CHAPTER ONE

REVIEW OF PRINCIPLE AND ANALYSIS OF WAVE

GUIDE

TEXT BOOK

By: Muhabaw
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 INTRODUCTION TO MICROWAVE ENGINEERING
The field of radio frequency (RF) and microwave engineering generally
covers the behavior of alternating current signals with frequencies in the
range of 100 MHz (1 MHz = 106 Hz) to 1000 GHz (1 GHz = 109 Hz).
RF frequencies range from very high frequency (VHF) (30–300 MHz) to
ultra-high frequency (UHF) (300–3000 MHz).
Microwave engineering: engineering and design of
communication/navigation systems in the microwave frequency range.
The term microwave is typically used for frequencies between 3 and
300 GHz or (wavelength between λ = c/ f = 10 cm and λ = 1 mm).
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 MICROWAVE BANDS

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 EM SPECTRUM

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 Note that microwaves are EM waves, and thus travel at the speed of
light c (in a vacuum), =3*108 m/s.
 Frequency is usually denoted  and wavelength is denoted λ, c = λ.

Applications of Microwave Engineering

It as the high frequencies and short wavelengths of microwave energy

make for difficulties in the analysis and design of microwave devices
and systems, these same aspects provide unique opportunities for the
application of microwave systems.

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 Microwave bands and its applications
Frequency Band Designation Typical applications
3 – 30 kHz Very low frequency (VLF) Navigation/ Sonar
30 – 300 KHz Low frequency (LF) Radio Beacons/navigation
300 – 3000 KHz Medium frequency (MF) AM broadcasting/maritime
Radio, coast guard etc.
3 – 30 MHz High frequency (HF) Telephony/shortwave
Radio/CB radio
30 – 300 MHz Very High frequency (VHF) Television/FM radio /ATC
/police / Taxis
300 – 3000 MHz Ultra High frequency (UHF) Television /Satellite coms.
/Surveillance Radar
3 – 30 GHz Super High frequency (SHF) Airborne Radar /Microwave
links / mobile communications
30 – 300 GHz Extremely High frequency Radar / Experimental
(EHF)
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Some Applications: Microwave oven, Radar, Satellite communication, direct
broadcast satellite (DBS) television, personal communication systems (PCSs) etc.

Figure 1.1: Microwave applications

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Various molecular, atomic, and nuclear resonances occur at
microwave frequencies, creating a variety of unique applications in
the areas of basic science, remote sensing, medical diagnostics and
treatment, and heating methods.
 The majority of today’s applications of RF and microwave technology are to
wireless networking and communications systems, wireless security systems,
radar systems, environmental remote sensing, and medical systems.

Q1.1: List out and define all microwave applications?

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 The following considerations can be useful in practice
 Antenna gain is proportional to the electrical size of the antenna. At higher
frequencies, More antenna gain can be obtained for a given physical antenna size.
 More bandwidth can be realized at higher frequencies.
 Microwave signals travel by line of sight and are not bent by the ionosphere as
are lower frequency signals.
 Satellite and terrestrial communication links with very high capacities are
therefore possible, with frequency reuse at minimally distant locations.
 The effective reflection area (radar cross section) of a radar target is usually
proportional to the target’s electrical size.

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 Classification of Microwave Integrated Circuits
 A microwave circuit can be defined as a circuit in which active and passive
microwave devices such as resistors, capacitors, and inductors are interconnected
by transmission lines.
 At low frequencies, the transmission lines are a simple connection; however, at
microwave frequencies they are no longer just simple connections and their
operation becomes a complicated distributed circuit element.
Microwave Integrated Circuits (MIC)
Traces Passive components Active devices
Transmission lines Resistors, capacitors and inductors Diodes and transistors

NB: Transmission lines are defined on the metallization layer and the discrete
components (passive and active) are bonded to the substrate.
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 There are various types of transmission lines in microwave integrated circuits;
some common examples are waveguides, coaxial, and microstrip lines.

Figure 1.2: Some common transmission lines used in microwave circuits: (a) coaxial
line, (b) rectangular waveguide, and (c) microstrip

Q1.2:List and define all microwave integrated circuit components?

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 MAXWELL’S EQUATIONS
 Electric and magnetic phenomena at the macroscopic level are described by
Maxwell’s equations.
 Maxwell’s work was based on a large body of empirical and theoretical
knowledge developed by Gauss, Ampere, Faraday, and others.
 Maxwell’s wave equations are of essential importance in microwave
engineering.
 Plane waves are the simplest form of electromagnetic waves and so serve to
illustrate a number of basic properties associated with wave propagation.

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The general form of time varying Maxwell equations, then, can be written in
“point,” or differential, form as

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 In free-space, the following simple relations hold between the electric and
magnetic field intensities and flux densities:
𝐵− = µ0 𝐻 −
𝐷 − = Ԑ0 Ԑ−
Where µ0 = 4π × 10-7 henry/m is the permeability of free-space, and Ꜫ0 = 8.854 ×
10-12 farad/m is the permittivity of free-space.

Reading Assignment!!!
 Basic Maxwell equations

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