleagues
Mr. Chairman/Chairwoman. Thank you for your kind introduction. Thanks for giving me this
opportunity

- Introducing yourself
By give personal information, audience can identify the speaker and establish your
authority.
Good afternoon ladies and gentlemen, let me introduce myself. Good morning everyone, I'd like to
start by introducing myself. My name is...I am a student at the ………….I am a doctoral candidate, I
am a PhD scholar of …I am …. from …
But sometimes, especially when invited to speak, the host introduces the guest
speaker, gives the same information and then gives the floor to him/her.

- Introducing the title and the subject of your presentation

Give a working definition of the subject you are going to speak about using the following
sentences.
Well, I would like to talk about …I plan to speak about...Today I'm going to talk about...The
subject of my presentation is...The theme of my talk is...I've been asked to give you an overview
of...I have chosen to speak about this because...I was asked to speak about X because...

If you want to set any limits on the scope of your talk, it may be very useful to eliminate
certain areas before you start so as to avoid confusion. It is also very useful and polite to
give the audience some idea of how long you will speak so as to maintain their attention

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better.
I will not speak about...I have limited my speech to…My talk will last about 15 minutes.

You may ask a question or somehow try to determine the attitude and knowledge of the
audience. You will then have to modify the contents, as you never know exactly what to
expect.
Have you ever heard of...? You may already know…I feel sure that some of you…Every day you
encounter...
Get the audience's attention by saying:

Have you ever heard of/seen …? You've probably seen countless times...You may have wondered...

-Give your objectives (purpose, aim, goals)

The main purpose of an informative speech is to have the audience understand and
remember a certain amount of information. You should therefore have two purposes: a
general purpose and a specific one. The former is to inform: to give an overview, to
present, to summarize, to outline; to discuss the current situation or to explain how to
do something or how something is done. The latter is what you want the audience to
take away with them after listening to you, what you want them to do, what they should
remember.
My purpose in doing this paper is to give you a …What I would like to do today is to explain…./
to outline.../ to illustrate.../ to have a look at.../to give you the essential background
information on...What I want my listeners to get out of my speech is...If there is one thing I'd like
to get across to you today it is that…
-Announce the outline of your presentation
Keep the outline to two or three main points. Concerning grammar the headings of the
outline should be of the same grammatical form.
I have broken my speech down/up into … parts. I have divided my presentation (up) into … parts.
In the first part I give a few basic definitions. In the next section I will explain…In part three, I am
going to /explain/enumerate/ show...In the last part I would like/want to give a practical
example...

-Possible questions and comments from the audience

It is quite common to let the audience know at some point in the introduction when
and whether they may ask questions.

I'd ask you to save your questions for the end. There will be plenty of time at the end of my speech
for a discussion. You may interrupt me at any moment to ask questions or make comments. Please
stop me if you don't understand anything I say but could you keep any specific questions until
after I've finished.

-Transition between the introduction and the body.

Now let us turn to point ...Let us now move on to the … part, which is, as I said earlier….

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B-The middle or the body of the presentation

- Content
All information you give in your speech should support your purpose. You will have to
limit the content, as time is usually precious!
- Quantity
Give as much information as is enough to clearly develop your ideas.
- Arrange your ideas logically
Use the following possibilities for organizing your ideas:
logical; chronological; order; from general to specific; from known to unknown; from accepted to;
controversial; cause/effect; problem/solution.
- Get the audience's attention

The audiences usually remember the first and last parts of a presentation. Try to keep
the audience's attention throughout the rest of the speech.
-Signaling where you are
Sometimes it is necessary to guide the audience by using expressions to tell him/her
where you are going. This is very like verbal punctuation. Indicate when you have
finished one point and then go on to the next one. It is redundant in text but very useful
in oral presentations. Experienced presenters will also clearly pause; change their
stance and the pitch of their voice as they move from one part of a presentation to
another.
- Listing information
Vary your language whenever possible and avoid reading directly. Listing your
information is very important.
There are three things we have to consider: one, two, and three /A, B, C. Now let us look at the …
aspect/part which is...First of all…In the
first place…
- Linking ideas, sections and making transitions
Indicate the end of one section and the beginning of the next.
That's all I would like to say about... and now let us turn to ....Now that we've seen... let us turn to…

- Outlining
To show you are familiar with the different ways of dealing with a topic or situation, you
can outline them.
There seem to be two possible ways of dealing with this... first/first of all …We've looked at this
from the point of view of the/eye of … but what about if we were to...A number of options present
themselves at this point....
- Comparing and contrasting
You may compare the strengths and weaknesses of what you are dealing with in your

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presentation.
What exactly are the …? On the plus side we can add...This is not the only weakness of the plan...We
cannot ignore the problems that such an
action would create...We do not need to concern ourselves with…Of lesser interest are…

- To be clear and concrete

To give an example:
Now let's take an example. An example of this can be found...To illustrate this…Lets see this through
an example. For example, For instance, e.g.

To rephrase:
Let me rephrase that, In other words , Another way of saying the same thing is , That is to say, i.e.

To summarize:
To summarize, To sum up, Let me summarize by saying ,So that concludes my overview, In
conclusion , Briefly said , In short, What I've tried to show in this part...To recap what we've seen
so far...
To emphasize:
What is very significant is...What is important to remember...I'd like to emphasize the fact
that...I’d like to stress the importance of...to highlight... to underline...What I tried to bring
out...What we need to focus on...
To refer to what you have already said:
As I have already said earlier...As we saw in part ...To repeat what I've said already…
To refer to what you will say:
We will see this a little later on. This will be the subject of part …We will go into more detail on that
later. For now, suffice to say...
To quote:
I quote the words of ...In the words of…According to...Here I'd like to quote…As Mr. … says in his
book...
To refer to common knowledge:
As you all may well know...It is generally accepted that...As you are probably aware (of)...

B-The End or Conclusion

The end of a presentation needs special consideration.
- The Content
The end or the conclusion of your presentation should include four parts:
A brief review of what you tried to show in your presentation , A short conclusion ,
Thanks to the audience for listening , An invitation to ask questions, make comments or
open a discussion.
At the end you should briefly summarize your presentation in a few lines.
I'd like to summarize/sum up, at this stage I would like to run through/over the main points...So, as

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we have seen today....As I have tried to explain this morning....

- For Recommendations or proposals
You should use the following sentences:
As a result we suggest that…In the light of what we have seen today I suggest that...My first
proposal is...
- When you conclude
In conclusion I would like to say that...My final comments concern...I would like to finish by
reminding everyone that...

- If you distribute an abstract or …:

I've prepared a/n … of...In the sheets that are now being distributed you will find a/n...

- Dealing with questions :

Just a minute please. What is a...? I'd be happy to answer any questions....If there are any questions
please feel free to as. Thank you very much for your attention and if there are any suggestions or
comments

- Dealing with difficult questions:

What do you mean by that? How can I put it? Well …As you know …I'm glad you asked that
question. That's a good question/point/remark.
Can I answer that question later? I saw that in … of/by…I agree with you but there is another way
of looking at it.

2- WRITTEN VERSUS SPOKEN LANGUAGE

IN THE PREVIOUS SECTION WE TALKED ABOUT WRITING YOUR PRESENTATION,

BUT IT’S IMPORTANT TO REMEMBER THAT WRITING AND SPEAKING ARE TWO
DIFFERENT LANGUAGE ACTIVITIES.
If you write your presentation in the language of a formal essay and read it aloud
without changing anything, you’ll sound overly formal. Not only that, but the audience
will have trouble following what you’re saying, because you designed your words to be
read. You’ll need to adjust the words you use and the length of your sentences so that
you speak in a more natural manner and your audience can understand you.

Think of your presentation as you explaining something to a friend: would you use
lengthy,
Subject-specific words, or would you choose more simple words that you know your
friend
can understand? Your audience is your friend, and your aim is to help them
understand.
Furthermore, instead of reading out your full speech you should try to condense the
main points into note cards that you use to prompt your memory. That way, your
speech will seem spontaneous and interesting. If you spend the presentation with your
eyes on your notes, your audience won’t be able to hear you properly or see your face,

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two important components of effective presentations. Speaking from notes can be a

difficult technique to master, so don’t be discouraged if it takes time for you. As always,
practice is the key.
- Spoken text is more informal and longer than written text, and uses more words
and more sentences.
- Spoken sentences also tend to be shorter than those found in essays.
- The first person (I, me, we, etc.) is more acceptable in speech than in most
academic writing, and signposting words like ‘also’, ‘next’, and ‘for example’ are
used more often than in written work.
- Some level of informality is acceptable, although judge carefully and don’t use
slang, rude words, or words unfamiliar to your audience.
- Take care to explain any unusual or new words, and provide a visual of the
spelling or meaning of any unfamiliar words and phrases.

3- BODY LANGUAGE AND GESTURES

WHAT YOU SAY ISN’T THE ONLY THING THAT MATTERS WHEN GIVING A
PRESENTATION: THE AUDIENCE WILL ALSO PAY ATTENTION TO HOW YOU SAY IT.

Your presentation starts from the moment you walk in the room, not from the moment
you open your mouth.

A- Dress the part

All eyes will be on you, so wear something that looks good on you. You don’t have
to dress up, and indeed your first priority is comfort: if you’re not comfortable in
your clothes, the audience will pick up on your discomfort.
We’re just saying it’s a good idea to wear something clean that suits you. Think of it
like an actor putting on a costume: this is your presentation outfit, and when you
wear it, you will be awesome.
B- Check your posture
Stand in a neutral, open stance, with your feet hip-width apart and toes pointing straight
ahead. Make sure you’re balanced on your feet, and not rolling onto the heel or ball of
the foot. Keep your shoulders back and don’t slouch. This stance will support your lungs
and allow you to take deep breaths, which is essential for good voice control.
C- Hand Positions
Well, unless you’re making a gesture. Alternatively you can use one hand to hold your
notes if there isn’t a lectern. Some people don’t like using a lectern or desk because it
places a physical barrier between the speaker and audience that can become a mental
barrier. It’s better to keep your hands by your side. The following hand positions can
look odd if held for too long:
• Hands clasped behind the back.
• One hand inside the jacket.
• Hands clasped in front of the groin.
• Both hands deep in the pockets jangling money.

D- Before you start, SMILE!

Scientifically, when you smile, you relax and communicate to your anxious brain that

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there’s nothing to worry about. When your audience sees you smile, they feel like you’re
happy to be there and they relax too.

E- Face the audience at all times

Don’t turn your back to the audience while you’re speaking, because then your voice will
be much more difficult to hear.
If you need to turn away to adjust technical equipment or for another reason, pause
your speech. Practicing using visual aids or changing PowerPoint slides will stop you
from interrupting yourself just to adjust the visual.
However, you don’t have to stand in one spot, either. Move around the room if it feels
right to you, although take care not to pace unnecessarily and distract the audience.

F- Make eye contact with the audience

Firstly, if you are looking your audience in the eyes, then your head is raised and your
voice will be audible. When a shy speaker stares at the floor, their voice goes to the
floor, too.
Secondly, looking individual audience members in the eye makes them feel like you’re
really speaking to them. It makes them feel included and interested. Don’t hold eye
contact too long, though.
If you have difficulty looking people in the eye try looking at the forehead between
their eyes instead – it has almost the same result.
G- Use gestures appropriately
Gestures can be used to make a point, explain a concept, or emphasize a word or idea.
Let your gestures come naturally, rather than forcing them. Practicing your
presentation will really help you here.
H- Use your face
Lastly, don’t forget about your facial expressions, because they help you tell the
story. Practice looking at yourself in a mirror while talking if you’re not sure what
you might look like. Ask for feedback from a trusted friend on how you can improve.
I- Make yourself heard
It’s important to speak loudly, so that you can be heard, but don’t shout or strain your
voice. Instead, learn to project your voice: this means that you can be heard in the back
of the room, but you are not yelling.
Adjust your volume to the size of the room, as well. You can also change your volume
for emphasis or to get your audience’s attention (not just by shouting), sometimes
lowering your volume slightly will make your audience lean forward to hear what’s
coming next.
Speak slowly and clearly, especially for key points.
You should also vary your vocal tone and pitch. Tone is the rising and falling pattern
of speech. The classic example is when someone’s voice rises at the end of a sentence
to indicate a question requiring an answer. Pitch is how high or low your voice is,
and you can modulate pitch for various effects. People tend to speak at a higher pitch
when uncomfortable or running out of breath, so you may want to practice your
presentation and avoid ending up at a higher pitch.

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Don’t forget to pronounce sounds clearly so that your audience can understand you, as
well as practice pronouncing unfamiliar words.

J- Attention spans

Research indicates that most people’s attention spans start to decline about 17 minutes
of non-stop listening. Research also shows that attention is higher at the start and end
of a talk than in the middle. This means that you should time your presentation to last
no more than about 20 minutes. If your subject requires you to speak longer, think of
using suitable breaks, intervals or a change of pace and style.

4- TIPS FOR REDUCING ANXIETY BEFORE GIVING A

PRESENTATION
Being nervous before giving a speech is totally normal. Anxiety is your body’s way of
getting ready to do the job. However, if nerves are getting in the way of you
preparing or practicing your presentation, then you might want to try some of the
following methods to reduce anxiety.
A- It’s OK to be nervous
First, remind yourself that it’s OK to be nervous. One sure-fire way to reduce anxiety
is to make sure you’re really prepared – so practice, practice, and practice again.
B- Focus on your breath
Try some deep breathing exercises. Any time you slow down and focus on your
breath you will calm both body and mind, but it’s also excellent practice for public
speaking because you need to breathe deeply to speak effectively. Take a big breath
just before you begin your presentation, also.

C- Stay positive
Don’t give in to negative self-talk. Instead of telling yourself, ‘I’m so nervous about
this speech,’ reframe your thoughts in positive language. Tell yourself instead: ‘This
speech is a big challenge for me, but I’m ready.’ Visualize yourself giving the speech
and getting the result you want (thunderous applause, a good grade, or even just the
relief that it’s over).
D- Strike a (power) pose
If you can, find time before the speech to practice a high-power pose. Two minutes in
a power pose can make you less stressed and more confident for the task ahead.
E- Just before you start
Just before you speak, take a deep breath and smile. If you’re still feeling anxious,
channel that nervous energy into enthusiasm instead. If you’re excited, your
audience will be too!

F- It’s OK to pause
During your speech, use pauses effectively. Don’t be afraid to stop speaking at the

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end of a sentence to take a breath, smile at the audience, or sip some water. There’s
nothing wrong with a moment of silence.
G- Fake it until you make it
And last but not least, fake it until you make it! Put on your costume, act confident,
and tell yourself that you’re not nervous. No one will know the difference.

5- REHEARSALS
The secret for a successful presentation is Rehearsals..
First of all, write out exactly what you are going to say and learn it..
Through your trial of rehearsals, try to :
- Use short sentences
- Use short words
- Use the active tense
- Use lively language
- Be Precise
- Project your voice
Through your trial of rehearsals, try NOT to :
- Use long complicated sentences
- Use long abstract words
- Use passive tense
- Use clichés
- “hum and haw”
- Be mono-tonal
General Tips for Rehearsals
- It is generally unacceptable to read a talk, don’t read every word on the slide.
- Use the slides as an aid. Use Key-words to remember the talk.
- Practice in front of a mirror, make an audio or a videotape
- Give the talk formally to a friend(s).
- Time yourself and get it right.
- Accept criticism and be prepared to change
- Try at least once to give the talk in a room similar to the one you will be using
for the presentation.

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References :

• Nikitina,A., Successful Public Speaking, Academic Transfer, 2011

• Stephen Lucas, The Art of Public Speaking, 9th edition, McGraw Hill. 2007.
• Strunck, William, Jr.; and white, E. B., The Elements of style, 3rd edition",
MacMillan Co., 2000
• Julius Fast, Body Language, MJF books, 1970.

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