CIVL5670

Reservoir, Stream and Coastal

Engineering

Assignment 2018

Name: Pik Wei Ch’ng

SID: 450024890

11th June 2018

Table of Contents
Executive Summary ........................................................................................................................ 1
1 Data Provided .......................................................................................................................... 2
1.1 Geometry of Reservoir ..................................................................................................... 2
1.2 Meteorology Data ............................................................................................................. 4
2 Assumptions ............................................................................................................................ 6
2.1 Assumptions of Parameters................................................................................................... 6
2.2 Assumption of Reservoir Model ........................................................................................... 6
2.3 Time Step of Meteorology Data ........................................................................................... 7
2.4 Wind Shear Energy ............................................................................................................... 7
2.5 Additional Energy Required to De-stratify for Each Time Step........................................... 7
3 Methodology............................................................................................................................ 8
4 Results ..................................................................................................................................... 9
5 Discussion on Results ............................................................................................................ 11
6 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................. 12
7 Appendices ............................................................................................................................ 12
7.1 Matlab Script Used for Analysis .................................................................................... 12
References ..................................................................................................................................... 22
CIVL5670 Assignment Pik Wei Ch’ng SID: 450024890

Executive Summary

In this assignment, given the geometry of the reservoir and meteorology data, the thermal
stratification of reservoir water body is analysed using the Mixing Algorithm. The purpose of the
analysis is to determine the amount of additional mixing energy required to de-stratify the entire
reservoir for the following 24 hours after a midnight.
It is found from the study that for the given water depth of 35m, no additional mixing energy is
required as the reservoir is de-stratified by passive cooling through surface heat transfer and
wind shear mixing.

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CIVL5670 Assignment Pik Wei Ch’ng SID: 450024890

1 Data Provided
1.1 Geometry of Reservoir

H A(m2) z (m) Dz (m) DV (m3) DV*z (m^4) Notes:

(m)

14 153000000 0.5 1 153000000 76500000

[1] Water in the reservoir is 35m
15 151000000 1.5 1 151000000 226500000
for the day.
16 150000000 2.5 1 150000000 375000000

17 148000000 3.5 1 148000000 518000000

[2] A is the surface area at a
18 146000000 4.5 1 146000000 657000000
depth, H, from the top surface of
19 143000000 5.5 1 143000000 786500000 the reservoir.
20 139000000 6.5 1 139000000 903500000

21 136000000 7.5 1 136000000 1020000000 [3] z is the distance from the

22 132000000 8.5 1 132000000 1122000000 centroid of each layer of
reservoir (divided for estimation
23 128000000 9.5 1 128000000 1216000000
of mixing energy required) to
24 123000000 10.5 1 123000000 1291500000 the water surface.
25 118000000 11.5 1 118000000 1357000000

26 113000000 12.5 1 113000000 1412500000

[4] Dz and DV is the thickness
27 107000000 13.5 1 107000000 1444500000 and volume, respectively, of
each layer.
28 102000000 14.5 1 102000000 1479000000

29 96400000 15.5 1 96400000 1494200000

30 90975000 16.5 1 90975000 1501087500

31 85400000 17.5 1 85400000 1494500000

32 79850000 18.5 1 79850000 1477225000

33 74475000 19.5 1 74475000 1452262500

34 69600000 20.5 1 69600000 1426800000

35 64675000 21.5 1 64675000 1390512500

36 60200000 22.5 1 60200000 1354500000

37 55725000 23.5 1 55725000 1309537500

38 51675000 24.5 1 51675000 1266037500

39 46800000 25.5 1 46800000 1193400000

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CIVL5670 Assignment Pik Wei Ch’ng SID: 450024890

40 41100000 26.5 1 41100000 1089150000

41 38250000 27.5 1 38250000 1051875000

42 33950000 28.5 1 33950000 967575000

43 31700000 29.5 1 31700000 935150000

44 26625000 30.5 1 26625000 812062500

45 21975000 31.5 1 21975000 692212500

46 17875000 32.5 1 17875000 580937500

47 15200000 33.5 1 15200000 509200000

48 9250000 34.5 1 9250000 319125000

49 0 35.5 1 0 0

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CIVL5670 Assignment Pik Wei Ch’ng SID: 450024890

1.2 Meteorology Data

Time (after dt (hr) ShortWave AirTemp (deg RelHum (%) WindSpeed. U Sensible heat transfer coefficient, C_H C_W*U, CWU_
midnight) (hr) (W/m^2) C) (m/sec) (W/m^2 degC) (W.m/kg)

0 1 0.000E+00 2.435E+01 8.140E+01 1.453E+00 2.034E-03 2.034E-03

1 1 0.000E+00 2.453E+01 7.770E+01 2.124E+00 2.974E-03 2.974E-03

2 1 0.000E+00 2.406E+01 8.183E+01 1.027E+00 1.438E-03 1.438E-03

3 1 0.000E+00 2.380E+01 8.077E+01 1.320E+00 1.848E-03 1.848E-03

4 1 0.000E+00 2.322E+01 8.600E+01 1.628E+00 2.279E-03 2.279E-03

5 1 0.000E+00 2.313E+01 8.530E+01 1.847E+00 2.586E-03 2.586E-03

6 1 0.000E+00 2.289E+01 8.577E+01 1.953E+00 2.734E-03 2.734E-03

7 1 4.323E+01 2.300E+01 8.677E+01 1.823E+00 2.553E-03 2.553E-03

8 1 1.923E+02 2.380E+01 8.313E+01 7.173E-01 1.004E-03 1.004E-03

9 1 3.453E+02 2.441E+01 7.373E+01 2.018E-02 2.826E-05 2.826E-05

10 1 4.738E+02 2.539E+01 6.638E+01 9.405E-02 1.317E-04 1.317E-04

11 1 5.252E+02 2.593E+01 6.489E+01 4.027E-01 5.638E-04 5.638E-04

12 1 5.205E+02 2.699E+01 6.189E+01 7.166E-01 1.003E-03 1.003E-03

13 1 4.582E+02 2.767E+01 6.508E+01 4.413E-01 6.178E-04 6.178E-04

14 1 3.354E+02 2.784E+01 6.595E+01 2.703E-01 3.784E-04 3.784E-04

15 1 1.782E+02 2.805E+01 6.579E+01 4.300E-02 6.020E-05 6.020E-05

16 1 4.264E+01 2.796E+01 7.053E+01 9.160E-01 1.282E-03 1.282E-03

17 1 0.000E+00 2.767E+01 7.737E+01 6.150E-01 8.610E-04 8.610E-04

18 1 0.000E+00 2.770E+01 7.443E+01 3.284E-01 4.597E-04 4.597E-04

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CIVL5670 Assignment Pik Wei Ch’ng SID: 450024890

19 1 0.000E+00 2.697E+01 7.420E+01 7.446E-01 1.042E-03 1.042E-03

20 1 0.000E+00 2.594E+01 7.870E+01 8.214E-01 1.150E-03 1.150E-03

21 1 0.000E+00 2.613E+01 7.667E+01 1.030E+00 1.442E-03 1.442E-03

22 1 0.000E+00 2.543E+01 8.024E+01 8.198E-01 1.148E-03 1.148E-03

23 1 0.000E+00 2.489E+01 8.137E+01 1.651E+00 2.312E-03 2.312E-03

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CIVL5670 Assignment Pik Wei Ch’ng SID: 450024890

2 Assumptions
2.1 Assumptions of Parameters

The following parameters used in the analysis (as shown in Table 1 below) are assumed, but in
reality they can vary depending on conditions.
Table 1: Parameters Used in the Analysis
Attenuation coefficient of solar radiation in reservoir water (1/m) 0.5
Heat capacity of water, Cp J/(kg oC) 4200
Emissivity from reservoir surface 0.96
Drag coefficient of air-water interface, CD (J/(kg oC) 0.015

2.2 Assumption of Reservoir Model

Figure 1: Discretisation of Reservoir into Layers for Analysis

As shown in Figure 1, the reservoir model is made up of discrete layers with constant cross-
sectional areas throughout the thickness of each layer. This assumption is valid as long as the
thickness of each layer i is small enough. As thickness of each layer increases, (i) the estimated
solar energy absorbed by each layer would be over-estimated due to the exponential decay nature
of solar penetration through water, as shown in Figure 2; (ii) the temperature increase in each
layer would be under-estimated because the layer does not exclude “Region X” (see Figure 1)
due to sloping in the edge of reservoir.
The smaller the slope of reservoir edge (i.e. closer to being horizontal), the smaller the thickness
of each layer should be. Otherwise, under-estimation of temperature increase of each layer can
happen, leading to under-estimation of additional mixing energy required for de-stratification.

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CIVL5670 Assignment Pik Wei Ch’ng SID: 450024890

Figure 2: Temperature Profile of Lake after Solar Radiation Only

2.3 Time Step of Meteorology Data

Parameters in the meteorology data are assumed to be constant from the beginning of each time
step till the next time step.

2.4 Wind Shear Energy

The density of the top layer changes as mixing occurs. However, the rate of density change
within the time step is unknown with the available information.
Therefore, it is assumed that the shear velocity is based on the initial density of the top mixed
lake layer after mixing from surface heat transfer.
This assumption can be valid if wind speed is relatively low and the shear/viscous force is
transmitted gradually down the lake from the surface, instead of turbulent shear mixing limited
to a certain depth from the surface and the lower layers being relatively un-disturbed.

2.5 Additional Energy Required to De-stratify for Each Time Step

The remaining wind energy which is less than the required energy to mix the next layer is not
considered when estimating the amount of additional mixing energy required. This provides a
more conservative estimate to ensure the reservoir is adequately mixed.

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CIVL5670 Assignment Pik Wei Ch’ng SID: 450024890

3 Methodology
In this analysis, Matlab script is written to estimate the additional mixing energy required to de-
stratify the reservoir. The script is based on the Mixing Algorithm provided by CIVL5670 unit of
study. The Matlab script can be referred to in Appendix 7.1.
The methodology used in the Matlab script is described as follows:

(1) The temperature change in each layer for a given time step, ΔT, is given by Δ𝑇 =
(𝐼𝑡 𝐴𝑖 𝑒 −𝜂⋅𝐷𝑧 −𝐼𝑡 𝐴𝑖+1 𝑒 −𝜂⋅𝐷𝑧 )⋅Δ𝑡
. It can be seen that the intensity of solar radiation is a
𝜌𝑖 𝐴𝑖 𝐷𝑧𝐶𝑝
function of time. Dz is the thickness of each discrete layer.
(2) Then, the density of each layer is determined based on the updated temperature. A linear
approximation of density is used based on the equation 𝜌𝑤 = 𝜌𝑟𝑒𝑓 (1 − 𝛽 ⋅ (𝑇 −
𝑇𝑟𝑒𝑓 )) , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝛽 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇𝑟𝑒𝑓 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜌𝑟𝑒𝑓 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 reference
temperature and density respectively.
(3) Then, surface heat transfer is applied on the reservoir surface. Three heat transfer
mechanisms are used:
a. Long wave radiation (heat loss), QL
𝑄𝐿 = 𝜖𝜎(𝑇 + 273)4
b. Sensible heat transfer (conduction), QS
𝑄𝑠 = 𝐶𝐻 (𝑇 − 𝑇𝑎 ); 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐶𝐻 = 1.4 × 10−3 𝑈
c. Evaporative heat loss, QEV
𝑄𝐸𝑉
= 𝐶𝑊 𝑈(𝑞𝑎 − 𝑞𝑠 ); 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐶𝑤 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑠 1.4
𝑘𝑔
× 10−3 , 𝑞𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑞𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 ℎ𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠 ( 3 ) 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑡𝑚𝑜𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑦.
𝑚
The absolute humidity at water surface (also the saturation vapour density) is estimated using an
empirical formula adopted from (Hyperphysics, 2018). The formula plots relationship between
saturated vapour density and water temperature.
(4) After that, the temperature in the top surface layer is modified with the total surface heat
transfer.
(5) Next, the temperature in the top layer is compared against that in the lower layer. Mixing is
allowed to occur is the top layer is cooler because cooler water is denser.
(6) The mixed layers now have a temperature which is derived by using volume-weighted
average. The new temperature is again compared to that of the next layer down. Mixing
continues until the average temperature of the mixed layers is more than or equal to the lower
layer.
(7) When mixing due to surface heat transfer has been accounted for, wind mixing is considered
by comparing the available energy in wind shear, Ea, against required energy to mix the
remaining thermally stratified layers, Er, where:

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CIVL5670 Assignment Pik Wei Ch’ng SID: 450024890

𝐸𝑎 = 𝜌𝑤 𝑢∗ 3 Δ𝑡 ⋅ 𝐴𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒

𝐸𝑟 = Δ𝐶𝑀 ⋅ 𝑀 ⋅ 𝑔

∫ 𝑧 ⋅ 𝐴(𝑧)𝑑𝑧
𝐶𝑀 (𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦) =
∫ 𝐴(𝑧)𝑑𝑧
∫ 𝜌(𝑧) ⋅ 𝑧 ⋅ 𝐴(𝑧)𝑑𝑧
𝐶𝑀(𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛) =
∫ 𝜌(𝑧) ⋅ 𝐴(𝑧)𝑑𝑧
Δ𝐶𝑀 = 𝐶𝑀 (𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦) − 𝐶𝑀(𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)

𝑀 = ∫ 𝜌(𝑧) ⋅ 𝐴(𝑧)𝑑𝑧

(8) If Ea > Er, mixing occurs. Then, Er is subtracted from Ea (total wind energy available for the
time step). The deducted Ea is then compared with the energy required to mix the next layer
down. Mixing stops when Ea < Er.
(9) After wind mixing is applied, the temperature profile (and hence water density profile) for
the reservoir is plotted or tabulated for the particular time step.
(10) The additional mixing energy required to stir the remaining non-mixed thermal layers and
to de-stratify the whole reservoir for the time step is estimated using the same method as in
Step 7.
(11) The updated temperature and density profiles for the current time step are carried forward
for analysis in the next time step, where Step 1 to Step 10 are repeated until all time steps
have elapsed.

4 Results
Table 4.1: Water Surface Density for Each Time Step
Time after Water Surface Density Time after Water Surface
Midnight (hour) (kg/m3) Midnight (hour) Density (kg/m3)
0:00 997.85 12:00 997.91
1:00 997.86 13:00 997.91
2:00 997.86 14:00 997.92
3:00 997.87 15:00 997.92
4:00 997.87 16:00 997.92
5:00 997.87 17:00 997.93
6:00 997.88 18:00 997.93
7:00 997.88 19:00 997.94

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CIVL5670 Assignment Pik Wei Ch’ng SID: 450024890

8:00 997.89 20:00 997.94

9:00 997.89 21:00 997.95
10:00 997.9 22:00 997.95
11:00 997.9 23:00 997.96

Table 4.2: Temperature of Water Surface for Each Time Step

Time after Water Surface Time after Water Surface
Midnight (hour) Temperature (oC) Midnight (hour) Temperature (oC)
0:00 21.982 12:00 21.766

1:00 21.964 13:00 21.748

2:00 21.946 14:00 21.73

3:00 21.928 15:00 21.712

4:00 21.91 16:00 21.694

5:00 21.892 17:00 21.676

6:00 21.874 18:00 21.658

7:00 21.856 19:00 21.64

8:00 21.838 20:00 21.622

9:00 21.82 21:00 21.604

10:00 21.802 22:00 21.586

11:00 21.784 23:00 21.568

Table 4.1 and Table 4.2 show the variation of the density and temperature of reservoir water
surface with time.

From Appendix 7.2, it is noted that the temperature profile or density profile at the end of
each time step is constant for the reservoir on that day. In other words, temperature and
density remains uniform at quasi-steady state throughout the depth of the reservoir on that
day.

Also, the additional mixing energy to de-stratify the reservoir is found (from
running the Matlab script) to be zero for each time step.

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CIVL5670 Assignment Pik Wei Ch’ng SID: 450024890

5 Discussion on Results
The main causes for the reservoir having uniform temperature and density profile throughout its
depth could include:
(a) The rate of heat loss (cooling through the 3 surface heat transfer mechanisms) is higher
than the rate of heat gain through solar radiation.
Detail: Even at 12 hours after midnight (noon) when solar radiation is the highest (over 500
W/m2), the magnitude of temperature increase of the water surface due to solar radiation (i.e.
about 5.2 x 10-12 oC) is significantly smaller than the temperature drop due to surface heat
transfer (i.e. 0.35 oC).
As shown in Appendix 7.2.3, even without surface heat loss and wind mixing, the
temperature increase (due to solar radiation alone) in the reservoir water body is considerably
slow and close to negligible. Thermal stratification occurs in the later time steps but the
stratification is not significant.

(b) Huge volume and large surface area of water in reservoir.

Detail: Huge volume gives the reservoir a high heat capacity and this results in a slow
increase in temperature. Large surface area exposes the reservoir water to more heat loss. The
cross-sectional geometry of the reservoir is shown in Figure 3 below.

Figure 3: Cross Section Area down the Depth of Reservoir

From Figure 3, it can be seen that the reservoir has a wide rim and gentle slope relative to its
volume. This geometry favours the cooling and mixing of the water in the reservoir.

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CIVL5670 Assignment Pik Wei Ch’ng SID: 450024890

(c) Conditions (a) and (b) are further enhanced by wind shear power acting over a large
surface area. This helps de-stratifying the lake without artificially supplied active energy.

6 Conclusion
Given the geometry of the reservoir and the meteorology data, thermal stratification does not
sustain in the reservoir. Hence, no additional mixing energy needs to be supplemented.

7 Appendices

7.1 Matlab Script Used for Analysis

clear;
clc;

% Read excel file of Area-Depth Profile

% Each line in the CSV file will correspond to a row in the matrix,
% and each value separated by a comma will correspond to
% a different column in the matrix
% Start reading from 1st column, 2nd row (1st row is the names of the
% variables)
profile = csvread('area depth profile.csv',1,0);

% Read excel file of Meteorology Data

meteor = csvread('Met data hourly.csv',1,0);

%%% %%% %%%

% Extract surface area (m^2) from matrix "profile" into new array, A_
A_ = profile(1:36,2);

% Extract depth,z (m) from matrix "profile" into new array, z_

% z is measured downwards from the water surface at 14m (since the question
% said the lake is 35m deep on this day)
z_ = profile(1:36,3);

% Extract layer thickness,Dz (m) from matrix "profile" into new array, Dz_
% Extract cumulative layer thickness,CDz (m) from matrix "profile" into
% new array, CDz_
Dz_ = profile(1:36,4);
CDz_ = profile(1:36,7);

% Extract layer volume,DV (m^3) from matrix "profile" into new array, DV_
DV_ = profile(1:36,5);
% Extract layer volume*depth,DV*z (m^4) from matrix "profile" into
% new array, DVz_
DVz_ = profile(1:36,6);

%%% %%% %%%

% Fixed variables

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CIVL5670 Assignment Pik Wei Ch’ng SID: 450024890

% Initial temperature, deg Celcius

T_0 = 22;

% ++ Assumption (parameter)
% Attenuation coefficient of solar radiation in lake water, eta (m^-1)
eta = 0.5;
% Heat capacity of water, C_p J/(kg degC)
C_p = 4200;
% Emissivity, epsilon
epsilon = 0.96;
% Stefan Boltzmann constant, sigma, J/(m^2 s K^4)
sigma = 5.67*10^(-8);

% Air density, rho_air (kg/m^3)

rho_air = 1;
% Drag coefficient, C_D (J/(kg degC)
C_D = 0.015;

% ++ Assumption: For T around 20 deg C, dependence of density on

% temperature is approximately linear
% Initial density, kg/m^3
% Based on density of water at 25 deg C
rho_0 = 997.1*(1-0.00025*(T_0-25));

% Meteorology Data
%
% Short wave radiation from the sun, I, W/m^2
% Extract "I" from matrix "meteor" into new array, "I_"
I_ = meteor(1:24,3);

% Extract hourly mean air temperature (deg C) from matrix

% "meteor" into new array, "AirTemp"
AirTemp = meteor(1:24,4);

% Extract hourly relative humidity (%) from matrix

% "meteor" into new array, "RelHum"
RelHum = meteor(1:24,5);

% Extract hourly mean wind speed (m/s) from matrix

% "meteor" into new array, "U_"
U_ = meteor(1:24,6);

% Sensible heat transfer coefficient, C_H = 1.14*10^(03)*U

% Extract C_H from matrix "meteor" into new array
C_H = meteor(1:24,7);

% Evaporative heat transfer coefficient, CWU_ = 1.14*10^(03)*U

% Extract CWU_ from matrix "meteor" into new array
CWU_ = meteor(1:24,8);

%%% %%% %%%

% Initiate initial temperature profile in the lake, deg C, for a single
% time step
T_ = zeros(36,1);
T_(1:35,1) = T_0;

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CIVL5670 Assignment Pik Wei Ch’ng SID: 450024890

% Initiate temperature profile (deg C) in the lake for 24 time steps (1 hour
each)
% Rows store the temperature variation with depth in the lake; Columns
% store the temperature variation with time
T_alltime = zeros(36,24);
T_alltime(1:35,:) = T_0;

% Initiate initial density profile in the lake, kg/m^3 for a single time
% step
rho = zeros(36,1);
rho(1:35,1) = rho_0;
% Initiate density profile (kg/m^3) in the lake for 24 time steps (1 hour
each)
% Rows store the density variation with depth in the lake; Columns
% store the density variation with time
rho_alltime = zeros(36,24);
rho_alltime(1:35,:) = rho_0;

% Initiate additional energy required to de-stratify the whole lake, E_req

% (J), for each time step
E_req = zeros(24,1);

%%% %%% %%%

% Loop function for estimation of lake mixing energy for the day

% Time step, dt (hour)

dt = 1;

% Do iteration for time steps, 1 hour to 23 hours after midnight, 24 hours

% span in total
for t = 12
% Do iteration for layer 1 to layer 35 (each layer 1m thick), 35 layers
% in total
for i = 1:35

% % Part A - Solar Radiation % %

%
% Calculate solar radiation reaching layer i
solar_i = I_(t)*A_(i)*exp(-1*eta*CDz_(i));

% Calculate solar radiation reaching layer i + 1

solar_iplus = I_(t)*A_(i+1)*exp(-1*eta*CDz_(i+1));

% Calculate thermal capacity of layer i

therm_cap = rho(i)*A_(i)*Dz_(i)*C_p;
% Calculate change in temperature, dTemp_I (deg C) based on solar
% radiation, I (W/m^2)
dTemp_I = (solar_i - solar_iplus)*dt/therm_cap;

% Temperature Update - Solar Radiation

% Update temperature change to the layer due to solar radiation
T_(i) = T_(i) + dTemp_I;

% Check if the layer is top layer

if i == 1

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CIVL5670 Assignment Pik Wei Ch’ng SID: 450024890

% % Part B - Surface Heat Transfer % %

%
% Part B 1/4 - Long Wave Radiation
% Calculate rate of heat loss from lake surface due to long wave
% radiation, Q_L (W/m^2)
Q_L = epsilon*sigma*(T_(i)+273)^4;
% Calculate total heat loss from lake surface due to long wave
% radiation, E_L (J)
E_L = Q_L*dt*60*60*A_(i);
% Calculate change in temperature, dTemp_L (deg C) due to long
wave
% radiation
dTemp_L = E_L/(rho(i)*C_p*Dz_(i)*A_(i));

% Part B 2/4 - Sensible Heat Transfer (Conduction)

% Calculate rate of heat loss from lake surface due to heat
% conduction (sensible heat transfer), Q_S (W/m^2)
Q_S = C_H(t)*(AirTemp(t)-T_(i));
% Calculate total heat loss from lake surface due to heat
% conduction, E_S (J)
E_S = Q_S*dt*60*60*A_(i);
% Calculate change in temperature, dTemp_S (deg C) due to heat
% conduction
dTemp_S = E_S/(rho(i)*C_p*Dz_(i)*A_(i));

% Part B 3/4 - Evaporative Heat Loss

% Calculation vapor density, q_s (kg/m^3) based on lake surface
% temperature (deg C)
% See report for source citation of the formula
q_s = (1/1000)*(5.018 + 0.32321*T_(i) + 8.1847*10^(-3)*(T_(i))^2
+ 3.1243*10^(-4)*(T_(i))^3);
% Calculate difference in absolute humidity, q_diff = q_s - q_a
% = (1 - RelHum/100)*q_s(kg/m^3); RelHum = relative humidity (%)
q_diff = (1 - RelHum(t)/100)*q_s;
% Calculate rate of heat loss from lake surface due to
evaporative
% heat loss, Q_EV (W/m^2)
Q_EV = CWU_(t)*q_diff;
% Calculate total heat loss from lake surface due to evaporative
% heat loss, E_EV (J)
E_EV = Q_EV*dt*60*60*A_(i);
% Calculate change in temperature, dTemp_EV (deg C) due to
% evaporative heat loss
dTemp_EV = E_EV/(rho(i)*C_p*Dz_(i)*A_(i));

% Part B 4/4 - Change in Top Lake Layer Temperature due to All 3

% Surface Heat Transfer mechanisms, dTemp_all (deg C)
% negative sign indicates heat loss, positive indicates heat gain
dTemp_all = -1*dTemp_L + dTemp_S - dTemp_EV;

% Temperature Update for Top Layer - Surface Heat Transfer

T_(i) = T_(i) + dTemp_all;
end
end
% Update temperature and density profiles for this time step
for K = 1:35

15
CIVL5670 Assignment Pik Wei Ch’ng SID: 450024890

% Update temperature to the 24-time step temperature profile for

% this time step
T_alltime(K,t) = T_(K);

% Update density to the 24-time step density profile for

% this time step
rho_alltime(K,t) = rho(K);
end
end

16
CIVL5670 Assignment Pik Wei Ch’ng SID: 450024890

7.2 Temperature and Density Profiles over Time

7.2.1 Temperature Profile Over Time
Temperature (deg C)

Depth (m) 0:00 1:00 2:00 3:00 4:00 5:00 6:00 7:00 8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:0 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:0 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00
0 0

14 21.98 21.96 21.94 21.92 21.9 21.89 21.87 21.85 21.83 21.8 21.80 21.78 21.76 21.74 21.7 21.71 21.69 21.67 21.65 21.6 21.62 21.60 21.58 21.56
2 4 6 8 1 2 4 6 8 2 2 4 6 8 3 2 4 6 8 4 2 4 6 8

15 21.98 21.96 21.94 21.92 21.9 21.89 21.87 21.85 21.83 21.8 21.80 21.78 21.76 21.74 21.7 21.71 21.69 21.67 21.65 21.6 21.62 21.60 21.58 21.56
2 4 6 8 1 2 4 6 8 2 2 4 6 8 3 2 4 6 8 4 2 4 6 8

16 21.98 21.96 21.94 21.92 21.9 21.89 21.87 21.85 21.83 21.8 21.80 21.78 21.76 21.74 21.7 21.71 21.69 21.67 21.65 21.6 21.62 21.60 21.58 21.56
2 4 6 8 1 2 4 6 8 2 2 4 6 8 3 2 4 6 8 4 2 4 6 8

17 21.98 21.96 21.94 21.92 21.9 21.89 21.87 21.85 21.83 21.8 21.80 21.78 21.76 21.74 21.7 21.71 21.69 21.67 21.65 21.6 21.62 21.60 21.58 21.56
2 4 6 8 1 2 4 6 8 2 2 4 6 8 3 2 4 6 8 4 2 4 6 8

18 21.98 21.96 21.94 21.92 21.9 21.89 21.87 21.85 21.83 21.8 21.80 21.78 21.76 21.74 21.7 21.71 21.69 21.67 21.65 21.6 21.62 21.60 21.58 21.56
2 4 6 8 1 2 4 6 8 2 2 4 6 8 3 2 4 6 8 4 2 4 6 8

19 21.98 21.96 21.94 21.92 21.9 21.89 21.87 21.85 21.83 21.8 21.80 21.78 21.76 21.74 21.7 21.71 21.69 21.67 21.65 21.6 21.62 21.60 21.58 21.56
2 4 6 8 1 2 4 6 8 2 2 4 6 8 3 2 4 6 8 4 2 4 6 8

20 21.98 21.96 21.94 21.92 21.9 21.89 21.87 21.85 21.83 21.8 21.80 21.78 21.76 21.74 21.7 21.71 21.69 21.67 21.65 21.6 21.62 21.60 21.58 21.56
2 4 6 8 1 2 4 6 8 2 2 4 6 8 3 2 4 6 8 4 2 4 6 8

21 21.98 21.96 21.94 21.92 21.9 21.89 21.87 21.85 21.83 21.8 21.80 21.78 21.76 21.74 21.7 21.71 21.69 21.67 21.65 21.6 21.62 21.60 21.58 21.56
2 4 6 8 1 2 4 6 8 2 2 4 6 8 3 2 4 6 8 4 2 4 6 8

22 21.98 21.96 21.94 21.92 21.9 21.89 21.87 21.85 21.83 21.8 21.80 21.78 21.76 21.74 21.7 21.71 21.69 21.67 21.65 21.6 21.62 21.60 21.58 21.56
2 4 6 8 1 2 4 6 8 2 2 4 6 8 3 2 4 6 8 4 2 4 6 8

23 21.98 21.96 21.94 21.92 21.9 21.89 21.87 21.85 21.83 21.8 21.80 21.78 21.76 21.74 21.7 21.71 21.69 21.67 21.65 21.6 21.62 21.60 21.58 21.56
2 4 6 8 1 2 4 6 8 2 2 4 6 8 3 2 4 6 8 4 2 4 6 8

24 21.98 21.96 21.94 21.92 21.9 21.89 21.87 21.85 21.83 21.8 21.80 21.78 21.76 21.74 21.7 21.71 21.69 21.67 21.65 21.6 21.62 21.60 21.58 21.56
2 4 6 8 1 2 4 6 8 2 2 4 6 8 3 2 4 6 8 4 2 4 6 8

25 21.98 21.96 21.94 21.92 21.9 21.89 21.87 21.85 21.83 21.8 21.80 21.78 21.76 21.74 21.7 21.71 21.69 21.67 21.65 21.6 21.62 21.60 21.58 21.56
2 4 6 8 1 2 4 6 8 2 2 4 6 8 3 2 4 6 8 4 2 4 6 8

26 21.98 21.96 21.94 21.92 21.9 21.89 21.87 21.85 21.83 21.8 21.80 21.78 21.76 21.74 21.7 21.71 21.69 21.67 21.65 21.6 21.62 21.60 21.58 21.56
2 4 6 8 1 2 4 6 8 2 2 4 6 8 3 2 4 6 8 4 2 4 6 8

17
CIVL5670 Assignment Pik Wei Ch’ng SID: 450024890

27 21.98 21.96 21.94 21.92 21.9 21.89 21.87 21.85 21.83 21.8 21.80 21.78 21.76 21.74 21.7 21.71 21.69 21.67 21.65 21.6 21.62 21.60 21.58 21.56
2 4 6 8 1 2 4 6 8 2 2 4 6 8 3 2 4 6 8 4 2 4 6 8

28 21.98 21.96 21.94 21.92 21.9 21.89 21.87 21.85 21.83 21.8 21.80 21.78 21.76 21.74 21.7 21.71 21.69 21.67 21.65 21.6 21.62 21.60 21.58 21.56
2 4 6 8 1 2 4 6 8 2 2 4 6 8 3 2 4 6 8 4 2 4 6 8

29 21.98 21.96 21.94 21.92 21.9 21.89 21.87 21.85 21.83 21.8 21.80 21.78 21.76 21.74 21.7 21.71 21.69 21.67 21.65 21.6 21.62 21.60 21.58 21.56
2 4 6 8 1 2 4 6 8 2 2 4 6 8 3 2 4 6 8 4 2 4 6 8

30 21.98 21.96 21.94 21.92 21.9 21.89 21.87 21.85 21.83 21.8 21.80 21.78 21.76 21.74 21.7 21.71 21.69 21.67 21.65 21.6 21.62 21.60 21.58 21.56
2 4 6 8 1 2 4 6 8 2 2 4 6 8 3 2 4 6 8 4 2 4 6 8

31 21.98 21.96 21.94 21.92 21.9 21.89 21.87 21.85 21.83 21.8 21.80 21.78 21.76 21.74 21.7 21.71 21.69 21.67 21.65 21.6 21.62 21.60 21.58 21.56
2 4 6 8 1 2 4 6 8 2 2 4 6 8 3 2 4 6 8 4 2 4 6 8

32 21.98 21.96 21.94 21.92 21.9 21.89 21.87 21.85 21.83 21.8 21.80 21.78 21.76 21.74 21.7 21.71 21.69 21.67 21.65 21.6 21.62 21.60 21.58 21.56
2 4 6 8 1 2 4 6 8 2 2 4 6 8 3 2 4 6 8 4 2 4 6 8

33 21.98 21.96 21.94 21.92 21.9 21.89 21.87 21.85 21.83 21.8 21.80 21.78 21.76 21.74 21.7 21.71 21.69 21.67 21.65 21.6 21.62 21.60 21.58 21.56
2 4 6 8 1 2 4 6 8 2 2 4 6 8 3 2 4 6 8 4 2 4 6 8

34 21.98 21.96 21.94 21.92 21.9 21.89 21.87 21.85 21.83 21.8 21.80 21.78 21.76 21.74 21.7 21.71 21.69 21.67 21.65 21.6 21.62 21.60 21.58 21.56
2 4 6 8 1 2 4 6 8 2 2 4 6 8 3 2 4 6 8 4 2 4 6 8

35 21.98 21.96 21.94 21.92 21.9 21.89 21.87 21.85 21.83 21.8 21.80 21.78 21.76 21.74 21.7 21.71 21.69 21.67 21.65 21.6 21.62 21.60 21.58 21.56
2 4 6 8 1 2 4 6 8 2 2 4 6 8 3 2 4 6 8 4 2 4 6 8

36 21.98 21.96 21.94 21.92 21.9 21.89 21.87 21.85 21.83 21.8 21.80 21.78 21.76 21.74 21.7 21.71 21.69 21.67 21.65 21.6 21.62 21.60 21.58 21.56
2 4 6 8 1 2 4 6 8 2 2 4 6 8 3 2 4 6 8 4 2 4 6 8

37 21.98 21.96 21.94 21.92 21.9 21.89 21.87 21.85 21.83 21.8 21.80 21.78 21.76 21.74 21.7 21.71 21.69 21.67 21.65 21.6 21.62 21.60 21.58 21.56
2 4 6 8 1 2 4 6 8 2 2 4 6 8 3 2 4 6 8 4 2 4 6 8

38 21.98 21.96 21.94 21.92 21.9 21.89 21.87 21.85 21.83 21.8 21.80 21.78 21.76 21.74 21.7 21.71 21.69 21.67 21.65 21.6 21.62 21.60 21.58 21.56
2 4 6 8 1 2 4 6 8 2 2 4 6 8 3 2 4 6 8 4 2 4 6 8

39 21.98 21.96 21.94 21.92 21.9 21.89 21.87 21.85 21.83 21.8 21.80 21.78 21.76 21.74 21.7 21.71 21.69 21.67 21.65 21.6 21.62 21.60 21.58 21.56
2 4 6 8 1 2 4 6 8 2 2 4 6 8 3 2 4 6 8 4 2 4 6 8

40 21.98 21.96 21.94 21.92 21.9 21.89 21.87 21.85 21.83 21.8 21.80 21.78 21.76 21.74 21.7 21.71 21.69 21.67 21.65 21.6 21.62 21.60 21.58 21.56
2 4 6 8 1 2 4 6 8 2 2 4 6 8 3 2 4 6 8 4 2 4 6 8

41 21.98 21.96 21.94 21.92 21.9 21.89 21.87 21.85 21.83 21.8 21.80 21.78 21.76 21.74 21.7 21.71 21.69 21.67 21.65 21.6 21.62 21.60 21.58 21.56
2 4 6 8 1 2 4 6 8 2 2 4 6 8 3 2 4 6 8 4 2 4 6 8

42 21.98 21.96 21.94 21.92 21.9 21.89 21.87 21.85 21.83 21.8 21.80 21.78 21.76 21.74 21.7 21.71 21.69 21.67 21.65 21.6 21.62 21.60 21.58 21.56
2 4 6 8 1 2 4 6 8 2 2 4 6 8 3 2 4 6 8 4 2 4 6 8

18
CIVL5670 Assignment Pik Wei Ch’ng SID: 450024890

43 21.98 21.96 21.94 21.92 21.9 21.89 21.87 21.85 21.83 21.8 21.80 21.78 21.76 21.74 21.7 21.71 21.69 21.67 21.65 21.6 21.62 21.60 21.58 21.56
2 4 6 8 1 2 4 6 8 2 2 4 6 8 3 2 4 6 8 4 2 4 6 8

44 21.98 21.96 21.94 21.92 21.9 21.89 21.87 21.85 21.83 21.8 21.80 21.78 21.76 21.74 21.7 21.71 21.69 21.67 21.65 21.6 21.62 21.60 21.58 21.56
2 4 6 8 1 2 4 6 8 2 2 4 6 8 3 2 4 6 8 4 2 4 6 8

45 21.98 21.96 21.94 21.92 21.9 21.89 21.87 21.85 21.83 21.8 21.80 21.78 21.76 21.74 21.7 21.71 21.69 21.67 21.65 21.6 21.62 21.60 21.58 21.56
2 4 6 8 1 2 4 6 8 2 2 4 6 8 3 2 4 6 8 4 2 4 6 8

46 21.98 21.96 21.94 21.92 21.9 21.89 21.87 21.85 21.83 21.8 21.80 21.78 21.76 21.74 21.7 21.71 21.69 21.67 21.65 21.6 21.62 21.60 21.58 21.56
2 4 6 8 1 2 4 6 8 2 2 4 6 8 3 2 4 6 8 4 2 4 6 8

47 21.98 21.96 21.94 21.92 21.9 21.89 21.87 21.85 21.83 21.8 21.80 21.78 21.76 21.74 21.7 21.71 21.69 21.67 21.65 21.6 21.62 21.60 21.58 21.56
2 4 6 8 1 2 4 6 8 2 2 4 6 8 3 2 4 6 8 4 2 4 6 8

48 21.98 21.96 21.94 21.92 21.9 21.89 21.87 21.85 21.83 21.8 21.80 21.78 21.76 21.74 21.7 21.71 21.69 21.67 21.65 21.6 21.62 21.60 21.58 21.56
2 4 6 8 1 2 4 6 8 2 2 4 6 8 3 2 4 6 8 4 2 4 6 8

49 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

7.2.2 Density Profile Over Time

Density (kg/m3)

Depth (m) 0:00 1:00 2:00 3:00 4:00 5:00 6:00 7:00 8:00 9:00 10:0 11:0 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00
0 0

14 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997. 997. 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9
5 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 9 9 9 9 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6

15 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997. 997. 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9
5 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 9 9 9 9 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6

16 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997. 997. 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9
5 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 9 9 9 9 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6

17 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997. 997. 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9
5 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 9 9 9 9 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6

18 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997. 997. 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9
5 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 9 9 9 9 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6

19 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997. 997. 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9
5 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 9 9 9 9 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6

19
CIVL5670 Assignment Pik Wei Ch’ng SID: 450024890

20 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997. 997. 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9
5 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 9 9 9 9 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6

21 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997. 997. 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9
5 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 9 9 9 9 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6

22 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997. 997. 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9
5 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 9 9 9 9 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6

23 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997. 997. 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9
5 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 9 9 9 9 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6

24 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997. 997. 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9
5 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 9 9 9 9 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6

25 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997. 997. 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9
5 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 9 9 9 9 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6

26 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997. 997. 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9
5 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 9 9 9 9 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6

27 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997. 997. 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9
5 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 9 9 9 9 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6

28 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997. 997. 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9
5 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 9 9 9 9 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6

29 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997. 997. 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9
5 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 9 9 9 9 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6

30 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997. 997. 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9
5 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 9 9 9 9 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6

31 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997. 997. 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9
5 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 9 9 9 9 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6

32 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997. 997. 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9
5 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 9 9 9 9 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6

33 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997. 997. 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9
5 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 9 9 9 9 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6

34 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997. 997. 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9
5 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 9 9 9 9 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6

35 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997. 997. 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9
5 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 9 9 9 9 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6

20
CIVL5670 Assignment Pik Wei Ch’ng SID: 450024890

36 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997. 997. 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9
5 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 9 9 9 9 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6

37 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997. 997. 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9
5 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 9 9 9 9 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6

38 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997. 997. 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9
5 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 9 9 9 9 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6

39 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997. 997. 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9
5 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 9 9 9 9 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6

40 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997. 997. 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9
5 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 9 9 9 9 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6

41 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997. 997. 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9
5 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 9 9 9 9 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6

42 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997. 997. 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9
5 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 9 9 9 9 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6

43 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997. 997. 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9
5 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 9 9 9 9 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6

44 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997. 997. 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9
5 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 9 9 9 9 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6

45 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997. 997. 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9
5 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 9 9 9 9 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6

46 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997. 997. 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9
5 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 9 9 9 9 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6

47 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997. 997. 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9
5 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 9 9 9 9 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6

48 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997.8 997. 997. 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9 997.9
5 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 9 9 9 9 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6

49 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

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CIVL5670 Assignment Pik Wei Ch’ng SID: 450024890

7.2.3 Temperature Profile Over Time (excluding surface heat transfer and wind mixing)

Temperature (deg C)
Depth
(m) 0:00 1:00 2:00 3:00 4:00 5:00 6:00 7:00 8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00
22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00
14 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 01 01 02 02 02 03 03 03 03 03 03 03 03 03 03
22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00
15 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 01 01 01 01 02 02 02 02 02 02 02 02 02 02
22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00
16 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01
22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00
17 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01
22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00
18 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00
19 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00
20 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00
21 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00
22 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00
23 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00
24 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00
25 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00
26 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00

References
Hyperphysics 2018, Humidity, viewed 10th June 2018, <http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Kinetic/relhum.html>

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