WEEK 3

HAPP – Laboratory
Instructor: Jerra May Mercado, MD
OUTLINE OF ACTIVITIES
• PRE-LAB DISCUSSION
Topic – MUSCULAR SYSTEM
• Activity proper
• Dismissal
OVERVIEW
Organization of Skeletal Muscle:

• Whole Muscle → Muscle Fascicle → Muscle

Fiber → Myofibrils → Myofilaments
HISTOLOGY OF THE MUSCLES
Muscle Actions
MUSCLE ACTIONS
• Muscle Actions are the motions produced by muscles.
• Flexion: action that bends a part of the
body anteriorly, such as flexing the elbow.
• The exception is the knee. Flexion of
the knee moves the lower leg
posteriorly.
• Extension: action that bends a part of the
body posteriorly, such as straightening the
arm at the elbow.
• As with flexion, the exception is the
knee. Extending the knee straightens
the lower leg.
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MUSCLE ACTIONS
• Abduction: movement of a part of the
body away from the midline

• Adduction: movement of a part of the

body toward the midline

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MUSCLE ACTIONS
• Protraction: movement that brings
part of the body forward

• Retraction: movement that brings

part of the body backward

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MUSCLE ACTIONS
• Lateral excursion: movement of the
jaw laterally to either side

• Medial excursion: movement of the

jaw back to the midline

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MUSCLE ACTIONS
• Dorsiflexion: position of standing on the heels with the toes pointing up off the floor

• Plantar flexion: position of standing on tiptoes with the heels off the floor

• Inversion: position in which the soles of the feet are together, facing each other

• Eversion: position in which the soles of the feet point away from each other

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MUSCLE ACTIONS
• Rotation: the act of spinning
on an axis

• Circumduction: the act of

making a circle with part of
the body

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MUSCLE ACTIONS

Supination: rotation that turns the

palms up

Pronation: rotation that turns the

palms down

• Access the text alternative for slide images.

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MUSCLE ACTIONS
• Opposition: the act of bringing
the thumb to the palm

• Reposition: the act of taking

the thumb away from the palm

• Elevation: the act of closing the

jaw or raising the shoulders

• Depression: the act of opening

the jaw or lowering the
shoulders

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Muscle Nomenclature
MUSCLE NOMENCLATURE
• The names of the muscle are in Latin.
• Muscle names are commonly a
combination of two or three words,
although some are only one word.
• Example: Deltoid → because the muscle
is shaped like delta Δ (Greek letter
Delta)
• Some muscles are named according
to their points of attachment (origin
and insertion).
• Example: sternocleidomastoid muscle
has attachments on the sternum,
clavicle, and mastoid process
MUSCLE NOMENCLATURE Naming by DIRECTION OF FIBERS
Oblique Diagonal to the body’s midline
Rectus Parallel to the midline
Naming by SHAPE Sphincter Circling an opening
Deltoid shaped like delta Δ Transversus At a right angle to the midline
Orbicularis Circular
Platy Flattened; Platelike Naming by RELATIVE SIZE
Quadratus Square Brevis Short
Rhomboideus Diamond-shaped Longus Long
Trapezius Trapezoidal Magnus Large
Triangularis Triangular Maximus Largest
Medius Moderately sized
Minimus Small
MUSCLE NOMENCLATURE

Naming by ACTIONS produced Naming by REGION in which they are found

Abductor Abducts a part Brachialis Arm
Adductor Adducts a part Frontalis Frontal (Bone)
Depressor Depresses a part Femoris Femur
Extensor Extends a part Gluteus Posterior of hip/thigh
Flexor Flexes a part Oculi Eye
Levator Elevates a part Radialis Radius
Rotator Rotates a part Ulnaris Ulna
Muscles by Regions
MUSCLES BY REGIONS
• MUSCLES OF THE HEAD AND NECK
• MUSCLES OF THE THORAX AND ABDOMEN
• MUSCLES OF THE BACK AND BUTTOCKS
• MUSCLES OF THE ARM
• MUSCLES OF THE FOREARM
• MUSCLES OF THE THIGH
• MUSCLES OF THE LEG

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Muscles (Anterior View) Muscles (Posterior View)

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MUSCLES BY REGIONS
MUSCLES OF THE HEAD AND NECK
• Orbicularis oculi
• Orbicularis oris
• Frontalis
• Occipitalis
• Temporalis
• Buccinator
• Masseter
• Platysma
• Sternocleidomastoid
• Zygomaticus major

(c) Rebecca Gray/McGraw Hill Education

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 Muscles of the Head and Neck Action
Occipitalis Moves scalp
Orbicularis oculi Closes eye
Orbicularis oris Closes lip
Buccinator Compresses cheek (ex. whistling)
Zygomaticus major Elevates angle of mouth, upper lip
Frontalis Elevates brows, wrinkles skin of forehead
Temporalis Closes jaw
Masseter Closes jaw
Platysma Depresses mandible and angle of mouth
Tenses skin of lower face and anterior neck
Sternocleidomastoid Rotates, flexes neck
MUSCLES BY REGIONS
MUSCLES OF THE THORAX AND ABDOMEN
• Pectoralis major
• Pectoralis minor
• Serratus anterior
• External abdominal obliques
• Internal abdominal obliques
• Transverse abdominal
• Rectus abdominis

(c) Christine Eckel/McGraw Hill Education 24

MUSCLES BY REGIONS
MUSCLES OF THE THORAX AND ABDOMEN
• Diaphragm
• External intercostals
• Internal intercostals

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Muscles of the Thorax and Abdomen Action
Pectoralis major Adducts, flexes arm
Pectoralis minor Depresses scapula
Serratus anterior Protracts scapula
External abdominal obliques Compresses abdomen
Internal abdominal obliques Compresses abdomen
Transverse abdominal Compresses abdomen
Rectus abdominis Flexes waist
Diaphragm Inhalation
External intercostals Expands thorax
Internal intercostals Compresses thorax
MUSCLES BY REGIONS
MUSCLES OF THE BACK AND BUTTOCKS
• Trapezius
• Latissimus dorsi
• Erector spinae
• Gluteus maximus
• Gluteus medius

(b) Rebecca Gray/Don Kincaid/McGraw Hill Education

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Muscles of the Back and Buttocks Action
Trapezius Extends head, neck; Elevates, depresses, or rotates scapula
Latissimus dorsi Extends, adducts arm
Erector spinae Straightens and rotates the back
Gluteus maximus Extends thigh
Gluteus medius Abducts thigh
MUSCLES BY REGIONS Muscles of the Arm
Deltoid
Action
Abducts arm
MUSCLES OF THE ARM Biceps brachii Flexes, supinates forearm
• Deltoid Triceps brachii Extends forearm
• Biceps brachii Brachialis Flexes forearm
• Triceps brachii Brachioradialis Flexes forearm

• Brachialis
• Brachioradialis

(b) Rebecca Gray/McGraw Hill Education

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MUSCLES BY REGIONS
MUSCLES OF THE FOREARM
• Extensor carpi radialis
• Extensor carpi ulnaris
• Palmaris longus
• Flexor carpi radialis
• Flexor carpi ulnaris
• Extensor digitorum
• Flexor digitorum

(c) Christine Eckel/McGraw Hill

(b) Rebecca Gray/McGraw Hill Education

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 Muscles of the Forearm Action
Extensor carpi radialis Extends, abducts wrist
Extensor carpi ulnaris Extends, abducts wrist
Palmaris longus Flexes wrist
Flexor carpi radialis Flexes, abducts wrist
Flexor carpi ulnaris Flexes, abducts wrist
Extensor digitorum Extends fingers
Flexor digitorum Flexes fingers
MUSCLES BY REGIONS
MUSCLES OF THE THIGH – ANTERIOR
• Tensor fasciae latae
• Gracilis
• Adductor longus
• Pectineus
• Iliacus
• Iliopsoas
• Psoas major
• Sartorius Quadriceps femoris
• Rectus femoris
• Vastus lateralis
• Vastus medialis
• Vastus intermedius
(b) Rebecca Gray/McGraw Hill

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 Muscles of the Thigh (Anterior) Action
Tensor Fascia Latae Abducts thigh
Gracilis Adducts thigh
Adductor longus Adducts thigh
Pectineus Adducts and flexes hip
Iliacus Flexes hip
Iliopsoas Flexes hip
Psoas major Flexes hip
Sartorius Flexes hip, flexes knee
Rectus femoris Flexes hip, extends knee
Vastus lateralis Extends knee
Vastus medialis Extends knee
Vastus intermedius Extends knee
MUSCLES BY REGIONS
MUSCLES OF THE THIGH – POSTERIOR
• Hamstrings
• Biceps femoris
• Semitendinosus
• Semimembranosus

Muscles of the
Action
Thigh (Posterior)
Biceps femoris Flexes knee, extends hip
Semitendinosus Flexes knee
Semimembranosus Flexes knee
(b) Rebecca Gray/McGraw Hill

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MUSCLES BY REGIONS
MUSCLES OF THE LEG
• Gastrocnemius
• Soleus
• Peroneus/fibularis
• Tibialis anterior

Muscles of the Leg Action

Gastrocnemius Plantar-flexes foot
Soleus Plantar-flexes foot
Peroneus/fibularis Everts foot
Tibialis anterior Dorsiflexes and inverts foot

(b) Rebecca Gray/McGraw Hill

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REFERENCES:
• CHAPTER 5
• Roiger, D. Bullock, N. (2023). Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease:
Foundations for the Health Professions. (3rd Edition). McGraw-
Hill Education
• LAB EXERCISE 17, & 18
• Patton, K. (2019). Anatomy & Physiology Laboratory Manual.
(10th edition). Elsevier Inc.