MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
WINTER – 2022 EXAMINATION
Subject Name: Microprocessor Model Answer Subject Code: 22415
Important Instructions to examiners: XXXXX
1) The answers should be examined by key words and not as word-to-word as given in the model answer scheme.
2) The model answer and the answer written by candidate may vary but the examiner may try to assess the
understanding level of the candidate.
3) The language errors such as grammatical, spelling errors should not be given more Importance (Not applicable for
subject English and Communication Skills.
4) While assessing figures, examiner may give credit for principal components indicated in the figure. The figures
drawn by candidate and model answer may vary. The examiner may give credit for any equivalent figure drawn.
5) Credits may be given step wise for numerical problems. In some cases, the assumed constant values may vary and
there may be some difference in the candidate’s answers and model answer.
6) In case of some questions credit may be given by judgement on part of examiner of relevant answer based on
candidate’s understanding.
7) For programming language papers, credit may be given to any other program based on equivalent concept.
8) As per the policy decision of Maharashtra State Government, teaching in English/Marathi and Bilingual (English +
Marathi) medium is introduced at first year of AICTE diploma Programme from academic year 2021-2022. Hence if
the students in first year (first and second semesters) write answers in Marathi or bilingual language (English
+Marathi), the Examiner shall consider the same and assess the answer based on matching of concepts with
model answer.

Q. Sub Answer Marking

No. Q. Scheme
N.

1 Attempt any FIVE of the following: 10 M

a) State the function of the following pins of 8086 microprocessor. 2M

(i) ALE (ii) DT/𝐑̅
Ans (i)ALE (Pin number 25) – ALE is an abbreviation for address latch enable. Whenever Each 1 M
an address is present in the multiplexed address and data bus, then the microprocessor
enables this pin.
This is done to inform the peripherals and memory devices about fetching of the data or
instruction at that memory location.

(ii) DT/𝐑̅ (Pin number 27) – This pin is used to show whether the data is getting
transmitted or is received. A high signal at this pin provides the information regarding
the transmission of data. While a low indicates reception of data.

b) Write an assembly language instruction of 8086 microprocessor to 2M

i) Divide the content of AX register by 50H.
ii) Rotate the content of BX register by 4-bit towards left.
Ans (i) Divide the content of AX register by 50H: Correct
MOV BL,50H Instruction: 1 M
DIV BL each
(ii) Rotate the content of BX register by 4 bits towards left:
MOV CL,04H

Page No: 1 | 21
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
ROL BX, CL
OR
MOV CL,04H
RCL BX, CL
c) List directives used for procedure. 2M

Ans The assembler directive that are used for defining a procedure in the 8086 Each 1 M
microprocessors are: PROC and ENDP

d) State any two differences between FAR and NEAR procedure. 2M

Ans Any 2 Valid

points: each 1 M

e) Write algorithm to find sum of a series of numbers. 2M

Ans 1) Load the count in CX and clear AX and BX. Any other
2) Store the starting address in SI. correct relevant
3) Move data stored at address pointed by SI in DX. algorithm 2 M
4) Add AX=AX+DX.
5) If carry exists, increment BX.
6) Increment SI twice. Decrement CX.
7) If CX is not zero, return to step 3.
8) Store the sum (AX) and carry (BX) in memory.
9) Terminate the program.
f) What is the use of REP in string related instruction? Explain. 2M

Ans REP: 1M- Definition,

REP is a prefix which is written before one of the string instructions. It will cause
During length counter CX to be decremented and the string instruction to be repeated 1M-Explanation
until CX becomes 0.

Page No: 2 | 21
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
Two more prefix.
REPE/REPZ: Repeat if Equal /Repeat if Zero.
It will cause string instructions to be repeated as long as the compared by words Are
equal and CX≠0.
REPNE/REPNZ: Repeat if not equal/Repeat if not zero.
It repeats the strings instructions as long as compared bytes or words are not equal
And CX≠0.
Example: REP MOVSB

g) Differentiate between ROL and RCL. 2M

Ans 1M- For Each

Point
ROL RCL

 Rotate left byte or  Rotate through carry left byte or word

word
 Syntax: ROL  Syntax: RCL Destination, Count
Destination, Count Can be used to Swap the nibbles Cannot be used to
swap the nibbles

2. Attempt any THREE of the following: 12 M

a) What do you mean by procedure? Explain re-centrant and re-entrant 4M

procedure.
Ans Definition 2 M
A procedure is a set of code to be executed several times in a program, and called whenever
required. A repeated group of instruction in a program can be organized as subprogram. The Explanation 2 M
subprograms are called as subroutine or procedures in assembly language programming
which allows reuse of program code. A procedure is a set of the program statements that can be
processed independently.

Re-entrant Procedures:

 A procedure is said to be re-entrant, if it can be interrupted, used and re-entered

without losing or writing over anything. To be a re-entrant,
 Procedure must first push all the flags and registers used in the procedure.
 It should also use only registers or stack to pass parameters.
 The flow of re-entrant procedure for a multiply procedure when interrupt
procedure is executed, as shown below.

Page No: 3 | 21
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

b) What is memory segmentation? Explain it with reference to 8086 4M

microprocessor.
Ans Memory Segmentation: Segmentation is the process in which the main memory of the 2M
computer is logically divided into different segments and each segment has its own
base address. It is basically used to enhance the speed of execution of the computer -Explanation
system, so that the processor is able to fetch and execute the data from the memory
easily and fast.
2M -Diagram
The memory in an 8086 microprocessor is organized as a segmented memory. The
physical memory is divided into 4 segments namely, - Data segment, Code Segment,
Stack Segment and Extra Segment.

Description:

 Data segment is used to hold data, Code segment for the executable program,
Extra segment also holds data specifically in strings and stack segment is used
to store stack data.
 Each segment is 64Kbytes & addressed by one segment register. i.e CS,DS,ES
or SS
 The 16 bit segment register holds the starting address of the segment.
 The offset address to this segment address is specified as a 16-bit displacement
(offset) between 0000 to FFFFH. Hence maximum size of any segment is
216=64K
locations.
 Since the memory size of 8086 is 1Mbytes, total 16 segments are possible with
each having 64Kbytes.
 The offset address values are from 0000H to FFFFH so the physical address
range
from 00000H to FFFFFH.

Page No: 4 | 21
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

c) Describe following assembler directives: 4M

(i) DB (i) EQU (ii) Segment (iv) Assume

Ans 1) DB: Define Byte 1M – For Each

The DB directive is used to declare a BYTE -2-BYTE variable – A BYTE is made up
of 8 bits.
Declaration examples
Byte1 DB 10h.

2) EQU: Equate to
The EQU directive is used to declare the micro symbols to which some constant value
is assigned.
Micro assembler will replace every occurrence of the symbol in a program by its value.
Syntax: Symbol name EQU expression
Example: CORRECTION_FACTOR EQU 100

3) SEGMENT:
The SEGMENT directive is used to indicate the start of a logical segment. Preceding
the SEGMENT directive is the name you want to give the segment.
For example, the statement CODE SEGMENT indicates to the assembler the start of a
logical segment called CODE. The SEGMENT and ENDS directive are used to
“bracket” a logical segment containing code of data

4) ASSUME: Assume directive is used to tell Assembler the name of the logical
segment it should use for the specified segment.
Example: Assume CS: MAP_CODE, DS: MAP_DATA
d) What are the functions of CALL and RET instructions? Describe in brief. 4M

Page No: 5 | 21
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
Ans CALL Instruction: It is used to transfer program control to the sub-program or 2M-For Each
subroutine. The CALL can be NEAR, where the procedure is in the same segment Instruction
whereas in FAR CALL, procedure is in a different segment.
Syntax: CALL procedure name (direct/indirect)
Operation: Steps executed during CALL
Example:
1) For Near CALL
SP ←SP - 2
Save IP on stack
IP address of procedure
2) For Far call
SP ← SP-2
Save CS on stack
CS New segment base containing procedure
SP←SP-2
Save IP on stack
IP Starting address of called procedure

RET instruction: it is used to transfer program execution control from a procedure to

the next instruction immediate after the CALL instruction in the calling program.
Syntax: RET
Operation: Steps executed during RET
Example:
1) For Near Return
IP Content from top of stack
SP ←SP + 2
2) For Far Return
IP Contents from top of stack
SP ←SP+2
CS Contents of top of stack
SP←SP+2
3. Attempt any THREE of the following: 12 M

a) Describe register organization of 8086 microprocessor. 4M

Ans Register Organization of 8086 2M-For

Diagram,2M-
1. AX (Accumulator) - Accumulator register consists of two 8-bit registers AL and AH, For Explanation
which can be combined together and used as a 16- bit register AX. AL in this case
contains the low-order byte of the word, and AH contains the high-order byte.
Accumulator can be used for I/O operations, rotate and string manipulation.
2. BX –This register is mainly used as a base register. It holds the starting base
location of a memory region within a data segment. It is used as offset storage for
forming physical address in case of certain addressing mode.
3. CX – It is used as default counter or count register in case of string and loop
instructions.

Page No: 6 | 21
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. DX – Data register can be used as a port number in I/O operations and implicit
operand or destination in case of few instructions. In integer 32-bit multiply and divide
instruction the DX register contains high-order word of the initial or resulting number.
5. CS – Code Segment – holds base address for all executable instructions in a program

Segment registers:
To complete 1Mbyte memory is divided into 16 logical segments. The complete
1Mbyte memory segmentation is as shown in above figure. Each segment contains
64Kbyte of memory. There are four segment registers.
1.Code segment (CS) is a 16-bit register containing address of 64 KB segment with
Processor instructions. The processor uses CS segment for all accesses to instructions
Referenced by instruction pointer (IP) register.

2.Stack segment (SS) is a 16-bit register containing address of 64KB segment with
Program stack. By default, the processor assumes that all data referenced by the stack
Pointer (SP) and base pointer (BP) registers is located in the stack segment.
3.Data segment (DS) is a 16-bit register containing address of 64KB segment with
Program data. By default, the processor assumes that all data referenced by general
Registers (AX, BX, CX, DX) and index register (SI, DI) is located in the data segment.

4.Extra segment (ES) is a 16-bit register containing address of 64KB segment, usually
with program data.

Page No: 7 | 21
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
Pointers and index registers.
The pointers contain within the particular segments. The pointers IP, BP, SP
usually contain offsets within the code, data and stack segments respectively.
Stack Pointer (SP) is a 16-bit register pointing to program stack in stack segment.
Base Pointer (BP) is a 16-bit register pointing to data in stack segment.
Source Index (SI) is a 16-bit register. SI is used for indexed, based indexed and
register
Indirect addressing, as well as a source data addresses in string manipulation
instructions.
Destination Index (DI) is a 16-bit register. DI is used for indexed, based indexed and
register indirect addressing, as well as a destination data address in string manipulation
Instructions.

b) Write an assembly language program to add BCD numbers in an array of 10 4M

numbers. Assume suitable array. Store the result at the end of the array.

Ans Addition of 10 BCD numbers in Series 4M- For Correct

.MODEL SMALL Program
.STACK 100
.DATA
ARRAY DB 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10
SUM_LSB DB 0
SUM_MSB DB 0
.CODE
MOV AX , @DATA ; Intializing data segment
MOV DS , AX

MOV CX , 10 ; Initialize byte counter

MOV SI , OFFSET ARRAY ; Initialize memory pointer

UP:
MOV AL , [SI] ; Read byte from memory
ADD SUM_LSB , AL ; Add with sum
DAA
JNC NEXT
INC SUM_MSB
NEXT:
INC SI ; Increment memory pointer
LOOP UP ; Decrement byte counter
; If byte counter==0 then exit
; else read next number
MOV DL , SUM_MSB
MOV AH , 2
Page No: 8 | 21
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
INT 21H

MOV DL , SUM_LSB
MOV AH , 2
INT 21H

MOV AH , 4CH
INT 21H
END

c) Write a procedure to find factorial of given number. 4M

Ans Procedure to find the factorial. 4M- For Correct

DATA SEGMENT Program
NUM DB 04H
DATA ENDS
CODE SEGMENT
START: ASSUME CS:CODE, DS:DATA
MOV AX,DATA
MOV DS,AX
CALL FACTORIAL
MOV AH,4CH
INT 21H
PROC FACTORIAL
MOV BL,NUM ; TAKE NO IN BL REGISTER
MOV CL,BL ;TAKE CL AS COUNTER
DEC CL ;DECREMENT CL BY 1
MOV AL,BL
UP: DEC BL ;DECREMENT BL TO GET N-1
MUL BL ;MULTIPLY CONTENT OF N BY N-1
DEC CL ;DECREMENT COUNTER
JNZ UP ;REPEAT TILL ZERO
RET
FACTORIAL ENDP
CODE ENDS
END START
(OR)
DATA SEGMENT
A DW 0005H
FACT_LSB DW?
FACT_MSB DW?
DATA ENDS
CODE SEGMENT
ASSUME DS:DATA,CS:CODE

Page No: 9 | 21
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
START:MOV AX,DATA
MOV DS,AX
CALL FACTORIAL
MOV AH,4CH
INT 21H
FACTORIAL PROC
MOV AX,A
MOV BX,AX
DEC BX
UP: MUL BX ; MULTIPLY AX * BX
MOV FACT_LSB,AX ;ANS DX:AX PAIR
MOV FACT_MSB,DX
DEC BX
CMP BX,0
JNZ UP
RET
FACTORIAL ENDP
CODE ENDS
END START
d) Write an assembly language program for conversion of BCD to Hexe 4M
number.
Ans 4M- For Correct
Program

Page No: 10 | 21
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. Attempt any THREE of the following: 12 M

a) Draw functional block diagram of 8086 microprocessor. 4M

Ans 4M-For Block

Diagram

Page No: 11 | 21
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

b) Write an assembly language program to arrange the numbers in ascending 4M

order (Assume suitable data).

Ans 4M- For Correct

DATA SEGMENT Program
ARRAY DB 15h,05h,08h,78h,56h, 60h, 54h, 35h, 24h, 67h
DATA ENDS
CODE SEGMENT
START: ASSUME CS: CODE, DS:DATA
MOV DX, DATA
MOV DS, DX
MOV BL,0AH
step1: MOV SI,OFFSET ARRAY
MOV CL,09H
step: MOV AL,[SI]
CMP AL,[SI+1]
JC Down
XCHG AL,[SI+1]
XCHG AL,[SI]
Down : ADD SI,1
LOOP step
DEC BL
JNZ step1
MOV AH,4CH
INT 21H

CODE ENDS
END START
1.
c) Write an assembly language program to Count No. of 1's in a 16-bit 4M
number.
Ans Assume the number to be stored in BX register. Store the result in CX register. 4M- For Correct
MODEL SMALL Program
.DATA
NUM DW 0008H
ONES DB 00H
.CODE
START:
MOV AX,@DATA
MOV DS,AX
MOV CX, 10H ; initialize rotation counter by 16
MOV BX, NUM ; load number in BX
UP: ROR BX, 1 ; rotate number by 1 bit right
JNC DN ; if bit not equal to 1 then go to DN
INC ONES ; else increment ones by one
DN: LOOP UP ; decrement rotation counter by 1 and if not zero
then go to up
Page No: 12 | 21
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

MOV CX, ONES ; move result in cx register.

MOV AH, 4CH
INT 21H
ENDS
END ; end of program.
d) Write an assembly language program using MACRO to perform following 4M
operation.

X = (A +B) * (C +D)

Ans .Model small 4M- For Correct

add_no1 macro a,b,res_add1 Program
mov al,a
add al,b
mov res_add1,al
endm
add_no2 macro c,d,res_add2
mov al,c
add al,d
mov res_add2,al
endm

multiply_num macro res_add1,res_add2

mov al,res_add1
mul res_add2
endm
.Data
a db 02h
b db 03h
c db 04h
d db 05h
res_add1 db ?
res_add2 db ?
ends
.Code
start :
mov ax,@data
mov ds,ax
mov al,a
mov bl,b
mov cl,c
mov dl,d
add al,bl
add cl,dl
Page No: 13 | 21
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
mov res_add1,al
mov res_add2,cl
multiply_num res_add1,res_add2
mov ah,4ch
int 21h
ends
end
e) Describe with suitable example how parameter is passed on the stack in 4M
8086 assembly language procedure.
Ans In order to pass the parameters using stack we push them on the stack before the call for 2M-For
the procedure in the main program. The instructions used in the procedure read these Explanation,2M-
parameters from the stack. Whenever stack is used to pass parameters, it is important to For Example
keep a track of what is pushed on the stack and what is popped off the stack in the main
program.\
Example:
.model small
.data
MULTIPLICAND DW 1234H
MULTIPLIER DW 4232H
.code
MOV AX, @data
MOV DS, AX
:
:
PUSH MULTIPLICAND
PUSH MULTIPLIER
CALL MULTI
:
:
MULTI PROC NEAR
PUSH BP
MOV BP, SP ; Copies offset of SP into BP
MOV AX, [BP + 6] ; MULTIPLICAND value is available at
; [BP + 6] and is passed to AX
MUL WORD PTR [BP + 4] ; MULTIPLIER value is passed
POP BP
RET ; Increments SP by 4 to return address
MULTI ENDP ; End procedure
END

5. Attempt any TWO of the following: 12 M

Page No: 14 | 21
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
a) Define logical and effective address, Describe physical address generation process 6M
in S086 microprocessor. Calculate physical address by taking suitable DS, CS and
IP.
Ans Logical Address: It is generated by CPU in perspective of program. A logical address Definition-2 M
may be different from the physical address due to the operation of an address translator
or mapping function. Description-2 M
Effective Address or Offset Address: The offset for a memory operand is called the
Calculation
operand's effective address or EA. It is an unassigned 16 bit number that expresses the Example-2 M
operand's distance in bytes from the beginning of the segment in which it resides. In
8086 we have base registers and index registers.
Generation of 20 bit physical address in 8086:-
1. Segment registers carry 16 bit data, which is also known as base address.
2. BIU appends four 0 bits to LSB of the base address. This address becomes 20-bit
address.
3. Any base/pointer or index register carries 16 bit offset.
4. Offset address is added into 20-bit base address which finally forms 20 bit physical
address of memory location

For example if CS = 1000H and IP = 1100H, the

microprocessor fetches its next instruction from
Physical address=Segment base address*10+Offset (Effective) address
=CS*10+IP
=1000H*10+1100H
=11100H.
b) State the function of following assembly language programing tools: 6M
(i) Assembler (ii) Linker (ii) Debugger
Ans (i)Assembler 2 M each
a) Assembler is a program that translates assembly language program to the correct
binary code for each instruction i.e. machine code and generate the file called as object
file with extension .obj.
b) It also displays syntax errors in the program, if any.
c) It can also be used to produce list (.lst) which contains assembly language
statements, binary codes, and offset address for each instruction.
Example; TASM, MASM.
(ii)Linker
a) It is a programming tool used to convert Object code into executable program.
b) It combines ,if requested ,more than one separated assembled modules into one executable
Page No: 15 | 21
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
Module such as two or more assembly programs.
c) It generates .EXE module
Example; TLINK.
(iii)Debugger
a) Debugger is a program that allows the execution of program in single step mode
under the control of the user.
b) The errors in program can be located and corrected using a debugger.
Example; TD.
c) Describe different addressing modes of 8086 with one suitable example 6M
each.

Ans 1. Immediate addressing mode: Any 6 mode

An instruction in which 8-bit or 16-bit operand (data) is specified in the instruction, with example 1
then the addressing mode of such instruction is known as M each
Immediate addressing mode.
Example:
MOV AX, 3040H

2. Register addressing mode

An instruction in which an operand (data) is specified in general purpose registers, then
the addressing mode is known as register addressing mode.
Example: MOV AX,BX

3. Direct addressing mode

An instruction in which 16 bit effective address of an operand is specified in the
instruction, and then the addressing mode of such instruction is known as direct
addressing mode.
Example: MOV BL,[3000H]

4. Register Indirect addressing mode

An instruction in which address of an operand is specified in pointer register or in index
register or in BX, then the addressing mode is known as register indirect addressing
mode.
Example: MOV AX, [BX]

5. Indexed addressing mode

An instruction in which the offset address of an operand is stored in index registers (SI
or DI) then the addressing mode of such instruction is known as indexed addressing
mode.
DS is the default segment for SI and DI.
For string instructions DS and ES are the default segments for SI and DI resp. this is a
special case of register indirect addressing mode.
Example: MOV AX,[SI]

6. Based Indexed addressing mode:

An instruction in which the address of an operand is obtained by adding the content of
base register (BX or BP) to the content of an index register (SI or (DI) The default
segment register may be DS or ES

Page No: 16 | 21
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
Example: MOV AX, [BX+SI]
7. Register relative addressing mode: An instruction in which the address
of the operand is obtained by adding the displacement (8-bit or 16 bit) with the contents
of base registers or index registers (BX, BP, SI, DI). The default segment register is DS
or ES.
Example: MOV AX, [BX+50H]
8. Relative Based Indexed addressing mode
An instruction in which the address of the operand is obtained by adding the
displacement (8 bit or 16 bit) with the base registers (BX or BP) and index Registers
(SI or DI) to the default segment.
Example: MOV AX, [BX+SI+50H]

6. Attempt any TWO of the following: 12 M

a) Describe different branching instructions used in 8086 microprocessor in 6M

brief.

Ans Branch instruction transfers the flow of execution of the program to a new address Any 3 branch
specified in the instruction directly or indirectly. When this type of instruction is instructions: 2
executed, the CS and IP registers get loaded with new values of CS and IP M each
corresponding to the location to be transferred
Unconditional Branch Instructions:

1. CALL: Unconditional Call The CALL instruction is used to transfer execution to a

subprogram or procedure by storing return address on stack There are two types of
calls.
NEAR (Inter-segment) and FAR(Intra-segment call). Near call refers to a procedure
call which is in the same code segment as the call instruction and far call refers to a
procedure call which is in different code segment from that of the call instruction.
Syntax: CALL procedure name
2. RET: Return from the Procedure. At the end of the procedure, the RET instruction
must be executed. When it is executed, the previously stored content of IP and CS
along with Flags are retrieved into the CS, IP and Flag registers from the stack and
execution of the main program continues further.
Syntax :RET
3. JMP: Unconditional Jump This instruction unconditionally transfers the control of
execution to the specified address using an 8-bit or 16-bit displacement. No Flags are
affected by this instruction.
Syntax : JMP Label
4. IRET: Return from ISR When it is executed, the values of IP, CS and Flags are
retrieved from the stack to continue the execution of the main program.

Page No: 17 | 21
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
Syntax: IRET
Conditional Branch Instructions When this instruction is executed, execution control is
transferred to the address specified relatively in the instruction
1. JZ/JE Label :

Transfer execution control to address ‘Label’, if ZF=1.

2. JNZ/JNE Label :
Transfer execution control to address ‘Label’, if ZF=0
3. JS Label :
Transfer execution control to address ‘Label’, if SF=1
4. JNS Label

Transfer execution control to address ‘Label’, if SF=0.

5.JO Label
Transfer execution control to address ‘Label’, if OF=1.
6. JNO Label
Transfer execution control to address ‘Label’, if OF=0.
7. JNP Label
Transfer execution control to address ‘Label’, if PF=0.

8. JP Label
Transfer execution control to address ‘Label’, if PF=1.
9. JB Label
Transfer execution control to address ‘Label’, if CF=1.
10. JNB Label
Transfer execution control to address ‘Label’, if CF=0.

11. JCXZ Label

Transfer execution control to address ‘Label’, if CX=0

b) Explain the following instructions of 8086: 6M

i) DAA (ii) ADC (ii) XCHG
Ans i) DAA − Used to adjust the decimal after the addition operation. 2 M for each
It makes the result in Packed BCD from after BCD addition is performed. instruction
It works only on AL register.

Page No: 18 | 21
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
All flags are updated; OF becomes Undefined after this instruction.
For AL register ONLY
If D3 – D0 ˃ 9 OR Auxiliary Carry Flag is Set, ADD 06H to AL.
If D7 – D4 ˃ 9 OR Carry Flag is Set, ADD 60 H to AL.
Assume : AL = 14H,
CL = 28H
Then ADD AL,CL gives
AL = 3CH
Now DAA gives
AL = 42(06 is added to AL as C> 9)

ii) ADC − Used to add with carry.

ADDs the source to destination with carry and stores the result back into destination
e.g.
ADC BX,CX will give
BX= BX+ CX+ Carry flag

iii) XCHG- Used to exchange the data from two locations.

This instruction exchanges the contents of a register with the contents of another
register or memory location.
Example:
XCHG AX, BX; Exchange the word in AX with word in BX.
c) Draw flow chart and write assembly language program to reverse the word in 6M
string.
Ans DATA SEGMENT Correct
STRB DB ‘COMPUTER$' program-3 M
REV DB 0FH DUP(?)
DATA ENDS
CODE SEGMENT
Flowchart- 3 M
START:ASSUME CS:CODE,DS:DATA
MOV DX,DATA
MOV DS,DX
LEA SI,STRB
MOV CL,0FH
LEA DI,REV
ADD DI,0FH
UP:MOV AL,[SI]
MOV [DI],AL
INC SI
DEC DI
LOOP UP
MOV AH,4CH
INT 21H
CODE ENDS
END START

Page No: 19 | 21
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
Ans

Start

Read the input string

Load CX with length of string

Load SI register with address of

input string

Load DI register with address of

reverse string

Add Contents of CX (length of string)

to DI

Copy character of input string to AL

AL = [SI]

Copy Character in AL to DI

[DI]= AL

]
Increment SI and Decrement DI

Decrement CX

N
Is CX= 0

Stop

Page No: 20 | 21
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

Page No: 21 | 21