Two-Port Networks

Linear circuit systems can be quantified by their terminal

constraints
Example: Thévenin Equivalent circuit:
Thévenin/Norton Circuits provide a “One-port”
representation of a more complex circuit
Provides exactly the same terminal conditions for any arbitrary load
circuit connected across the terminals
This can be generalized to circuits with an arbitrary
number of terminals
Ex: 2-port network:

Ex: N-port network:

221 S. Gedney, University of Kentucky

 Two-Port Parameterization

Two ports are parameterized based on their terminal

currents and voltages , , and ,

The specific parameterization is dependent upon

which quantities are the independent variables and
which are the dependent variables.

EE 221 S. Gedney, University of Kentucky

 Two Port Parameters
Parameter Type Independent Dependent Parameterization
Variables Variables

Impedance (Z) , ,  V1   Z1,1 Z1,2   I1 

Parameters V    Z Z 2,2   I 2 
 2   2,1
Admittance (Y) , ,  I1   Y1,1 Y1,2   V1 
Parameters  I   Y  
 2   2,1 2,2   V2 
Y
Hybrid (h) , ,  V1   h1,1 h1,2   I1 
parameters I   h h2,2   V2 
 2   2,1
Inverse Hybrid (g) , ,  I1   g1,1 g1,2   V1 
parameters V    g g 2,2   I 2 
 2   2,1
Transmission , ,  V1   A B   V2 
(ABCD) parameters  I    C D   I 
 1   2 

EE 221 S. Gedney, University of Kentucky

 The Impedance (Z) Parameters

The impedance parameters are quantified by the Z-

matrix which relates the port currents to the port
voltages
 V1   Z1,1 Z1,2   I1 
V    Z Z 2,2   I 2 
 2   2,1

The Z-parameters , have the units of

We can “measure” the Z-parameters of a linear two-
port network in a very simple way:
Open circuit port 2 (This sets = 0).
 V1   Z1,1 Z1,2   I1 
V    Z  
 2   2,1 Z 2,2   0 
Drive port 1 with a current source and measure port voltages
V1  Z1,1 I1  Z1,1  V1 / I1
V2  Z 2,1 I1  Z 2,1  V2 / I1
EE 221 S. Gedney, University of Kentucky
 Measuring the Z-parameters
Repeat by open circuiting port 1, drive port 2 with current,
and measure the port voltages

 V1   Z1,1 Z1,2   0 
V    Z Z 2,2   I 2 
 2   2,1

V1  Z1,2 I 2  Z1,2  V1 / I 2
V2  Z 2,2 I 2  Z 2,2  V2 / I 2

, is the input impedance of port 2 with port 1 open circuited

, is the trans-impedance with port 1 open circuited

Similarly:
, is the input impedance of port 1 with port 2 open circuited
, is the trans-impedance with port 2 open circuited

EE 221 S. Gedney, University of Kentucky

 Simple Example

Find the Z-parameters of the two-port network:

1  5 j 1 
Answer: Z   
 1 1  5 j 
EE 221 S. Gedney, University of Kentucky
Another Example

4 9 
Answer: Z   
 3 11
EE 221 S. Gedney, University of Kentucky
 The Admittance (Y) Parameters

The admittance parameters are quantified by the Y-

matrix which relates the port voltages to the port
currents
 I1   Y1,1 Y1,2   V1 
 I   Y  
 2   2,1 2,2   V2 
Y

The Y-parameters , have the units of S ( )

We can “measure” the Y-parameters of a linear two-port
network in a very simple way:
Short circuit port 2 (This sets = 0).
 I1   Y1,1 Y1,2   V1 
 I   Y  
 2   2,1 2,2   0 
Y
Drive port 1 with a voltage source and measure port currents
I1  Y1,1V1  Y1,1  I1 / V1
I 2  Y2,1V1  Y2,1  I 2 / V1
EE 221 S. Gedney, University of Kentucky
 Measuring the Y-parameters
Repeat by short circuiting port 1, drive port 2 with a voltage
source, and measure the port currents

 I1   Y1,1 Y1,2   0 
 I   Y  
 2   2,1 2,2   V2 
Y

I1  Y1,2V2  Y1,2  I1 / V2
I 2  Y2,2V2  Y2,2  I 2 / V2

, is the input admittance of port 2 with port 1 short circuited

, is the trans-admittance with port 1 short circuited

Similarly
, is the input admittance of port 1 with port 2 short circuited
, is the trans-admittance with port 2 short circuited

EE 221 S. Gedney, University of Kentucky

 Simple Example

Find the Y-parameters of the two-port network:

1 1 1 
 25  5 j 25 
Answer: Y   
 1 1 1
 j
 25 25 5 
EE 221 S. Gedney, University of Kentucky
Another Example

 11 9 
 17 17 
Answer: Y   
 3 4
 17 17 
EE 221 S. Gedney, University of Kentucky
Another Example

 11 9 
 17 17 
Answer: Y   
 3 4
 17 17 
EE 221 S. Gedney, University of Kentucky
 Relationship Between Z and Y Parameters

The Z and Y parameters provide a unique

representation of the terminal relationships of the
two-port networks
Any load or source connected to either end of the two-port
can now be represented solely as a function of the Z or Y-
parameters.
Because each separately represents the two-port
uniquely, there must be a relationship between the
two parameters
What is this relationship?

 V1   Z1,1 Z1,2   I1   I1   Y1,1 Y1,2   V1 

V    Z Z 2,2   I 2   I   Y  
 2   2,1  2   2,1 2,2   V2 
Y

EE 221 S. Gedney, University of Kentucky

 Relationship Between Z and Y Parameters
Note
1
 V1   Z1,1 Z1,2   I1   I1   Z1,1 Z1,2   V1 
V    Z     
Z 2,2   V2 
 2   2,1 Z 2,2   I 2   I 2   Z 2,1
Therefore:
1
 Y1,1 Y1,2   Z1,1 Z1,2 
Y  
 2,1 Y2,2   Z 2,1 Z 2,2 
Similarly:
1
 Z1,1
Z1,2   Y1,1 Y1,2 
Z 
Z 2,2   Y2,1 Y2,2 
 2,1

Consider the previous two examples:
Example 1 Example 2
1 1 1   11 9 
1
  j   17 1
1  5 j 1  25 5 25 4 9  17 
Z 1       & 1
Z     3 
    1  
j 
1 1 5 j 1 1 3 11 4

 25 25 5   17 17 
EE 221 S. Gedney, University of Kentucky
Lumped Circuit Model of the Z-parameters

The Z-parameters of an arbitrary circuit can be

expressed as a lumped circuit model with a current
controlled voltage source.
Z-parameters:  V1   Z1,1 Z1,2   I1 
V    Z Z 2,2   I 2 
 2   2,1

Two equations: V1  Z1,1 I1  Z1,2 I 2 V2  Z 2,1 I1  Z 2,2 I 2

These are also the equations for the KVL loops of the two-
loop network:

EE 221 S. Gedney, University of Kentucky

 Mutual Inductor

Recall for the mutual inductor, we derived the

equivalent circuit model:
Iˆ1 Iˆ2 Iˆ1 Iˆ2
j L1 j L2

Vˆ1
j L1 Vˆ2 Vˆ1 j MIˆ2 j MIˆ1 Vˆ2
j L2

Therefore:
 V1   Z1,1 Z1,2   I1   j L1 j M  I1 
V    Z 
Z 2,2   I 2   j M j L2  
 2   2,1  2 
I

This could easily be derived by computing the Z-matrix

EE 221 S. Gedney, University of Kentucky

Lumped Circuit Model of the Y-parameters

The Y-parameters can also be expressed as lumped

circuit model
Y-parameters:  I1   Y1,1 Y1,2   V1 
 I   Y  
 2   2,1 2,2   V2 
Y

Two equations
I1  Y1,1V1  Y1,2V2 I 2  Y2,1V1  Y2,2V2
These are also the equations for the KCL equations of two-
nodes:

EE 221 S. Gedney, University of Kentucky

 Hybrid Parameters

Another parameterization is the hybrid (H) parameters.

 V1   h1,1 h1,2   I1 
I   h h2,2   V2 
 2   2,1
Hybrid, because the parameters have different units
, has the units of ohms (short ckt input impedance of port 1)
, has the units of Siemens (open ckt output admittance of port 2)
, and , are unitless ( , is the open ckt reverse voltage gain
and , is the short-circuit forward current gain)
Equivalent circuit model:

EE 221 S. Gedney, University of Kentucky

 Measuring the Hybrid Parameters

How would you measure the hybrid parameters?

 V1   h1,1 h1,2   I1 
I   h h2,2   V2 
 2   2,1

EE 221 S. Gedney, University of Kentucky

 Solution
 V1   h1,1 h1,2   I1 
I   h h2,2   V2 
 2   2,1

First column:
V1
V1  h1,1 I1 V 0  h1,1 
2 I1 V 0
2

I2
I 2  h2,1 I1 V 0  h2,1 
2 I1 V2  0

Second column:
V1
V1  h1,2V2 I1  0
 h1,2 
V2 I1  0

I2
I 2  h2,2V2 I1  0
 h2,2 
V2 I1  0

EE 221 S. Gedney, University of Kentucky

 Inverse Hybrid Parameters

Another parameterization is the inverse hybrid (G)

parameters.
 I1   g1,1 g1,2   V1 
V    g g 2,2   I 2 
 2   2,1
Hybrid, because the parameters have different units
, has the units of Siemens (open ckt input admittance)
, has the units of ohms (short circuit output impedance)
, and , are unitless ( , is the short ckt reverse current
gain and , is the open-circuit forward voltage gain)
Equivalent circuit model:
I1 I1
g1,1  g1,2 
V1 I 2 0
I2 V1  0

V2 V2
g 2,1  g 2,2 
V1 I 2 0
I2 V1  0

EE 221 S. Gedney, University of Kentucky

 Why Hybrid Parameters are used?

Hybrid parameters are often used as a two-port

representation of transistor amplifiers
Represent physical characteristics of a small signal response
of the amplifier.
Either G or H-parameters can be used

EE 221 S. Gedney, University of Kentucky

Relationship Between Hybrid Parameters
 V1   h1,1 h1,2   I1   I1   g1,1 g1,2   V1 
I   h   V    g  
 2   2,1 2,2   V2 
h  2   2,1 g 2,2   I 2 

 V1   I1   I1   V1 
or,    H   or,    G  
 I2   V2   V2   I2 

What is the relationship between the two parameter

sets?

EE 221 S. Gedney, University of Kentucky

 Example

Given the circuit (a)

Compute vo:
Assume Vin = 1 cos(2t) V

EE 221 S. Gedney, University of Kentucky

 Solution

First express the 2-port via the equivalent network:


Find below: v o  t   0.782cos( 2t  105.71  )V
180

Nodal Analysis: MathCad Solution:

V1  Vin V1  0 V1  V2
1)   0
2 2 j

Vo  V1 Vo  0 Vo  0  V 
2)     10 1   0
j 2 j 4  2 

EE 221 S. Gedney, University of Kentucky

Computing the Z-parameters from H-parmeters
 V1   h1,1 h1,2   I1 
Given: I   h  
 2   2,1 2,2   V2 
h
V  I 
or,  1   H  1 
 I2   V2 

Find the Z-parameters:

 V1   Z1,1 Z1,2   I1 
V    Z Z 2,2   I 2 
 2   2,1
How did we solve for the Z-parameters?

EE 221 S. Gedney, University of Kentucky

 Open Circuit Z-parameters

 V1   Z1,1 Z1,2   I1 
V    Z Z 2,2   0 
 2   2,1

h2,1
V2   I1
h2,2

EE 221 S. Gedney, University of Kentucky

Measure the Open Circuit Z-parameters

 V1   Z1,1 Z1,2   I1 
V    Z Z 2,2   0 
 2   2,1

with port 2 open circuited, measure at port 2:

h2,1
V2   I1
h2,2
Then, apply KVL at port 1:
h2,1 h1,1h2,2  h1,2 h2,1
V1  h1,1 I1  h1,2V2  h1,1 I1  h1,2 I1  I1
h2,2 h2,2
V1 h
 Z1,1  
I1 I 2 0
h2,2
Where is the determinant of the H-matrix

EE 221 S. Gedney, University of Kentucky

Convert H-parameters to Z-parameters

 V1   Z1,1 Z1,2   0 
V    Z Z 2,2   I 2 
 2   2,1

Open circuit port 1 (I1 = 0), drive port 2 with I2:

By KVL on port 2:
I2 V 1
V2   Z 2,2  2 
h2,2 I2 I1  0
h2,2

By KVL on port 1:

I2 V h1,2
V1  h1,2V2  h1,2  Z1,2  1 
h2,2 I2 I1  0
h2,2

EE 221 S. Gedney, University of Kentucky

Converting Between Two-Port Parameters

EE 221 S. Gedney, University of Kentucky

 Which 2-Port Parameterization to Use?

Measurement
Determine the measurement which is best suited for
extracting the two-port network parameters
Short circuit port 1 or 2
Measure port voltages or currents
Open circuit port 1 or 2
Measure port voltages or currents

Application
Determine the two-port network parameters that are best
suited for the application
If different than the measured set, then simply convert from
the measured parameter set to the application parameter set!
Some possible factors:
How combined with other parameter sets or with sources/loads
Parameter set best suites the physical behavior of a device

EE 221 S. Gedney, University of Kentucky

 Combining 2-ports in parallel/series

Two, 2-port networks are combined:

Are these in parallel or series?

Which two-port parameters are best suites for
finding a single parameter set for the combined 2-
ports?

EE 221 S. Gedney, University of Kentucky

 Adding Two-Ports in Parallel
 I1a   Y1,1a Y1,2a   V1 
 a a a  
 2   2,1 2,2   2 
I Y Y V

 I1b   Y1,1b Y1,2b   V1 

 b b b  
 2 
I Y2,1 Y2,2   V2 

Apply KCL at port 1:

EE 221 S. Gedney, University of Kentucky

 Adding Two-Ports in Parallel
 I1a   Y1,1a Y1,2a   V1 
 a a a  
 2   2,1 2,2   2 
I Y Y V

 I1b   Y1,1b Y1,2b   V1 

 b b b  
 2 
I Y2,1 Y2,2   V2 

Apply KCL at port 1:

I1  I1a  I1b  Y1,1aV1  Y1,2a V2   Y1,1bV1  Y1,2b V2   Y1,1a  Y1,1b V1  Y1,2a  Y1,2b V2

Similarly at port 2:
I1  I 2a  I 2b  Y2,1a V1  Y2,2
a
V2   Y2,1
b
V1  Y2,2
b
V2   Y2,1a  Y2,1
b
V1  Y2,2a  Y2,2b V2
Conclude that parallel admittance parameters add:
 I1   Y1,1  Y1,1 Y1,2  Y1,2   V1 
a b a b

 I    Y a  Y b Y a  Y b  V 
 2   2,1 2,1 2,2 2,2   2 

EE 221 S. Gedney, University of Kentucky

 Combining 2-ports in parallel/series

Next, two, 2-port networks are combined as:

Are these in parallel, series, or Neither?

Which two-port parameters are best suites for
finding a single parameter set for the combined 2-
ports?

EE 221 S. Gedney, University of Kentucky

 Adding Two-Ports in Series
 V1a   Z1,1
a a
Z1,2   I1 
 a a a  
 V2   Z 2,1 Z 2,2  2 
I

 V1b   Z1,1
b b
Z1,2   I1 
 b b b  
 V2   Z 2,1 Z 2,2   I 2 

Apply KVL at port 1:

V1  V1a  V1b   Z1,1

a
I1  Z1,2
a
I 2    Z1,1
b
I1  Z1,2
b
I 2    Z1,1
a
 Z1,1
b
 I1   Z1,2a  Z1,2b  I 2
Similarly at port 2:
V2  V2a  V2b   Z 2,1
a
I1  Z 2,2
a
I 2    Z 2,1
b
I1  Z 2,2
b
I 2    Z 2,1
a
 Z 2,1
b
 I1   Z 2,2a  Z 2,2b  I 2
Conclude that series impedance parameters add:
 V1   Z1,1  Z1,1  Z1,2   I1 
a b a b
Z1,2
V    Z a  Z b a b 
 Z 2,2 
 2   2,1 2,1 Z 2,2  2 
I

EE 221 S. Gedney, University of Kentucky

 Cascading Two-port parameters

Two port parameters are often cascaded

Example: Port 1 of network Nb is directly connected to Port
2 of network Nb:

To accommodate this, another network parameter set

is commonly used
The Transmission parameters (ABCD-Parameters)
 V1   A B   V2 
 I    C D  I 
 1   2 

Note that –I2a = +I1b

EE 221 S. Gedney, University of Kentucky
 Measuring Transmission Parameters

How would one measure the transmission parameters?

 V1   A B   V2 
 I    C D  I 
 1   2 

EE 221 S. Gedney, University of Kentucky

 Measuring Transmission Parameters

How would one measure the transmission parameters?

 V1   A B   V2 
 I    C D  I 
 1   2 

Measured as:

V1 I1
A , C S 
V2 I 2 0
V2 I 2 0

V1 I1
B , D 
I2 V2  0
I2 V2  0

EE 221 S. Gedney, University of Kentucky

 Cascading 2-port Networks

Two networks are cascaded:

How do the two networks combine?

 V1a   Aa B a   V2a   V1b   Ab B b   V2b 

 a  a    b  b  
 I1   C D a    I 2a   I1   C D b    I 2b 

EE 221 S. Gedney, University of Kentucky

 Cascading 2-port Networks

Equating port voltages and currents:

 V2a   V1b 
 a b 
  I 2   I1 
Therefore
 V1a   Aa B a   V2a   Aa B a   V1b   Aa B a  Ab B b   V2b 
 a  a a  a 
 a a  b 
 a   
 I1   C D   I2   C D   I1   C D a  C b D b    I 2b 

 V1   Aa Ab  B a C b Aa B b  Aa D b   V2 
I  a b  
 1  C A  D a b
C C a Bb  D a Db    I 2 

EE 221 S. Gedney, University of Kentucky

 Example

Find the transmission parameters of the Pi-network

by cascading networks

Find the ABCD parameters of:

EE 221 S. Gedney, University of Kentucky

 Example

Find the transmission parameters of the Pi-network

by cascading networks

Find the ABCD parameters of:

V1 I1 1
A  1, C   S 
V2 I 2 0
V2 I 2 0
5j

V1 I1
B  0, D  1
I2 V2  0
I2 V2  0

 1 0
 
V   V2 
 1    1
 I1   5 j 1    I 2 
EE 221 S. Gedney, University of Kentucky
 
 Center Element

Find the ABCD parameters of:

EE 221 S. Gedney, University of Kentucky

 Series and Shunt Impedance

Find the ABCD parameters of:

V1 I1
A  1, C   0 S 
V2 I 2 0
V2 I 2 0

V1 I1
B  25 , D  1
I2 V2  0
I2 V2  0

 V1   1 25   V2 
     I 
 1 
I 0 1  2 
Similarly:

 1 0
 
V   V2 
 1    1
 I1   5 j 1    I 2 
 
EE 221 S. Gedney, University of Kentucky
 Cascading the three networks

Cascading of 3, two-port networks:

 1 0  1 0
 V1     V2   V1   1 25   V2   V1     V2 
I  1 1    I 2   I    0 1  I  I  1 1    I 2 
 1 5j  1   2   1   5 j
   

How to combine?

EE 221 S. Gedney, University of Kentucky

 Cascading the three networks

Cascading of 3, two-port networks:

 1 0  1 0
 V1     1 25   1   V2   1  5 j 25   V2 
I  1 1   0 1   1    I 2   1 1  5 j    I 2 
 1 5j
   5 j 

Convert to a Z-matrix:
 1  5 j (1  5 j )(1  5 j )  25 
 Z1,1 Z1,2   1 1  1  5 j 1 
Z   
 2,1 Z 2,2   1 1  5 j   1 1  5 j 
 1 1 
This is identical to what we derived before

EE 221 S. Gedney, University of Kentucky

 Summary
Impedance Parameters
 V1   Z1,1 Z1,2   I1 
V    Z Z 2,2   I 2 
 2   2,1
Admittance Parameters:
 I1   Y1,1 Y1,2   V1 
 I   Y  
 2   2,1 2,2   V2 
Y

Hybrid Parameters:
 V1   h1,1 h1,2   I1 
I   h h2,2   V2 
 2   2,1
Inverse Hybrid Parameters
 I1   g1,1 g1,2   V1 
V    g g 2,2   I 2 
 2   2,1

EE 221 S. Gedney, University of Kentucky

 Summary
Transmission Parameters

 V1a   Aa B a   V2a   V1b   Ab B b   V2b 

 a  a    b  b  
 I1   C D a    I 2a   I1   C D b    I 2b 

 V1a   Aa B a  Ab B b   V2b 
 a  a a  b b  b
 I1   C D  C D  2  I

EE 221 S. Gedney, University of Kentucky