Unit 2

ENERGY PRODUCTION
MECHANICAL – ELECTRICAL

Seminar 2
Part 3
Rankine cycle
 Requirements of a steam thermoelectric plant

Fuel

fíKae&sdedanttubia^iióB tion ^fuel

heating value
QH
Eff = - ----—-----xlOO
Q fuel

Coweeióichedeergéargnadáeicélic
a ei^d&iOJíica

Combustion
gases

fuel + air
 Ideal Rankine Cycle
Qi
n

Pump (q = 0, isentropic) : Isentropic turbine and

W
pump,inlet m V 2s 1 m v o 1 (P 2 -P 1 )
= (h -h )=

h1=hf V pump
1 =
VfaP1
Isentropic:
Boiler (w = 0, P 2 = P 3 ):
Q input = m V (h 3 – h 2s ) = Q H _ ^net 0 adiabatic process,
Athermal —
- without friction, with
Turbine (q = 0, isentropic ):
W
turbine, outlet m V 3 4s
= (h –h ) maximum efficiency
s3=s4

Capacitor (w = 0, P 4 = P 1 ):
Q output = m V (h 4s - h 1 ) = Q L

Net power (mechanical)

W
net = W turbine - W pump
14) An ideal simple Rankine cycle with water as the working fluid operates
between pressure limits of 3 MPa in the boiler and 30 kPa in the m V =50 P3 = 3 MPa
condenser and temperature at the turbine inlet is kg/s T3=
600oC. The boiler is designed to give a steam flow of 50kg/s.
600°C
a) Determine the power of the turbine and pump.
b) Calculate the net power delivered by the cycle.
c) How much heat should be supplied in the steam generator (boiler)?
d) What is the fuel flow if the heating value is 40,000 kJ/kg and the CaMc P 4 = 30
efficiency is 80%? kP
Condensed
= 30 kP
m fuel P1

Solution: ideal cycle 3MPa

Calculation of
enthalpies
Table A6
Liquid + steam mixture
h3 = 3682.8 kJ/kg s = 7.5103 —
Table A5 kg.K
s m = s f + x* s fg
s 4 = 7.5103 = 0.9441 + x ( : 6.8234 : )
x 4 = 0.9623 h m = h f + x* h fg
h4 = 289.27 + 0.9623(2335.3) = 2536.53 Compressed liquid h 2 = h 1
Table A5 + v f *(P 2 – P 1 )
h ± = h f = 289.27 V1 - Vr = 0.001022 nt 3 /kg
For the isentropic process in the pump v1=
h2—h = ~P^
vf
h2 = 289.27 + 0.001022(3000 - 30)

h2 = 292.31 kJ/kg
 mv = 50kg/s P3=P2=3
MPa
T3=
600°C

Turbine

Condensadkce

m fuel P 4 = P 1 = 30
kPa

a) Determine the power of the turbine and pump

. _ Qfuel
Q fuel — 211905.63kW mfuel -
^turbine.= 50 kg/s.^-'Z3'3e>/kg
 W turbine = 57313.5 kW

bomb. = 50kg /s .Z7^kJ / kg

w pump = 152.0 kW

b) Determine the power delivered by the cycle

^net = (57313.5 - 152.0) = 57161.5 kW

c) How much heat should be supplied in the steam generator (boiler)?

Qboiler = QH=50 kg/s(3682.8 — 292.31)kJ/kg Q H = 169524.5 kW

d) What is the fuel flow if the heating value is 40,000 kJ/kg and the efficiency is 80%?
QH
Boiler efficiency = ------------------------X100 = 80
Qfuel
. _ 211905.63 kj/s _
m fuel - 40000 kj/kg - 5.30 k ^/ s
 m V =50 kg/s P3=P2=3
MPa
g
T 3 = 600°C

T Turbine;

P4 = P1

m fuel

O 3MPa
30

,
15) An electric power plant works with a flow of 20 kg/s of steam
according to the ideal Rankine cycle. The steam enters the turbine at
8MPa and 400°C and leaves it at 20 kPa. In the condenser, cooling water P3 = 8MPa
is used to remove the heat lost by the steam when it condenses. The
temperature of this water increases from 20°C to 33°C as it passes
through the condenser (CP = 4.18 kJ/kg.oC). The electric generator has m v = 20
an efficiency of 90%. kg/s
It is requested:
a) Find the net power (mechanical) and the electrical power delivered
by the plant.
b) Calculate the cooling water flow. Consider a heat exchange in the
condenser.

m v = 20
Calculation of enthalpies kg/s
P3 = 8Mpa P4 = 20 kPa
Table A6 h3 =3139.4 kJ/kg S3 = 6.3658 kJ/kg. K VSC
T3 = 400°C

P = 20 kPa Table A5 S3 is between Sf and Sg at 20 kPa, L+V S3 = S4

S4 = 6.3658 = 0.8320 +
Liquid + steam mixture
X (7.0752)
X 4 = 0.782 s m = s f + x* s fg
h4 = 251.42 + 0.782 (2357.5) = 2094.99
h m = h f + x* h fg
P = 20 kPa Saturated liquid h1 = hf = 251.42
P2 = 8000 kPa h2 = h1 + U 1 (P2 – P1) Compressed liquid h 2 = h 1
Compressed liquid = 251.42 + 0.001017(8000-20) = 259.54 kJ/kg a) Wnet = Wturbine –
Wpump = m v (h3 – h4) – m v (h2 – h1) + V f *(P 2 – P 1 )
= 20 kg/s( 3139.4 – 2094.99 – 259.54 + 251.42) kJ/kg = 20725.8 kW v1 = vf
_^e!ée tr ^
Effective
.GE " E x 100 Welectric = 0.90 x 20725.8 = 18653.22 kW
and net
15) An electric power plant works with a flow of 20 kg/s of
steam according to the ideal Rankine cycle. The steam enters P3 = 8MPa
the turbine at 8MPa and 400°C and leaves it at 20 kPa. In the
condenser, cooling water is used to remove the heat lost by
the steam when it condenses. The temperature of this water m v = 20
increases from 20°C to 33°C as it passes through the condenser kg/s
(CP = 4.18 kJ/kg.oC). The electric generator has an efficiency of
90%.
It is requested:
a) Find the net power (mechanical) and the electrical power
delivered by the plant.
b) Calculate the cooling water flow. Consider a heat
exchange in the condenser. m v = 20
kg/s
P4 = 20 kPa

c) Condenser: it is a heat exchanger Qgiven by steam = Qgained by water

m v (h4 – h1) = m r Cp (Tb – Ta) m r —> cooling water flow (kg/s)

20 (2094.99 – 251.42) = m r x 4.18 x (33 – 20)

m r = 678.53 kg/s
16) Consider a steam power plant that operates on an ideal simple
Rankine cycle and has a net power output of 45 MW. Steam enters
the turbine at 7 MPa and 500 °C and expels heat in the condenser at a boil P3 = 7 MPa
pressure of 10 kPa by circulating cooling water from a lake through P2 = 8MPa er G T3 = 500°C
the condenser tubes at a rate of 2000 kg/s. "turb,
a) The thermal efficiency of the cycle. out
b) The mass flow of the steam. PlirP turbine
4 Wnet = 45 Mw
c) Raising the temperature of the cooling water. Effects on the ID
environment ym
p P4 = 10 kPa 4

Condenser
m r = T 2000
kg/s
Calculation of
tb
enthalpies P4 = 10 kPa
P3 = 7Mpa h3 = 3411.4 kJ/kg S3 = 6,800 kJ/kg. K
T3 = 500°C Table A6
VSC
P = 10 kPa Table A5 S3 is between Sf and Sg at 20 kPa, L+V
S3 = S4 S4 = 6.800 = 0.6492 + X (7.4996) Liquid + steam mixture
X 4 = 0.8202
h4 = 191.81 + 0.8202 (2392.1) = 2153.81 kJ/kg
s m = s f + x* s fg
P = 10 kPa Saturated liquid h1 = hf = 191.81 kJ/kg h m = h f + x* h fg
P2 = 7000 kPa h2 = h1 + v 1 (P2 – P1)
Compressed liquid h 2 = h 1
Compressed liquid = 191.81 + 0.001010(7000 - 10) = 198.87 kJ/kg
+ V f *(P 2 – P 1 )
to 77 100 v1 = vf

=
) ncicid
16) Consider a steam power plant that operates on an ideal simple
Rankine cycle and has a net power output of 45 MW. Steam enters
the turbine at 7 MPa and 500 °C and expels heat in the condenser at boil - P3 = 7 MPa
a pressure of 10 kPa by circulating cooling water from a lake through P2 = 7 MPa er GT3 = 500°C
the condenser tubes at a rate of 2000 kg/s.
"turb,
a) The thermal efficiency of the cycle. out
b) The mass flow of the steam. PlirP turbine
' 4 Wnet = 45 Mw
c) Raising the temperature of the cooling water. Effects on the ID
environment ump
P4 = 10 kPa4
m r = 2000 kg/s

to
w Condenser -Ta
_pT,
77 _ "mefta hAA
) nciciolo 8 -—W
vhiz ______ TA(Input
xa7
Wtrudbima Wborhba
Qentradk? —m(h3 h2)
P4 = 10 kPa
=
WturBita— rihv(ha ha) W r, (ha-
We form an equation with the data and the calculated enthalpies
3411 434153.821538.87 198987811191.81) Thy 35.985Rg/8/s
45000

Wgtotm- 3529855803411144—216881)4= 452543Z6W

s
SS S Liquid + vapor mixture

Womha 35398550 198287—194181)*-= 254 054 m = s f + x * s fg h,

_ • • _______________________

Wnekn=46000kW = h f + x* h,
Q input = 35,985(2415-602,898,679 = 115 602,898 kJ/s Compressed liquid h 2 =
h, + v, *(P, - P1)
45000 ncycle = r- 100 = 38.93%
cico 115602.898 v, = U,
16)Consider a steam power plant that operates on an ideal simple
Rankine cycle and has a net power output of 45 MW. Steam enters
the turbine at 7 MPa and 500 °C and expels heat in the condenser at a
pressure of 10 kPa by circulating cooling water from a lake through
the condenser tubes at a rate of 2000 kg/s.
a) The thermal efficiency of the cycle.
b) The mass flow of the steam.
c) Raising the temperature of the cooling water. Effects on the
environment

w. h 3 — h 4 — h 2+ h i 1
7 _ net 100=
x100 h 3 — h 2
yy

nc eido 6 P4 = 10 kPa
C input
b) m and 35.985 kg/s2= -36
kg/sg/s

c) Condenser: it is a heat exchanger Qgiven by steam =

Qgained by water
Liquid + steam mixture
m v (h4 – h1) = m r Cp (Tb – Ta)
s m = s f + x* s fg
36 ( 2153.81 – 191.81) = 2000 x 4.18 x (Tb – Ta)
h m = h f + x* h fg
(Tb – Ta) = 8.45 °C
Compressed liquid h 2 = h 1

+ V f *(P 2 – P 1 )
U1 = vf
17) Consider a coal-burning thermoelectric plant that produces 300 MW of electrical power. The plant operates on an ideal simple
Rankine cycle with turbine inlet conditions of
5 Mpa and 450 °C, and a condenser pressure of 25 kPa. Coal has a calorific value (energy released when the fuel is burned) of
29300 kJ/kg. Assuming that 75 percent of this energy is transferred to the steam in the boiler, and that the electric generator
has an efficiency of 96 percent, determine:
a) The overall plant efficiency (the ratio of net electrical power output to energy input as a result of fuel combustion).
b) The necessary rate of coal supply. CP = 29300 kJ/kg

a) total a ) ^electric x1 00
- J LULLL) ^fuel
 Let's use the software to find the enthalpies
a) Electrical W We calculate enthalpies
Ef GE = (Welec / Wneta )x 100
P3 = 5MPa h3 = 3316 kJ/g
Net W = 300 / 0.96 = 312.5 MW T3 = 500°C S3 = 6.818 kJ/kg.K
Net W = m v (h3 – h4 – h2 + h1)

312 500 = m v (3316 – 2276 – 277 + P4= 25 kPa h 4 = 22 7 6 k J /kg

S4 = 6.8187
271.9)

m v = 301.96 kg/s P1 = 25 kPa h1 = 271.9 kJ/kg

Liquid gone sat. S1 = 0.893
Q input = m v (h3 – h2)
P2 = 5 MPa
Q entry = 301.96 (3316 – 277) h2 = 277 kJ/kg
=917 656.44 kW S2 = 0.893
Combustion eff = 75%

Q
fuel Q
entry / 0.75
b) Q
fuel
m fuel x PC

= 1 223 541.92 kJ/s

1 223 541.92 kJ/s = m fuel x 29300 kJ/kg
Welectric 300MW
Overall efficiency = x 100 = 1223 MW x100 = 24.53 m fuel = 41.76 kg/s
Qcomb

Overall efficiency = 24.53%

18) A thermoelectric plant burns natural gas at a rate of 2,800 kg/h. The plant operates on an ideal simple Rankine
cycle between the pressure limits of 10 kPa and 8 MPa. The temperature of the steam upon entering the turbine is
500°C. The fuel has a heating value of 44,000 kJ/kg and 75% efficiency. The cooling water increases its temperature
from 15°C to 24°C as it passes through the condenser.
a) Calculate the flow of steam entering the turbine (kg/h).
b) Find the net power delivered by the cycle.
c) Determine the cooling water flow (kg/h).
 Rankine cycle with turbine and pump:

I Irreversible (real)

Isentropic turbine efficiency

— '^Turbine ^^^ real —

W, ,
tu=ina r max mv(h3 —

ideal

^pump' m -^ ri í rri - a > isentropic

Isentropic pump efficiency

W bmnba ,min n i v (h 2 s -
h 1 )=m vv 1 ( P 2 Q1 )
h W, h -h 2
s
ideal —
/ Joorbaa---------------------------------------------
19) A small city is supplied with electrical energy from the generator of a
real h 2 -h 1

thermoelectric plant that operates according to the Rankine cycle. Water

vapor enters the turbine at a rate of 150 L/s at 10 MPa and 400°C and
leaves it at 75 kPa. If the isentropic efficiency of the turbine is 85% and that
of the pump is 75%, the following is requested:
a) Calculate the mass flow of water vapor in kg/s.
b)The net power of the cycle and the electrical power (in kW) delivered by
the electric generator if it has an efficiency of 95%.
c) How many families in the city can be supplied with electricity if each
family consumes an average of 10 kWh for 20 hours a day?

We will use the software to find enthalpies

P3 = 10 MPa h3 = 3096 kJ/g T3 = to

400°C S3 = 6.212 kJ/kg.K v 3 = 0.02641
) 0.150 m 3 / s
3
m /kg 0.0264.1 m:
= 5.68 kg / s
1Turb —We
. — h
3

-— 0.85
ine W, , -
3/ {g
0.85 = 3096 ~^ 14
ideal h
h3 h
P4 = 75 kPa 0.85=
h4s = 2209 kJ/kg 3096-2209
ideal
h2s h—
W
S4s = 6,212 n Bomb — — 0.75
h = 2342.05 kJ/kg W actual h 2 h1 —
8
P1 = 75 kPa h1 = 384.4 kJ/kg ˙

Liquid sat. S1 = 1.213 Weetéerreicx 100 =

0.75= 95
P2 = 10MPa h2s = 394.6 kJ/kg
S2s = 1.213
h = 398.0 kJ/kg g
19) A small city is supplied with electrical energy from the generator of a
thermoelectric plant that operates according to the Rankine cycle. Water
vapor enters the turbine at a rate of 150 L/s at 10 MPa and 400°C and leaves V = 150L/s ' 10
it at 75 kPa. If the isentropic efficiency of the turbine is 85% and that of the MPa (33 =
400°C
pump is 75%, it is requested: a) Calculate the mass flow of water vapor in
kg/s. w
b)The net power of the cycle and the electrical power (in kW) delivered by
the electric generator if it has an efficiency of 95%.
c) How many families in the city can be supplied with electricity, if each
family consumes 10 kWh daily and if the plant operates at full power 20
hours a day?

b)
m, = ? kg/s 75 kPa.
h3 = 3096 kJ/g • = 398801 QkJ/kg h1 = 384.4 kJ/kg

m=5:68kg/s
•,

Wota W.... borhba

Wneta = W,reima — Wbomba = m(h3 — h4) - m (h2 - h1) V"tturbin

Net W = 5.68 (3096 - 2342.05 - 398.0 + 384.4) = 4205.19 kW Wurbina —rych3 h,)
Wagcrtca = 0.95 x 4205.19 = 3994.93 kW W Aomba = ri,(h h?)

c) Daily electrical energy that the plant delivers

= 3994.93 kW x 20h = 79898.60 kWh W,
?fff=
Electric energy consumed daily _ekékéndtic12d195 95
= 10 kWh /family

No. of families served daily = 79898.6/10 = 7990

 20) A thermoelectric plant that operates according to a simple Rankine cycle uses PC = 44000
Hin
water vapor that enters the boiler at 12.5 MPa with a flow of 10 Kg/s and leaves the
condenser at 150 kPa. According to the requirements of the thermoelectric plant, the kJ/kg
steam leaving the isentropic turbine must have a quality of at least 90%. If the
isentropic efficiency in the pump is 80% and in the turbine is 85%, determine:
a) The temperature of the steam entering the turbine (°C).
b) The electrical power delivered by the plant if the efficiency of the electrical
generator is 95%.
c) The fuel consumption in the boiler (in kg/h), if the fuel (NG) has a power
calorific value of 44000 kg/h

to)
Table A5 P = 150 kPa h1 = hf h1 = 467.13 kJ/kg
n Turbine - Wel _ h
3

Table A5 P=150kPa S 4s = 1.4337 + 0.90x5.7894 = 6.64416 “ h - 0.85

P = 12.5 MPa
Liquid + steam
Table A6 P= 12.5 Mpa S3 = S4s = 6.64416 T(°C) yes mixture
interpolating s m = s + x* s fg
550 6.6317
T3 = 554.1 °C
interpolating
T3 6.64416 h m = hf f + x* hfg
h 3 = 3487.06 kJ/kg 600 6.7828
compressed liquid
Table A5 P=150 kPa h4s = 467.13 + 0.9 x 2226.0 = 2470.53 h 2 = h 1 + V f *(P 2 –
h 2s =0.85 3487.06
h1 += V 1(P2 – P1) =–467.13
h4 + 0.001053 (12500 -150) = 480.13 P1)
h 4 = 2623.0 kJ/kg
480.13 -
3487.06 —
-2470.53
467.13 ideal W
h 2 s
—h1
^ Bomb—
-
h 2 467.13 0.80
h2 = 483.38 kJ/kg n Bomb '
0
0. 8
real W h2—h1
 Hin PC =
20) A thermoelectric plant that operates according to a simple Rankine cycle uses
water vapor that enters the boiler at 12.5 MPa with a flow of 10 Kg/s and leaves the
44000 kJ/kg
condenser at 150 kPa. According to the requirements of the thermoelectric plant, the
steam leaving the isentropic turbine must have a quality of at least 90%. If the isentropic
efficiency in the pump is 80% and in the turbine is 85%, determine:
a) The temperature of the steam entering the turbine (°C).
b) The electrical power delivered by the plant if the efficiency of the electrical
generator is 95%.
c) The fuel consumption in the boiler (in kg/h), if the fuel (GN) has a calorific
value of 44000 kg/h

h 3 = 3487.06 kJ/kg h1 = 467.13 h2 = 483.38 h4 = 2623.0

b Wnet = Wturbine - Wpump = m(h3 - h4) - m (h2 - h1)

) Wnet = 10 kg/s ( 3487.06 - 2623.0 - 483.38 + 467.13) kJ/kg

,848841%

Welectric = 0.95 x 8478.1 = 8054.2 kW

c) Boiler QQenerang=m,(h, th))

Q input = 10 kg/s (3487.06 - 483.38) kJ / kg = 30036.8 kJ/s

Qcomb mfuel x PC
input = Qfuel (100% boiler efficiency is considered)
QomL = 30036.8 kJ/s = mfuel x 44000 kJ/kg

m fuel = 0-683 kg/s = 2457.56 kg/h

21) A thermoelectric plant is going to be installed in a certain city to supply

energy to the population. It is estimated that there are 20,000 families with an
 energy consumption per day (24 hours) of 10kWh per family. The plant will operate using a Rankine cycle between 10 MPa and 10 kPa. The
boiler is expected to deliver steam at 450°C. The available fuel has a heating value of 30,000 kJ/kg and a heat transfer efficiency of 85%. The
efficiency of the electric generator is estimated at 92%.
If the isentropic efficiency of the turbine and pump is 90% and 85% respectively, it is requested to calculate:
a) The net power that the cycle must deliver (kW)
b) The mass flow of water vapor that must circulate, in kg/h
c) The flow of fuel to be burned in kg/h