ifjes; la[;k,¡ 1

vè;k;

ifjes; la[;k,¡
1
1.1 Hkwfedk
xf.kr esa gesa izk;% lk/kj.k lehdj.k fn[kkbZ nsrs gSaA mnkgj.kkFkZ lehdj.k
x + 2 = 13 (1)
dks x = 11 osQ fy, gy fd;k tkrk gS D;ksafd x dk ;g eku bl lehdj.k dks larq"V
djrk gSA gy 11] ,d izkÑr la[;k gSA nwljh rjiQ lehdj.k
x+5=5 (2)
dk gy 'kwU; gS tks ,d iw.kZ la[;k gSA ;fn ge osQoy izkÑr la[;kvksa rd lhfer jgsa
rks lehdj.k (2) dks gy ugha fd;k tk ldrkA lehdj.k (2) tSls lehdj.kksa dks gy djus
osQ fy, geus izkÑr la[;kvksa osQ lewg esa 'kwU; dks 'kkfey fd;k vkSj bl u, lewg dks iw.kZ
la[;kvksa dk uke fn;kA ;|fi
x + 18 = 5 (3)
tSls lehdj.kksa dks gy djus osQ fy, iw.kZ la[;k,¡ Hkh i;kZIr ugha gSaA D;k vki tkurs gSa
^D;ksa*\ gesa la[;k –13 dh vko';drk gS tks fd iw.kZ la[;k ugha gSA blus gesa iw.kk±dksa
(/ukRed ,oa ½.kkRed) osQ ckjs esa lkspus osQ fy, izsfjr fd;kA è;ku nhft, /ukRed
iw.kk±d izkÑr la[;kvksa osQ vuq:i gSaA vki lksp ldrs gSa fd lHkh lk/kj.k lehdj.kksa dks gy
djus osQ fy, gekjs ikl miyC/ iw.kk±dksa dh lwph esa i;kZIr la[;k,¡ gSaA fuEufyf[kr lehdj.kksa
osQ ckjs esa fopkj djrs gSa % 2x = 3 (4)
5x + 7 = 0 (5)
budk gy ge iw.kk±dksa esa Kkr ugha dj ldrs (bldh tk¡p dhft,)A
lehdj.k (4) dks gy djus osQ fy, la[;k
3 −7
vkSj lehdj.k (5) dks gy djus osQ fy, la[;k dh vko';drk
2 5
gSA blls ge ifjes; la[;kvksa osQ lewg dh rjiQ vxzlj gksrs gSaA ge igys gh
ifjes; la[;kvksa ij ewy lafØ;k,¡ i<+ pqosQ gSaA vHkh rd geus ftruh Hkh
fofHkUu izdkj dh la[;k,¡ i<+h gaS mudh lafØ;kvksa osQ oqQN xq.k/eZ [kkstus dk
vc ge iz;Ru djrs gSaA

Rationalised 2023-24
2 xf.kr

1.2 ifjes; la[;kvksa osQ xq.k/eZ

1.2.1 lao`r

(i) iw.kZ la[;k,¡

vkb,] ,d ckj iqu% la{ksi esa iw.kZla[;kvksa osQ fy, lHkh lafØ;kvksa ij lao`r xq.k/eZ dh
ppkZ djrs gSaA

lafØ;k la[;k,¡ fVIi.kh

;ksx 0 + 5 = 5, ,d iw.kZla[;k gSA iw.kZ la[;k,¡ ;ksx osQ varxZr
4 + 7 = ...D;k ;g ,d iw.kZ lao`r gSaA
la[;k gS\ O;kid :i ls fdUghaa
nks iw.kZ la[;kvksa a rFkk b osQ
fy, a + b ,d iw.kZ laa[;k gSA
O;odyu 5 – 7 = – 2, tks fd ,d iw.kZ iw.kZ la[;k,¡ O;odyu osQ
la[;k ugha gSA varxZr lao`r ugha gSaA
xq.ku 0 × 3 = 0, ,d iw.kZ la[;k gSA iw.kZ la[;k,¡ xq.ku osQ varxZr
3 × 7 = ... . D;k ;g ,d iw.kZ lao`r gSaA
la[;k gS? O;kid :i ls ;fn a rFkk b
dksbZ Hkh nks iw.kZ la[;k,¡ gSa rks mudk
xq.kuiQy ab ,d iw.kZ la[;k gSA
5
Hkkx 5÷8= , ;g ,d iw.kZ la[;k iw.kZ la[;k,¡ Hkkx osQ varxZr
8
ugha gSA lao`r ugha gaSA

izkÑr la[;kvksa osQ fy, lHkh pkj lafØ;kvksa osQ varxZr lao`r xq.k dh tk¡p dhft,A
(ii) iw.kk±d
vkb,] vc ge mu lafØ;kvksa dk Lej.k djrs gSa ftuosQ varxZr iw.kk±d lao`r gSaA
lafØ;k la[;k,¡ fVIi.kh
;ksx – 6 + 5 = – 1, ,d iw.kk±d gSA iw.kk±d ;ksx osQ varxZr
D;k – 7 + (–5) ,d iw.kk±d gS ? lao`r gSaA
D;k 8 + 5 ,d iw.kk±d gS ?
O;kid :i ls fdUghaa nks iw.kk±dkas
a rFkk b osQ fy, a + b ,d iw.kk±d gSA

Rationalised 2023-24
 ifjes; la[;k,¡ 3

O;odyu 7 – 5 = 2, ,d iw.kk±d gSA iw.kk±d O;odyu osQ

D;k 5 – 7 ,d iw.kk±d gS ? varxZr lao`r gSaA
– 6 – 8 = – 14, ,d iw.kk±d gSA
– 6 – (– 8) = 2, ,d iw.kk±d gS
D;k 8 – (– 6) ,d iw.kk±d gS ?
O;kid :i ls fdUghaa nks iw.kk±dksa
a rFkk b osQ fy, a – b Hkh ,d
iw.kk±d gSA tk¡p dhft, fd D;k
b – a Hkh ,d iw.kk±d gSA

xq.ku 5 × 8 = 40, ,d iw.kk±d gSA iw.kk±d xq.ku osQ varxZr

D;k – 5 × 8 ,d iw.kk±d gS? laor` gSAa
– 5 × (– 8) = 40, ,d iw.kk±d gSA
O;kid :i ls fdUghaa nks iw.kk±dksa
a rFkk b osQ fy, a × b Hkh ,d
iw.kk±d gSA
5
Hkkx 5÷8= , ;g ,d iw.kk±d iw.kk±d Hkkx osQ varxZr
8
ugha gSaA lao`r ugha gSaA

vkius ns[kk fd iw.kZ la[;k,¡ ;ksx vkSj xq.ku osQ varxZr lao`r gSa ijarq Hkkx vkSj O;odyu
osQ varxZr lao`r ugha gSaA rFkkfi iw.kk±d ;ksx] O;odyu ,oa xq.ku osQ varxZr lao`r gSa ysfdu
Hkkx osQ varxZr lao`r ugha gSaA
(iii) ifjes; la[;k,¡
p
Lej.k dhft, fd ,slh la[;k ifjes; la[;k dgykrh gS ftls q osQ :i esa fy[kk tk
2 6 9
ldrk gks] tgk¡ p vkSj q iw.kk±d gSa rFkk q ≠ 0 gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ – , , ifjes;
3 7 –5
p
la[;k,¡ gSaA D;ksafd la[;k,¡ 0, –2, 4, q , osQ :i esa fy[kh tk ldrh gSa blfy, ;s Hkh
ifjes; la[;k,¡ gSaA (bldh tk¡p dhft,A)
(a) vki tkurs gSa fd ifjes; la[;kvksa dks oSQls tksM+k tkrk gSA vkb, oqQN ;qXeksa dk
;ksx Kkr djrs gSa
3 ( −5) 21 + ( − 40) − 19
+ = = (,d ifjes; la[;k)
8 7 56 56
− 3 ( − 4) − 15 + ( −32)
+ = = ... (D;k ;g ,d ifjes; la[;k gS\)
8 5 40
4 6
+ = ... (D;k ;g ,d ifjes; la[;k gS\)
7 11

Rationalised 2023-24
4 xf.kr

ge ns[krs gSa fd nks ifjes; la[;kvksa dk ;ksx Hkh ,d ifjes; la[;k gSA oqQN vkSj ifjes;
la[;kvksa osQ ;qXeksa osQ fy, bldh tk¡p dhft,A bl izdkj ge dgrs gSa fd ifjes;
la[;k,¡ ;ksx osQ varxZr lao`r gSaA vFkkZr~ fdUghaa nks ifjes; la[;kvksa a rFkk b osQ fy,
a + b Hkh ,d ifjes; la[;k gSA
(b) D;k nks ifjes; la[;kvksa dk varj Hkh ,d ifjes; la[;k gksxk\
−5 2 −5 × 3 – 2 × 7 −29
ge izkIr djrs gSa] − = = (,d ifjes; la[;k gS\)
7 3 21 21
5 4 25 − 32
− = = ... (D;k ;g ,d ifjes; la[;k gS\)
8 5 40
3  − 8
−   = ... (D;k ;g ,d ifjes; la[;k gS\)
7  5 
ifjes; la[;kvksa osQ oqQN vkSj ;qXeksa osQ fy, bldh tk¡p dhft,A bl izdkj ge
ikrs gSa fd ifjes; la[;k,¡ O;odyu osQ varxZr lao`r gSaA vFkkZr~ fdUghaa nks ifjes;
la[;kvksa a rFkk b osQ fy, a – b Hkh ,d ifjes; la[;k gS A
(c) vkb,] vc ge nks ifjes; la[;kvksa osQ xq.kuiQy dh ppkZ djrs gSaA
−2 4 −8 3 2 6
× = ; × = (nksuksa xq.kuiQy ifjes; la[;k,¡ gSa)
3 5 15 7 5 35

4 −6
− × = ... (D;k ;g ,d ifjes; la[;k gS\)
5 11
ifjes; la[;kvksa osQ oqQN vkSj ;qXe yhft, vkSj tk¡p dhft, fd mudk xq.kuiQy Hkh
,d ifjes; la[;k gSA vr% ge dg ldrs gSa fd ifjes; la[;k,¡ xq.ku osQ varxZr
laor` gSAa vFkkZr~ fdUgha nks ifjes; la[;kvksa a rFkk b osQ fy, a × b Hkh ,d ifjes;
la[;k gSA
−5 2 − 25
(d) ge uksV djrs gSa fd ÷ = (,d ifjes; la[;k gS)
3 5 6
2 5
÷ = ... (D;k ;g ,d ifjes; la[;k gS?)
7 3
−3 −2
÷ = ... (D;k ;g ,d ifjes; la[;k gS?)
8 9
D;k vki dg ldrs gSa fd ifjes; la[;k,¡ Hkkx osQ varxZr lao`r gSa\ ge tkurs
gSa fd fdlh Hkh ifjes; la[;k a osQ fy, a ÷ 0 ifjHkkf"kr ugha gSA vr% ifjes;
la[;k,¡ Hkkx osQ varxZr lao`r ugha gSaA rFkkfi] ;fn ge 'kwU; dks 'kkfey ugha djsa
rks nwljh lHkh ifjes; la[;kvksa dk lewg] Hkkx osQ varxZr lao`r gSA

Rationalised 2023-24
 ifjes; la[;k,¡ 5

iz;kl dhft,
fuEufyf[kr lkj.kh esa fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ dhft, %
la[;k,¡ varxZr lao`r gSa
;ksx osQ O;odyu osQ xq.ku osQ Hkkx osQ
ifjes; la[;k,¡ gk¡ gk¡ ... ugha
iw.kk±d ... gk¡ ... ugha
iw.kZ la[;k,¡ ... ... gk¡ ...
izkÑr la[;k,¡ ... ugha ... ...

1.2.2 Øefofues;rk
(i) iw.kZ la[;k,¡
fuEufyf[kr lkj.kh osQ fjDr LFkkuksa dks Hkjrs gq, fofHkUu lafØ;kvksa osQ varxZr iw.kZ
la[;kvksa dh Øefofues;rk dk Lej.k dhft, %
lafØ;k la[;k,¡ fVIi.kh
;ksx 0+7=7+0=7 ;ksx Øefofues; gSA
2 + 3 = ... + ... = ....
fdUghaa nks iw.kZ la[;kvksa
a rFkk b osQ fy,
a+b=b+a
O;odyu(?kVkuk) ......... O;odyu Øefofues; ugha gSA
xq.ku ......... xq.ku Øefofues; gSA
Hkkx ......... Hkkx Øefofues; ugha gS
tk¡p dhft, fd D;k izkÑr la[;kvksa osQ fy, Hkh ;s lafØ;k,¡ Øe fofues; gSaA
(ii) iw.kk±d
fuEufyf[kr lkj.kh osQ fjDr LFkkuksa dks Hkfj, vkSj iw.kk±dksa osQ fy, fofHkUu lafØ;kvksa dh
Øe fofues;rk tk¡fp, %
lafØ;k la[;k,¡ fVIi.kh
;ksx ......... ;ksx Øefofues; gSA
O;odyu D;k 5 – (–3) = – 3 – 5? O;odyu Øefofues; ugha gSA
xq.ku ......... xq.ku Øefofues; gSA
Hkkx ......... Hkkx Øefofues; ugha gSA

Rationalised 2023-24
6 xf.kr

(iii) ifjes; la[;k,¡

(a) ;ksx
vki tkurs gSa fd nks ifjes; la[;kvksa dks oSQls tksM+k tkrk gSA vkb,] ge ;gk¡ oqQN
;qXeksa dks tksM+rs gSaA
−2 5 1 5  −2  1
+ = vkjS +   =
3 7 21 7  3  21
−2 5 5  −2 
blfy,] + = + 
3 7 7  3 

blosQ vfrfjDr = ... vkjS

D;k ?

−3 1 1  −3 
D;k + = +  ?
8 7 7  8 
vki ikrs gSa fd nks ifjes; la[;kvksa dks fdlh Hkh Øe esa tksM+k tk ldrk gSA ge
dgrs gSa fd ifjes; la[;kvksa osQ fy, ;ksx Øe fofues; gSA vFkkZr~ fdUghaa nks
ifjes; la[;kvksa a rFkk b osQ fy, a + b = b + a A
(b) O;odyu
2 5 5 2
D;k − = − gS ?
3 4 4 3
1 3 3 1
D;k − = − gS ?
2 5 5 2
vki ik,¡xs fd ifjes; la[;kvksa osQ fy, O;odyu Øe fofues; ugha gSA
è;ku nhft, fd iw.kkZadksa OksQ fy, O;odyu OkzQe fofues; ugha gS rFkk iw.kk±d ifjes;
la[;k,¡ Hkh gSAa vr% O;odyu ifjes; la[;kvksa OksQ fy, Hkh OkzQe fofues; ugha gksrk gSA
(c) xq.ku

ge ikrs gSa]

D;k gS ?
,sls oqQN vkSj xq.kuiQyksa osQ fy, Hkh tk¡p dhft,A
vki ik,¡xs fd ifjes; la[;kvksa osQ fy, xq.ku Øe fofues; gSA O;kid :i ls
fdUghaa nks ifjes; la[;kvksa a rFkk b osQ fy, a × b = b × a gksrk gSA
(d) Hkkx

D;k gS ?
vki ik,¡xs fd nksuksa i{kksa osQ O;atd leku ugha gSaA
blfy, ifjes; la[;kvksa osQ fy, Hkkx Øe fofues; ugha gSA

Rationalised 2023-24
 ifjes; la[;k,¡ 7

iz;kl dhft,
fuEufyf[kr lkj.kh dks iwjk dhft, %
la[;k,¡ Øefofues;
;ksx osQ fy, O;odyu osQ fy, xq.ku osQ fy, Hkkx osQ fy,
ifjes; la[;k,¡ gk¡ ... ... ...
iw.kk±d ... ugha ... ...
iw.kZ la[;k,¡ ... ... gk¡ ...
izkÑr la[;k,¡ ... ... ... ugha

1.2.3 lkgp;Zrk (lgpkfjrk)

(i) iw.kZ la[;k,¡
fuEufyf[kr lkj.kh osQ ekè;e ls iw.kZ la[;kvksa osQ fy, pkj lafØ;kvksa dh lkgp;Zrk
dks Lej.k dhft,A
lafØ;k la[;k,¡ fVIi.kh
;ksx ......... ;ksx lkgp;Z gSA
O;odyu ......... O;odyu lkgp;Z ugha gSA
xq.ku D;k 7 × (2 × 5) = (7 × 2) × 5? xq.ku lkgp;Z gSA
D;k 4 × (6 × 0) = (4 × 6) × 0?
fdUghaa rhu iw.kZ la[;kvksa
a, b rFkk c osQ fy,
a × (b × c) = (a × b) × c
Hkkx ......... Hkkx lkgp;Z ugha gSA

bl lkj.kh dks Hkfj, vkSj vafre LraHk esa nh xbZ fVIif.k;ksa dks lR;kfir dhft,A
izkÑr la[;kvksa osQ fy, fofHkUu lafØ;kvksa dh lkgp;Zrk dh Lo;a tk¡p dhft,A
(ii) iw.kk±d
iw.kk±dksa osQ fy, pkj lafØ;kvksa dh lkgp;Zrk fuEufyf[kr lkj.kh ls ns[kh tk ldrh gS %
lafØ;k la[;k,¡ fVIi.kh
;ksx D;k (–2) + [3 + (– 4)] ;ksx lkgp;Z gSA
= [(–2) + 3)] + (– 4) gS ?

Rationalised 2023-24
8 xf.kr

D;k (– 6) + [(– 4) + (–5)]

= [(– 6) +(– 4)] + (–5) gS? fdUghaa
rhu iw.kZ la[;kvksa a, b rFkk c
osQ fy, a + (b + c) = (a + b) + c
O;odyu D;k 5 – (7 – 3) = (5 – 7) – 3 gS? O;odyu lkgp;Z ugha gSA
xq.ku D;k 5 × [(–7) × (– 8) xq.ku lkgp;Z gSA
= [5 × (–7)] × (– 8) gS ?
D;k (– 4) × [(– 8) × (–5)]
= [(– 4) × (– 8)] × (–5) gS? fdUghaa
rhu iw.kZ la[;kvksa a, b rFkk c
osQ fy, a × (b × c) = (a × b) × c
Hkkx D;k [(–10) ÷ 2] ÷ (–5) Hkkx lkgp;Z ugha gSA
= (–10) ÷ [2 ÷ (– 5)] gS ?

(iii) ifjes; la[;k,¡

(a) ;ksx
−2  3  −5   −2  −7  −27 −9
ge ikrs gSa : 3 +  5 +  6   = 3 +  30  = 30 = 10
    
 −2 3   −5  −1  −5  −27 −9
 3 + 5  +  6  = 15 +  6  = 30 = 10
     

−2  3  −5    −2 3   −5 
blfy,] + +  = + + 
3  5  6    3 5   6 

−1  3  − 4    −1 3  − 4 
Kkr dhft, + +   vkSj  + + 
2  7  3  2 7   3 
D;k ;s nksuksa ;ksx leku gSa?
oqQN vkSj ifjes; la[;k,¡ yhft,] mi;qDZ r mnkgj.kksa dh rjg mUgsa tksfM+, vkSj nsf[k, fd
D;k nksuksa ;ksx leku gSAa ge ikrs gSa fd ifjes; la[;kvksa osQ fy, ;ksx lkgp;Z gS] vFkkZr~
fdUghaa rhu ifjes; la[;kvksa a, b rFkk c osQ fy, a + (b + c) = (a + b) + c A
(b) O;odyu
vki igys ls tkurs gSa fd O;odyu iw.kk±dksas OksQ fy, lgpkjh ugha gSA ifjes;
la[;kvksa OksQ ckjs esa vki D;k dg ldrs gSaS?

D;k gS ?
Lo;a tk¡p dhft,A
ifjes; la[;kvksa osQ fy, O;odyu lkgp;Z ugha gSA

Rationalised 2023-24
 ifjes; la[;k,¡ 9

(c) xq.ku
vkb,] ge xq.ku osQ fy, lkgp;Zrk dh tk¡p djrs gSaA
−7  5 2  −7 10 −70 −35
× ×  = × = =
3  4 9  3 36 108 54

−7  5 2   −7 5  2
ge ikrs gSa fd ×  ×  =  × ×
3 4 9  3 4 9

D;k gS ?
oqQN vkSj ifjes; la[;k,¡ yhft, vkSj Lo;a tk¡p dhft,A ge ikrs gSa fd ifjes;
la[;kvksa osQ fy, xq.ku lkgp;Z gSA vFkkZr~ fdUghaa rhu ifjes; la[;kvksa a, b rFkk
c osQ fy, a × (b × c) = (a × b) × c A
(d) Hkkx
;kn dhft, fd iw.kk±dksa OksQ fy, foHkktu lgpkjh ugha gSA ifjes; la[;kvksa OksQ ckjs
esa vki D;k dg ldrs gSa? vkb,] ns[krs gSa fd ;fn

gS\ ge ikrs gSa]

1  −1 2 
ck;k¡ i{k (L.H.S) = ÷ ÷ 
2  3 5
2 5
= ( dk O;qRØe gS)
5 2
1  5
= ÷ − 
2  6
= ...
 1  −1   2
iqu% nk;k¡ i{k (R.H.S) =  2 ÷  3   ÷ 5
  
 1 −3  2
= × ÷
2 1  5
−3 2
= ÷ = ...
2 5
D;k L.H.S. = R.H.S. gS ? Lo;a tk¡p dhft,A vki ik,¡xs fd ifjes; la[;kvksa osQ
fy, Hkkx lkgp;Z ugha gSA

Rationalised 2023-24
10 xf.kr

iz;kl dhft,
fuEufyf[kr lkj.kh dks iwjk dhft, %
la[;k,¡ lkgp;Z
;ksx osQ fy, O;odyu osQ fy, xq.ku osQ fy, Hkkx osQ fy,
ifjes; la[;k,¡ ... ... ... ugha
iw.kk±d ... ... gk¡ ..
iw.kZ la[;k,¡ gk¡ ... ... ...
izkÑr la[;k,¡ ... ugha ... ...

3  −6   −8   5 
mnkgj.k 1 : Kkr dhft, 7 +  11  +  21  +  22 
     

3  −6   −8   5 
gy : + + + 
7  11   21   22 

198  −252   −176   105 

= +  +  + 
462  462   462   462 
(uksV dhft, fd 7] 11] 21 rFkk 22 dk y-l-i- 462 gSA)
198 − 252 − 176 + 105 −125
= =
462 462
ge bls fuEufyf[kr izdkj ls Hkh gy dj ldrs gSa %
3  −6   −8  5
+ + +
7  11   21  22

 3  −8    −6 5 
=  +   +  +  (Øe fofues;rk vkSj lkgp;Zrk osQ mi;ksx ls)
 7  21    11 22 

 9 + (−8)   −12 + 5 
=  +
 21   22 
(7 vkSj 21 dk y-l-i- 21 gSA 11 vkSj 22 dk y-l-i- 22 gSA)
1  −7  22 −147 −125
= +  = =
21  22  462 462
D;k vki lksprs gSa fd Øefofues;rk vkSj lkgp;Zrk osQ xq.k/eks± dh lgk;rk ls ifjdyu
vklku gks x;k gS\

Rationalised 2023-24
 ifjes; la[;k,¡ 11

− 4 3 15  −14 
mnkgj.k 2 : Kkr dhft, × × × 
5 7 16  9 
gy : gesa izkIr gS]
− 4 3 15  −14 
× × × 
5 7 16  9 

 4 × 3   15 × (−14) 
= − ×
 5 × 7   16 × 9 

−12  −35  −12 × ( −35) 1

= × = =
35  24  35 × 24 2
ge bls fuEufyf[kr izdkj ls Hkh gy dj ldrs gSa %
− 4 3 15  −14 
× × × 
5 7 16  9 

 − 4 15   3  −14  
=  5 × 16  ×  7 ×  9   (Ø
+ efofues;rk vkSj lkgp;Zrk osQ mi;ksx ls)
 

−3  −2  1
= ×  =
4  3  2

1.2.4 'kwU; (0) dh Hkwfedk

fuEufyf[kr ij fopkj dhft, %
2+0=0+2=2 ('kwU; dks iw.kZ la[;k esa tksM+uk)
– 5 + 0 = ... + ... = – 5 ('kwU; dks iw.kk±d esa tksM+uk)
−2  −2  −2
+ ... = 0 +   = ('kwU; dks ifjes; la[;k esa tksM+uk)
7  7  7
vki igys Hkh bl izdkj osQ ;ksx Kkr dj pqosQ gSaA
,sls oqQN vkSj ;ksx Kkr dhft,A vki D;k ns[krs gSa\ vki ik,¡xs fd tc fdlh iw.kZ la[;k esa
'kwU; tksM+k tkrk gS rks ;ksx fiQj ls ogh iw.kZ la[;k gksrh gSA ;g rF; iw.kk±dksa vkSj ifjes;
la[;kvksa osQ fy, Hkh lR; gSA
O;kid :i ls a + 0 = 0 + a = a, (tgk¡ a ,d iw.kZ la[;k gS)
b + 0 = 0 + b = b, (tgk¡ b ,d iw.kk±d gS)
c + 0 = 0 + c = c, (tgk¡ c ,d ifjes; la[;k gS)
ifjes; la[;kvksa osQ ;ksx osQ fy, 'kwU; ,d rRled dgykrk gSA ;g iw.kk±dksa vkSj iw.kZ la[;kvksa
osQ fy, Hkh ;ksT; rRled gSA

Rationalised 2023-24
12 xf.kr

1.2.5 1 dh Hkwfedk
ge izkIr djrs gSa fd
5×1=5=1×5 (iw.kZ la[;k osQ lkFk 1 dk xq.ku)
−2 −2
× 1 = ... × ... =
7 7
3 3 3
× ... = 1 × =
8 8 8
vki D;k ikrs gSa\
vki ik,¡xs fd tc vki fdlh Hkh ifjes; la[;k osQ lkFk 1 ls xq.kk djrs gSa rks vki mlh
ifjes; la[;k dks xq.kuiQy osQ :i esa ikrs gSaA oqQN vkSj ifjes; la[;kvksa osQ fy, bldh tk¡p
dhft,A vki ik,¡xs fd fdlh Hkh ifjes; la[;k a osQ fy,, a × 1 = 1 × a = a gSA ge dgrs
gSa fd 1 ifjes; la[;kvksa osQ fy, xq.kukRed rRled gS A D;k 1 iw.kk±dksa vkSj iw.kZ la[;kvksa osQ
fy, Hkh xq.kukRed rRled gSa\
lksfp,] ppkZ dhft, vkSj fyf[k,
;fn dksbZ xq.k/eZ ifjes; la[;kvksa osQ fy, lR; gS rks D;k og xq.k/eZ] iw.kk±dks]a iw.kZ la[;kvksa
osQ fy, Hkh lR; gksxk\ dkSu&ls xq.k/eZ buosQ fy, lR; gksxa s vkSj dkSu&ls lR; ugha gksxa \s
1.2.6 ifjes; la[;kvksa osQ fy, xq.ku dh ;ksx ij forjdrk
−3 2 −5
bl rF; dks le>us osQ fy, ifjes; la[;k,¡ , vkSj dks yhft, %
4 3 6
−3  2  −5   −3  (4) + ( −5) 
×  +   = × 
4 3  6  4  6 
−3  −1 3 1
= ×  = =
4  6 24 8
−3 2 −3 × 2 − 6 −1
blosQ vfrfjDr × = = =
4 3 4 × 3 12 2
−3  −5  5 ;ksx ,oa O;odyu ij xq.ku
vkSj ×  = dh forjdrk
4 6 8
lHkh ifjes; la[;kvksa a, b vkSj
 −3 2   −3 −5  −1 5 1 c osQ fy,
blfy,]  ×  + ×  = + =
4 3  4 6 2 8 8 a (b + c) = ab + ac
a (b – c) = ab – ac

−3  2  −5   −3 2   −3  −5  
vr% ×  +   =  ×  + × 
4  3  6   4 3   4  6  

Rationalised 2023-24
 ifjes; la[;k,¡ 13

iz;kl dhft,
forjdrk osQ mi;ksx ls fuEufyf[kr dk eku Kkr dhft, %
 7  −3    7 5  9 4   9 −3 
(i)  ×    +  ×  (ii)  × + × 
 5  12    5 12  16 12  16 9 

mnkgj.k 3 : Kkr dhft,

2  −3  1 TRY
3 3 THESE
2  −3  3 3 1
gy : × − − × = × − × − (Øefofues;rk ls )
5  7  14 7 5 5  7  7 5 14

2  −3   −3  3 1 −3  2 3 1
= ×  +  × − =  + − (forjdrk ls)
5  7   7  5 14 7 5 5  14
−3 1 − 6 − 1 −1
= ×1− = =
7 14 14 2

iz'ukoyh 1.1
1. fuEufyf[kr izR;sd esa xq.ku osQ varxZr mi;ksx fd, x, xq.k/eZ (xq.k) dk uke fyf[k,%
−4 − 4 4
(i) ×1 = 1×  = − (ii)
5  5  5
−19 29
(iii) × =1
29 −19
1  4 1  4
2. crkb, dkSu ls xq.k/eZ (xq.k) dh lgk;rk ls vki ×  6 ×  dks  × 6 × osQ
3  3 3  3
:i esa vfHkdyu djrs gSaA

Rationalised 2023-24
14 xf.kr

geus D;k ppkZ dh\

1. ifjes; la[;k,¡ ;ksx O;odyu vkSj xq.ku dh lafØ;kvksa osQ varxZr lao`r gSaA
2. ifjes; la[;kvksa osQ fy, ;ksx vkSj xq.ku dh lafØ;k,¡
(i) Øefofues; gSaA
(ii) lkgp;Z gSaA
3. ifjes; la[;kvksa osQ fy, ifjes; la[;k 'kwU; ;ksT; rRled gSA
4. ifjes; la[;kvksa osQ fy, ifjes; la[;k 1 xq.kukRed rRled gSA
5. ifjes; la[;kvksa dh forjdrk % ifjes; la[;k,¡ a, b vkSj c osQ fy,
a(b + c) = ab + ac vkSj a(b – c) = ab – ac gSA
6. nh gqbZ nks ifjes; la[;kvksa osQ eè; vifjfer ifjes; la[;k,¡ gksrh gSaA nks ifjes; la[;kvksa osQ eè;
ifjes; la[;k,¡ Kkr djus esa ekè; dh vo/kj.kk lgk;d gSA

Rationalised 2023-24