Learn Ethereum concepts

One of the popular object Ethereum Virtual

oriented programming Machine (EVM) is a
languages used to build runtime environment
smart contracts on the with in which smart
Ethereum blockchain contracts are executed.
platform.
Solidity EVM There is a clearly
It is statically typed, defined spec for what
supports inheritance and constitutes the EVM.
user defined types. Solc There are a number of
is the compiler used to
clients like Geth and
compile Solidity code.
Parity that implement
the EVM per the spec.
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Vyper is a programming Gas is the unit of work

language to write in Ethereum. Any
smarts contracts for the computation that needs
Ethereum platform. It is to be executed in the
heavily inspired by the EVM consumes the
Python programming resources on the host
Vyper language. Gas computer. The measure
of this resource is gas.
Ex: To add 2 integers, it
takes 3 gas. To multiply,
it takes 5 gas.

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Gas price is the cost of Every transaction in

one unit of gas. The Ethereum takes a
price is paid in Wei, the certain amount of gas.
smallest denomination As a user, you can set
of the Ethereum's native the maximum amount of
currency Ether. gas you are willing to
Gas Price Gas Limit pay the miners to
User's set the gas price execute your transaction
to whatever they like. and include it in the
The higher the gas block.
price, faster their
transaction is mined by
the miners.
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 Account nonce is a An Ommer (also called
counter associated with Uncle) block is a stale
each Ethereum account. block that was correctly
Every time an account mined by a miner but did
initiates a transaction, the not end up being part of
nonce is incremented. the longest chain.
They still get paid a small
Account Nonce The miners make sure to Ommer/Uncle Block
amount for their work
execute transactions in and the block header is
the order they were
included 2 blocks later.
generated by the account.
This occurs because of
This helps prevent double
the relatively shorter
spending.
block times in Ethereum
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(15 seconds).

ABI stands for Ether is the native

Application Binary currency of the
Interface. It's is a data Ethereum blockchain. It
encoding scheme used is created as a reward
in Ethereum for working to the miner who
with smart contracts. successfully mines a
ABI It is generated when Ether block and includes it in
contract is compiled and the chain. Ether is used
is in JSON format. It is by network users to
used by client code to transact and also pay
see contract details and for their transactions.
interact with the
contract.
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Wei is the smallest A full node is an Ethereum

denomination of Ether. node/server that connects
1 Ether is equal to 10 to the network, receives
^18. and validates all the
EVM only understands transactions and blocks. It
stores all the blockchain
Wei. So, any monetary
data locally and can be
Wei value in the smart Full Node queried. It does not
contracts are always contain state information
represented in terms of for old blocks but only for
Wei. blocks synced going
forward. However, any
state can be derived from
the data on disk.
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 As the name indicates, An archive node is an
light node is an Ethereum Ethereum node/server
node/server that just that connects to the
downloads the headers of network, receives and
the blocks. To obtain any validates all the
other information, it has to transactions and blocks.
connect to a full node and It stores all the data
Light Node query. Archive Node
including every historical
This node is ideal to run state information of the
on devices that do not
blockchain.
have lot of disk/processing
Archive nodes consume
power such as IoT devices
lot of disk space and is
or phones.
not required for majority
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of the use cases.

An Ethereum account is Externally Owned

composed of multiple Account (EOA) is one of
fields. codeHash is one 2 different types of
such field which is the accounts in Ethereum.
hash of the EVM code EOA always has a
of this account. If this corresponding private
address receives a Externally Owned key associated with it.
codeHash
message call, this is the Accounts This account can be
code that gets used to send/receive
executed. Ether and also execute
It is immutable and can transactions on a smart
not be changed after contract.
construction.
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Contract Account is one of EIP stands for Ethereum

2 different types of Improvement Proposal.
accounts in Ethereum. EIPs are proposals
They are created when a anyone can propose to
contract is deployed to the improve the Ethereum
network. That means, they platform. It can be a
have code associated with proposal to make changes
Contract Accounts them but they do not have EIP to the core protocol,
a corresponding private networking, application
key. level standards and so on.
This account can be used EIPs go through a
to send/receive Ether and standard process before
also call other smart they are accepted or
contracts. rejected.
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 ERC stands for Ethereum Uncle rate is the rate at
Request for Comments. which uncle blocks are
ERC is a type of EIP that created in the network.
is specifically used for The more transactions a
application-level standards block contains, the
and conventions.
longer it takes for the
They are usually contract
ERC standards such as token Uncle Rate block to propagate in
standards (ERC20, the network. This is one
ERC721), name registries of the factors affecting
(ERC137), URI schemes the uncle rate.
(ERC681), and wallet
formats (EIP85).

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Ethash is the algorithm Events are dispatched

used to perform the Proof signals the smart
of Work in the Ethereum contracts can fire. Dapp
network. It was derived frontend can listen to
from the Dagger these events and act
Hashimoto algorithm. accordingly. It should be
However, the two noted that the event data
Ethash algorithms have diverged Events
is not accessible from
significantly now. You can within contracts but they
find more details at
can be indexed, so that
https://github.com/ethereu
the event history is
m/wiki/wiki/Dagger-
searchable later. Up to 3
Hashimoto and
https://github.com/ethereu parameters in an event
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can be indexed.

A storage trie is where Smart contract code is

all of the contract data usually written in a high
lives. Each Ethereum level programming
account has its own language such as
storage trie. A 256-bit Solidity or Vyper. When
hash of the storage this code is compiled,
trie’s root node is stored you get a hexadecimal
Storage Trie EVM Bytecode
as the storageRoot representation of the
value in the global state contract and is called the
trie. bytecode. This bytecode
is what is deployed to the
blockchain and EVM
executes this bytecode.
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 State Trie is the Trie that Each Ethereum block has
holds the global state of its own separate
Ethereum. There is only transaction trie. A block
one state trie and is contains many
constantly updated. transactions. The order of
The state trie contains a the transactions in a block
key and value pair for are decided by the miner
State Trie Transaction Trie who assembles the block.
every account which
exists on the Ethereum The path to a specific
transaction in the
network. The state trie’s
transaction trie, is via (the
root node is used as a
RLP encoding of) the
secure and unique
index of where the
identifier for the state trie, transaction sits in the
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