Chapter 3

Chapter Three
Mass Relationships in Chemical

Reactions
Chapter Three / Mass relationships in Chemical Reactions
Atomic mass
• Atomic mass = protons + neutrons

• The atom is too small to be weighted.
• However, we can determine the mass of one atom relative to another.
• Atomic mass = the mass of atom in amu
• amu is the mass that exactly equal to one-twelfth the mass of one carbon-
12 (12C) atom.
• By definition: 1 atom 12C weight 12 amu.
• Setting the atomic mass of carbon-12 at 12 amu provied the standard for
measuring the atomic mass for the other elements.
Average atomic mass
• Most element in nature have more than one isotopes. This mean when
calculating the atomic mass we should calculated for all isotopes then take
the average this called Average atomic mass.
• Natural abundance is the abundance of isotopes in nature.
Average atomic mass
• Average atomic mass= sum of (natural abundance x atomic mass) for each
isotope
Example: calculate the average atomic mass of carbon?
C-12 natural abundance = 98.90% , atomic mass = 12 amu
C-13 natural abundance = 1.10% , atomic mass = 13 amu
Note that 98.9 % = 98.9 = 0.989
100
1.10 % = 1.10 = 0.011
100
Average atomic mass = (natural abundance x atomic mass )C-12+ (natural

abundance x atomic mass )C-13
Average atomic mass
Average atomic mass for C = (0.989 x 12) + (0.011 x 13)

= 12.011 amu
Average atomic mass
• Example 2:
Calculate the average atomic mass for Li ( 6Li (7.42%), 7Li (92.58%))?
Li-6 natural abundance = 7.42% , atomic mass = 6 amu
Li-7 natural abundance = 92.58% , atomic mass = 7 amu
Note that 7.42 % = 7.42 = 0.0742.
100
92.58 % = 92.58 = 0.9258.

100
Average atomic mass = (natural abundance x atomic mass )Li-6+ (natural

abundance x atomic mass )Li-7
Average atomic mass for Li = ( 0.0742 x 6) + ( 0.9258 x 7)
= 6.93 amu.
Avogadro’s number
• The mole (mol) is the amount of a substance that contains as many

elementary entities as there are atoms in exactly 12.00 grams of C-12.
• They calculate this number and it was found to be 6.022 x 10+23.
• This number was called Avogadro's number (NA) ( after Italian scientist
Amedeo Avogadro).
• 1 dozen of H2O = 12 H2O
• 1 mole of H2O = 6.022 x 10+23 H2O atom
• 1 mole of CO2 = 6.022 X 10+23 CO2 atom
• 1 mole of cars = 6.022 X 10+23 of cars
• 1 mole of shoes = 6.022 X 10+23 of shoes
Molar Mass
• Molar mass (M)= the mass (in gram) of 1 mole of a substance.
For any element

atomic mass (amu) = molar mass (grams/mole)
• Example:
Atomic mass of Na is 22.99 amu then Molar mass is 22.99 g/mol
Atomic mass of P is 30.97 amu then Molar mass is 30.97 g/mol
Molar Mass
• To calculate number of particle (atoms or molecules) :

Number of particle = Avogadro's number x number of moles.
Example1:
Calculate the number of atoms in 2 mole of hydrogen?
Number of atoms = 6.022 x 10+23 x 2 = 12.044 x 10+23.
Example 2 :
Calculate the number of moles in 6 x 10+20 atom of helium (He)?
Number of mole = number of atom / avogadro’s number
= 6 x 10+20 / 6.022 x 10+23
= 0.99 x 10-3 mole.
Molar Mass
• Relationships between mole and molar mass:

• n ( number of moles)= mass (g) / molar mass (g/mole)
Mass (g)
Mole Molar mass

• Example 1: (mol)
How may grams of Zn in 0.356 mole of Zn?

First find the molar mass of Zn from periodic table
65.39 g/mole
Number of mole = mass / molar mass
Mass = number of mole x molar mass
= 0.356 (mole) x 65.39 (g/mole)
= 23.3 g.
Molar Mass
• Example 2 :
Calculate the number of atoms in 6.46 grams of helium (He)?
The molar mass of He is 4 g/mole
Mass (g)
First calculate number of moles of He:
n = 6.46 (g) / 4 (g/mole) Mole
(mol)
Molar mass
= 1.62 mole
Number of atom = avogadro’s number x number of mole
= 6.022 x 10+23 x 1.62
= 9.73 x 1023 atoms
Molecular Mass
• The molecular mass (also called molecular weight) of compound is the

sum of all molar mass of each of it elements.
Example1:
what is the Molecular mass for NaOH?
NaOH consist of Na , O, H
Then molecular mass (NaOH)= molar mass of Na + molar mass of O + molar
mass of H
= 23 + 16.00 + 1 = 40 amu
Example 2:
What is the Molecular mass of SO2
Then molecular mass (SO2)= molar mass of S + (molar mass of O)
Molecular Mass
• The molecular mass (also called molecular weight) of compound is the

sum of all molar mass of each of it elements.
Example1:
what is the Molecular mass for NaOH?
NaOH consist of Na , O, H
Then molecular mass (NaOH)= molar mass of Na + molar mass of O + molar
mass of H
= 23 + 16.00 + 1 = 40 amu
Example 2:
What is the Molecular mass of SO2
Then molecular mass (SO2)= molar mass of S + 2X(molar mass of O)
= 32 + 2(16)
= 64 amu
Molecular Mass
Example 3:
What is the molecular mass of C3H4O2?
Then molecular mass (C3H4O2)= 3X(molar mass of C) + 4X(molar mass of H) +
2X(molar mass of O)
= 3 X12 + 4X 1 + 2X 16
= 72 amu
• Molecular mass (amu ) = molar mass (g/mole) .
Molecular Mass
Example 4:
How many molecules of ethane (C2H6) are present in 0.334 g of C2H6?
Molar mass = (2 x 12 )+ (6 x 1) = 30 g/mole
First we should calculate the number of mole
Number of mole = 0.334 / 30 = 0.011 mole
We know that
Number of molecules = Avogadro’s number x number of mole
= 6.022 x 1023 x 0.011
= 6.624 x 1021 molecules.
Molecular Mass
• Example 5:
How many hydrogen atoms are present in 25.6 g of urea [(NH2)2CO]. The
molar mass of urea is 60.06 g/mol?
First we calculate the number of mole
= 25.6 / 60.06 = 0.426 mole
Number of molecules = avogadro’s number x number of mole
= 6.022 x 1023 x 0.426
= 2.57 x1023 molecules
From the chemical formula of urea (NH2)2CO
1 molecules of urea = 4 atom of H

2.567 x 1023 molecules = ? Atom oh H
4 x 2.567 x 1023 = 1.03 x1024 atoms

Molecular Mass
• Example 6:
What is the mass, in grams, of one copper atom?
I know that
1 mole of Cu ====== 6.022 x 1023 atom of Cu
Molar mass of Cu= 63.55 g/mol
That mean 63.55 g of Cu ======= 1mole of Cu
Thus
1 mole of Cu ====== 6.022 x 1023 atom of Cu
1 mole of Cu ====== 63.55 g of Cu
Then
6.022 x 10 23 atom of Cu ====== 63.55 g of Cu
1 atom of Cu =======? g of Cu ‫او س‬
6.22 X1023 x ?g= 63.55 x 1
grams of Cu = 1 x 63.55 = 10.55 = 10.55 x 10-23 g
6.022 x 1023 1023
Mass of one atom = molar mass / Avogadro number
Percent Composition of a Compounds
• Percent composition by mass is the percent by mass of each element in a

compound.
• This can be obtained from this formula:
n x molar mass of element
molar mass of compound x 100%
• Where n is the number of moles of the element in 1 mole of compound

Example 1:
Calculate the percentage of each element in H2O2?
First we calculate the molar mass of the compound
(2 x 1) + (2 x 16) = 34 g/mol
2x1
% of H = x 100% = 5.88 %
34
2 x 16
% of O= 34 x 100% = 94.12 %
THE SUM SHOULD BE 100

5.88 + 94.12 = 100%
Example 2:
Phosphoric acid (H3PO4) is a colorless , syrupy liquid used in detergents,
fertilizers, toothpastes, and in carbonates beverages for a “tangy” flavor.
Calculate the percent composition by mass of H, P, and O in this
compound?
First we calculate the molar mass of the compound
(3 x 1) + 31 +(4 x 16) =98 g/mol
3x 1 1x31
% of H = 98 x 100% = 3.06 % % of P= 98 x 100% = 31.63 %
4 x 16
% of O= x 100% = 65.31 %
98
THE SUM SHOULD BE 100

3.06 + 65.31 + 31.63 = 100%
• Example 3:
Which of these is the richest source of nitrogen on a mass percentage basis?
A- Urea, (NH2)2CO b- Ammonium nitrate, NH4NO3
C- Guanidine, HNC(NH2)2 d- Ammonia, NH3+
We have to calculate the percentage of Nitrogen in each compound then compare
between them, the one who have the highest percentage of nitrogen is the richest
source of nitrogen.
• Example 3:
Which of these is the richest source of nitrogen on a mass percentage basis?
A- Urea, (NH2)2CO b- Ammonium nitrate, NH4NO3
C- Guanidine, HNC(NH2)2 d- Ammonia, NH3+
We have to calculate the percentage of Nitrogen in each compound then compare
between them, the one who have the highest percentage of nitrogen is the richest
source of nitrogen.
• It possible to determine the empirical formula from the percentage of

elements in the compound.
1- change % to g
2- change g to mole (remember the triangle).
3- divide by the smallest number of moles.
4- if there was fraction after division change to integer subscripts ( multiply by
1 or 2 or 3 etc until reach integer.
Example 1:
Determine the empirical formula of Vitamin C. it is compose of 40.92% of C,
4.58% of H, and 54.50% of O by mass?
1- change from % to g
Mass (g)
40.92 g of C, 4.58 g of H , 54.50 g of O
Mole Molar mass
2- change from g to mole using (mol)
40.92
nc = 12 = 3.41 mol of C
4.58
nH =
1 = 4.58 mol of H
54.50
nO = = 3.406 mol of O
16
Divided by the smallest number of mole which is 3.406
3.41 4.58 3.406

C: ≈1 H: = 1.34 O: =1
3.406 3.406 3.406
4- Because number of hydrogen is 1.33 then we start to multiply until we

reach integer, this is trail and error procedure:
1 x 1.34 = 1.34
2 x 1.34 =2.68
3 x 1.34 = 4.02 ≈ 4
Then we multiply all element with the same number we stopped at (which is
3 in this example).
C : 1x3 =3 , O: 1 x 3 = 3 , H =4
Thus the empirical formula is C3H4O3
• Example 2 :
Allicin is the compound responsible of characteristic smell of garlic. an
analysis of the compound gives the following percent composition by
mass: C: 44.4 %, H: 6.21%, S: 39.5%, O: 9.86%. Calculate its empirical
formula?
1- change from % to g Mass (g)
44.4 g of C, 6.21 g of H , 39.5 g of S, 9.86 g of O. Mole Molar mass

2- change from g to mole using (mol)
44.4 6.21
nC = = 3.70 mol of C nH = = 6.21 mol of H
12 1
39.5 9.86
nS = = 1.23 mol of S nO = = 0.62 mol of O
32 16
3- Divide by the smallest number of mole which is 0.62
3.70 6.21
C: ≈6 H: ≈ 10
0.62 0.62
1.32 0.62
S: ≈2 O: =1
0.62 0.62
Because all the numbers are integer then we do not need to do anything else
and we just write the formula as following :
The empirical formula is C6H10O S2
• It also possible to determine the molecular formula from the percentage of

elements in the compound.
1-determin the empirical formula (as before)
a-change % to g
b- change g to mole (remember the triangle).
c- divide by the smallest number of moles.
d- if there was fraction after division change to integer subscripts ( multiply by 1 or
2 or 3 etc until you reach integer.
2- calculate the molecular mass of empirical formula
3- calculate the ratio between molecular formula and empirical formula as following:
molar mass of compound known form the quesition

Ratio 
empirical molar mass
4-Then multiply the empirical formula with that ratio number

Example 1:
1-Determine the molecular formula of Vitamin C. it is compose of 40.92% of C, 4.58%
of H, and 54.50% of O by mass and the molar mass of vitamin C is 176 g/mol?
First we determine the molecular formula as seen before for this compound
Empirical formula = C3H4O3
2- calculate the molar mass of empirical formula:
3 x 12 + 4 x 1 + 3 x16 = 88 g/mol
3- calculate the ratio
molar mass of compound
Ratio 
Ratio = 176
88 = 2
4- molecular formula = ratio x empirical formula
= 2 x C3H4O3 = C6H8O6
Example 2:
Allicin is the compound responsible of characteristic smell of garlic. an analysis of the
compound gives the following percent composition by mass: C: 44.4 %, H: 6.21%, S:
39.5%, O: 9.86%. Calculate its molecular formula if you know that the molar mass
of the compound is 162.27 g/mol?
First we determine the empirical formula as seen before for this compound
Empirical formula = C6H10O S2
2- calculate the molar mass of empirical formula:
6 x 12 + 10 x 1 + 16 + 2 X 32 = 162 g/mol
3- calculate the ratio
molar mass of compound
Ratio 
162.27
Ratio = 162 =1
4- molecular formula = ratio x empirical formula

= 1 x C6H10O S2 = C6H10O S2
Chemical Reactions and Chemical Equations
• Often chemist also indicate the physical state of the reactants and
products by using the letters g, l, s. and when chemical is dissolved in
water the symbol (aq) is used.
O2(g) + 2H2(g) H2O(l)
KBr(aq) + AgNO3(aq) KNO3(aq) + AgBr(s)
• Chemical reaction is a process in which a substance (or substances) is

changed into one or more new substances.
• Chemical equation uses chemical symbols to show what happens during a
chemical reaction.
• Remember in chemical reaction we don’t create new elements.
• The chemicals that react with each other called reactant, and the
chemicals produced from the reaction is called product.
• To write a chemical equation we always put the reactants on left side and
the products on the wright side
Reactants products
There are 3 way to represent the reaction between hydrogen and oxygen:
• How to read chemical equations

2Mg + O2 2MgO
a) 2 atom of Mg + 1 molecules of O2 makes 2 molecules of MgO
b) 2 mole of Mg + 1 mole of O2 makes 2 mole of MgO
C) From perodic table
48.6 g of Mg + 32 g of O2 makes 80.6 g of MgO
Molar mass (g/mol)
d) 2 g of Mg + 1 g of O2 makes 2 g of MgO
Balancing Chemical Equation
1. Identify all reactants and products and write their correct formula on the
left side and right side of the equation.
2. Begin balancing by Change the numbers in front of the formulas

(coefficients) to make the number of atoms in each element the same on
both sides of the equation. Do not change the subscripts.
NO2 when multiply by 2=======2NO2 not N2O4
3. Start by balancing those elements that appear in only one reactant and
one product.
4. Balance those elements that appear in two or more reactants or products.
5. Check to make sure that you have the same number of each type of atom
on both sides of the equation.
• Example1 :
Balance the following equation:
C5H12 + O2 CO2 + H2O
one product.
So we should start with C or H but not with O
C5H12 + O2 CO2 + H2O
Multiply CO2
by 5
5 carbon 1 carbon
on left on right
C5H12 +O2 5CO2 + H2O
Multiply H2O
by 6
12 hydrogen 2 hydrogen
on left on right
C5H12 +O2 5CO2 + 6H2O

3. Balance those elements that appear in two or more reactants or products

C5H12 +O2 5CO2 + 6H2O Multiply O2 by
8
2 oxygen 5x2 oxygen 6 oxygen = 16 oxygen

on left on right on right on right
C5H12 + 8O2 5CO2 + 6H2O

C5H12 + 8O2 5CO2 + 6H2O
C5 C 5X1 =5
H 12 H 6X2 =12
O 8X2=16 O 5X2 + 6 = 16
Reactants Products
5C 5C
12 H 12 H
16 O 16 O
• Example2 :
C2H6 + O2 CO2 + H2O
one product.
So we should start with C or H but not with O
C2H6 + O2 CO2 + H2O
Multiply CO2
by 2
2 carbon 1 carbon
on left on right
C2H6 +O2 2CO2 + H2O
Multiply H2O
by 3
6 hydrogen 2 hydrogen
on left on right
C2H6 +O2 2CO2 + 3H2O

3. Balance those elements that appear in two or more reactants or products

C2H6 +O2 2CO2 + 3H2O Multiply O2 by
7/2
2 oxygen 2x2 oxygen 3 oxygen = 7 oxygen

on left on right on right on right
C2H6 + 7 O2 2CO2 + 3H2O

2
remove fraction by
multiply both sides by 2
2C2H6 + 7O2 4CO2 + 6H2O

2C2H6 + 7O2 4CO2 + 6H2O
C 2X2=4 C 4X1 =4
H 2X6=12 H 6X2 =12
O 7X2=14 O 4X2 + 6 = 14
Reactants Products
4C 4C
12 H 12 H
14 O 14 O
• Example3 :
Al + O2 Al2O3

one product.
All two element (Al,O) appear only once on each side so we can start with any
one.
Al + O2 Al2O3 Multiply Al by 2
1 aluminum 2 aluminum
on left on right
2Al + O2 Al2O3 Multiply O2 by
3/2
2 oxygen 3 oxygen
on left on right
2Al + 3 O2 Al2O3
2
remove fraction by
2Al + 3
2 O2 Al2O3 multiply both sides by 2
4Al + 3O2 2Al2O3

4Al + 3O2 2Al2O3
Al 4 Al4
O 3X2=6 O 2x3= 6
Reactants Products
4 Al 4 Al
6O 6O
Amount of Reactants and Products
• A basic question in chemical laboratory is How much product will be

formed from specific amounts of starting materials (reactant)? Or how
much starting materials must be used to obtain a specific amount of
product?
• To do that you have to follow the following rules.
1- write the balanced equation for the reaction
2- convert the given amount of reactant to moles
3- use the mole ratio from the balanced equation to calculate the number of
moles of product.
4- convert the number of moles of product to grams.
convert From balanced convert

Grams of A MOLE OF A MOLE OF B Grams of B
chemical equation
Example 1:
The food we eat is degraded, or broken down, in our bodies to provide energy
for growth and function. A general overall equation for this very complex
process represents the degradation of glucose (C6H12O6) to carbon dioxide
and water:
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O
If 856 g of C6H12O6 is consumed by a person over a certain period, what is the
mass of CO2 produced?
First we make sure that the equation is balanced
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O
C6 C6
H 12 H 6X2=12
O 6 + 6X2=18 O 6X2 + 6 =18

2- convert g to mole of glucose
mass( g )
n
molar mass (g/mol)
Then we have to calculate the molar mass of glucose from periodic table
6x12 + 12x1 + 6x 16 = 180 g/mol
856 g
n  4.76 mol C6 H 12O6
180 ( g / mol )
3- from the equation

C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O
1 mole C6H12O6 ========= 6 mole of CO2

4.76 mole C6H12O6 ========= ? mole of CO2
1 x ? = 4.76 x 6
4.76 x 6
MOLES OF CO 2   28.56 mol of CO 2
1
4- convert mole to g
mass(g)  mole x molar mass
Then we have to calculate the molar mass of CO2 from periodic table
1x12 + 2x 16 = 44 g/mol
mass  28.56 x 44  1.256 x 103 g of CO 2

Example 2 :
All alkali metals reacts with water to produce hydrogen gas and the
corresponding alkali metal hydroxide. A typical reaction is that between
lithium and water:
2Li + 2H2O 2LiOH + H2
How many grams of Li are needed to produced 9.89 g of H2?
First we make sure that the equation is balanced
Li 2 Li 2
H4 H 2+2=4
O2 O2
2- convert g to mole of H2
mass( g )
n
molar mass (g/mol)
Then we have to calculate the molar mass of hydrogen from periodic table
2 X1 = 2 g/mol
9.89
n  4.94 mol of H 2
2
3- from the equation
2 mole Li ========= 1 mole H2
? mole Li ========= 4.94 mole of H2
2 X 4.94 = ? X 1
2 x 4.94
mole of Li   9.88 mol of Li
1
4- convert mole to g
mass  mole x molar mass
Then we have to calculate the molar mass of Li from periodic table which is
6.941 g/mole
Mass of Li = 9.88 x 6.941 = 68.6 g of Li
Limiting Reagents
A+B C +D
• What is limiting reagents
Limiting reagents is the reactant used up first in a reaction.
Excess reagents is the reactant present in quantities grater than necessary to
react with the quantity of the limiting reagent (the one that is left at the
end of the reaction).
By knowing the limiting reagent we can determine the amount of product.
Always take the smallest number

Limiting Reagents
Example :
Urea is [(NH2)2CO] is prepared by reacting ammonia with carbon dioxide:
2NH3 + CO2 (NH2)2CO + H2O
In one process, 637.2g of NH3 are treated with 1142g of CO2.
a) Which of the two reactants is the limiting reagent ?
b) Calculate the mass of (NH2)2CO formed?
c) How much excess reagent (in grams) is left at the end of the reaction?
a) We should calculate how much product each reactant produced and the
one with the smallest number is the limiting reagents.
to do so, we have to use the previous method of calculation.
Limiting Reagents
2NH3 + CO2 (NH2)2CO + H2O
• First start with NH3 • second start with CO2

1-Convert g to mole : 1-Convert g to mole :
n = 637.2 / 17 = 37.48 mol n = 1142 / 44 = 25.95 mol
2- from equation 2- from equation
2 mole NH3 ========= 1 mole (NH2)2CO 1 mole CO2 ========= 1 mole (NH2)2CO
37.48 mole NH3 =====? Mole (NH2)2CO 25.95 mole CO2 =====? Mole (NH2)2CO
1 x 37.48 = 2 x ? 1 x 25.95 = 1 x ?
Mole of (NH2)2CO = 37.48 / 2 Mole of (NH2)2CO = 25.95 / 1
=18.74 mole of (NH2)2CO = 25.95 mole of (NH2)2CO
Thus the limiting reagent is NH3 because it produced the least amount of product
Always take the smallest number
Limiting Reagents
b) Calculate the mass of (NH2)2CO formed? Always take the smallest number
We take the number of mole of product formed from the limiting reagent and
then converted to grams
The limiting reagent here is NH3 and it produce 18.74 mole of (NH2)2CO
Molar mass of (NH2)2CO = 2 x 14 + 4x 1 + 12 + 16 = 60 g/mol
Mass = mole x molar mass
= 18.74 x 60 = 1124.4 g of (NH2)2CO .
Limiting Reagents
c) How much excess reagent (in grams) is left at the end of the reaction?
We need to know how much excess reagent (in this case CO2) remain after
the reaction.
Excess reagent = initial amount of CO2 - Reacted amount of CO2
The initial amount of CO2 we know it from the question (1142g = 25.95 mole)
We need to know how much reacted and we can do this by comparing CO2
with product (NH2)2CO Always take the smallest number
We know that there are 18.74 mole of (NH2)2CO
From equation
1 mole CO2 ======== 1 mole (NH2)2CO .
? Mole of CO2 ========== 18.74 mole of (NH2)2CO .
Then the number of mole of reacted CO2 is 18.74 mole
Then excess reagents = 25.95 – 18.74 = 7.21 mole
= 7.21 X 44 = 317.24 g of CO2
Yield
• For any reaction there are theoretical yield and actual (practical) yield.
• Theoretical yield : the amount of product that would result if all the
limiting reagent reacted.
• Actual yield : the amount of product actually obtained from a reaction.
• Normally the actual yield is less than theoretical yield.
• To determine how efficient a given reaction is, we calculate the percent
yield.
Actual yield
% Yield  X 100
Theoretica l yield
• Normally actual yield is given in the question

• We calculate the theoretical yield from the limiting reagent.
Yield
Grams of convert MOLE OF From balanced convert

MOLE OF Grams of
limiting limiting
product product
reagent reagent chemical equation
Example 1:
Titanium is a strong, lightweight, corrosion-resistance metal that is used in
rockets, aircraft, jet engines, and bicycle frames. Its prepared by the
reaction of titanium (IV) chloride with molten magnesium between 950 °C
and 1150 °C:
TiCl4 + 2Mg Ti + 2MgCl2
In a certain industrial operation 3.54 x 107 g of TiCl4 are reacted with 1.13 x
107 g of Mg.
a) Calculate the theoretical yield of Ti in grams.
b) Calculate the percent yield if 7.91 x 106 g of Ti are actually obtained.
Yield
Grams of convert MOLE OF From balanced convert

MOLE OF Grams of
limiting limiting
product product
reagent reagent chemical equation
a) Calculate the theoretical yield of Ti

in grams. TiCl4 + 2Mg Ti + 2MgCl2
First we have to determine the limiting second start with Mg
reagent: 1-Convert g to mole :
First start with TiCl4 :
n = 1.13 x107 / 24.31 = 4.65 x 105 mol
1-Convert g to mole :
2- from equation
n = 3.54 x 107 / 189.7= 1.87 x 105 mol
2 mole Mg ========= 1 mole Ti
2- from equation
4.65 x10 5 mole Mg ========? Mole Ti
1 mole TiCl4 ========= 1 mole Ti
5
1.87 x 105 mole TiCl ========? Mole Ti 1 x 4.65 x 10 = 2 x ?
4
1 x 1.87 x105 =1x? 1x4.65 x 105
mole of Ti   2.32 x 105 mol
Mole of Ti = 1.87 x 105 mole 2
Mole of Ti = 2.32 x 105 mole
Yield
Thus the limiting reagent is TiCl4 because it produced

the least amount of product.
Now we take the number of mole of Ti that produced
by the limiting reagent (which is in this example
TiCl4)
1.87 x 105 mole of Ti
Convert the mole of TI to g which will be the
theoretical yield of Ti
grams of Ti = mole of Ti x molar mass of Ti
= 1.87 x 105 x 47.88 = 8.95 x 106 g of Ti.
Yield
b) Calculate the percent yield if 7.91 x 106 g of Ti are actually obtained.
Actual yield
% Yield  X 100
Theoretica l yield
7.91 x 106
% Yield  6
X 100  88.4%
8.95 x 10

Chapter 3

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter 3

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter 3

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter Three

Mass Relationships in Chemical

• Atomic mass = protons + neutrons

Average atomic mass

Average atomic mass

Average atomic mass = (natural abundance x atomic mass )C-12+ (natural

Average atomic mass

Average atomic mass for C = (0.989 x 12) + (0.011 x 13)

Average atomic mass

92.58 % = 92.58 = 0.9258.

Average atomic mass = (natural abundance x atomic mass )Li-6+ (natural

• The mole (mol) is the amount of a substance that contains as many

• Molar mass (M)= the mass (in gram) of 1 mole of a substance.

For any element

• To calculate number of particle (atoms or molecules) :

• Relationships between mole and molar mass:

Mole Molar mass

How may grams of Zn in 0.356 mole of Zn?

• The molecular mass (also called molecular weight) of compound is the

• The molecular mass (also called molecular weight) of compound is the

Molar mass = (2 x 12 )+ (6 x 1) = 30 g/mole

First we should calculate the number of mole

Number of mole = mass / molar mass

Number of mole = 0.334 / 30 = 0.011 mole

1 molecules of urea = 4 atom of H

4 x 2.567 x 1023 = 1.03 x1024 atoms

Percent Composition of a Compounds

• Percent composition by mass is the percent by mass of each element in a

• Where n is the number of moles of the element in 1 mole of compound

Percent Composition of a Compounds

THE SUM SHOULD BE 100

Percent Composition of a Compounds

THE SUM SHOULD BE 100

Percent Composition of a Compounds

Percent Composition of a Compounds

Percent Composition of a Compounds

• It possible to determine the empirical formula from the percentage of

Percent Composition of a Compounds

Percent Composition of a Compounds

3.41 4.58 3.406

4- Because number of hydrogen is 1.33 then we start to multiply until we

Percent Composition of a Compounds

44.4 g of C, 6.21 g of H , 39.5 g of S, 9.86 g of O. Mole Molar mass

Percent Composition of a Compounds

Percent Composition of a Compounds

• It also possible to determine the molecular formula from the percentage of

molar mass of compound known form the quesition

4-Then multiply the empirical formula with that ratio number

Percent Composition of a Compounds

Percent Composition of a Compounds

4- molecular formula = ratio x empirical formula

Chemical Reactions and Chemical Equations

Chemical Reactions and Chemical Equations

• Chemical reaction is a process in which a substance (or substances) is

Chemical Reactions and Chemical Equations

Chemical Reactions and Chemical Equations

• How to read chemical equations

Balancing Chemical Equation

2. Begin balancing by Change the numbers in front of the formulas

4. Balance those elements that appear in two or more reactants or products.