EE 205 Dr. A.

Zidouri

E
e
lctric Circuits II

Two-Port Circuits
Two-Port Parameters

Lecture #30

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EE 205 Dr. A. Zidouri

The material to be covered in this lecture is as follows:

o Introduction to two-port circuits

o The Terminal Equations
o The Two-Port z-parameters
o The Two-Port y-parameters

After finishing this lecture you should be able to:

¾ Understand the Importance of Two-Port Circuits

¾ Relate the Current and Voltage at One Port to the Current and Voltage at the Other Port.
¾ Determine the Two-Port z-parameters
¾ Determine the Two-Port y-parameters

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EE 205 Dr. A. Zidouri

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In analyzing some electrical systems, focusing on two pairs of terminal is convenient.
Often, a signal is fed into one pair of terminals and then after being processed, is extracted at a
second pair of terminals.
The terminal pairs represent the points where signals are either fed in or extracted. They are
referred to as ports of the system.
Fig. 42-1 illustrates the basic two-port building block.
Use of this building block is subject to several restrictions:
o There can be no energy stored within the circuit
o There can be no independent sources within the circuit
o The current into the port must equal the current out of the port
o All external connections must be made to either the input port or output port, no
connections are allowed between the ports.
i1 i2

Input L in e a r Output
Port v1 N e tw o rk
v2 Port

Fig. 34-1 The Two-Port Building Block

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EE 205 Dr. A. Zidouri

The fundamental principle underlying two-port modeling of a system is that only the terminal
variables (i1, v1, i2, and v2) are of interest.

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In two-port network we are interested in relating the current and voltage at one port to the current
and voltage at the other port. Fig. 42-1 shows the reference polarities of the terminal voltages and
the reference directions of the terminal currents.
Most general description is carried out in the s domain.
We write all equations in the s domain, resistive networks and sinusoidal steady state solutions
become special cases.
Fig. 42-2 shows the basic building block in terms of the s-domain variables I1, V1, I2, and V2.
I1 I2

V1 V2

Fig. 42-2 The s-domain Two-Port

Basic Building Block
Out these four terminal variables, only two are independent. Thus we can describe a two-port
network with just two simultaneous equations. However there are six ways in which to combine
the four variables:

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EE 205 Dr. A. Zidouri

V1 = z11 I1 + z12 I 2
Impedance Parameters (z-parameters): (42-1)
V2 = z21 I1 + z22 I 2

I1 = y11V1 + y12V2
Admittance Parameters (y-parameters): (42-2)
I 2 = y21V1 + y22V2

V1 = h11 I1 + h12V2
Hybrid Parameters (h-parameters): (42-3)
I 2 = h21 I1 + h22V2
I1 = g11V1 + g12 I 2
Inverse Hybrid Parameters (g-parameters): (42-4)
V2 = g 21V1 + g 22 I 2

V1 = a11V2 − a12 I 2
Transmission Parameters (a-parameters): (42-5)
I1 = a21V2 − a22 I 2
V2 = b11V1 − b12 I1
Inverse Transmission Parameters (b-parameters): (42-6)
I 2 = b21V1 − b22 I1

These six sets of equations may also be considered as three pairs of mutually inverse relations.

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EE 205 Dr. A. Zidouri

The coefficients of the variables are called the parameters of the two-port circuit. We refer to the
z-parameters, y-parameters, a-parameters, b-parameters, h-parameters and g-parameters of the
network.

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V1 = z11 I1 + z12 I 2
z-parameters:
V2 = z21 I1 + z22 I 2
or in matrix form:
⎡V1 ⎤ ⎡ z11 z12 ⎤ ⎡ I1 ⎤ ⎡ I1 ⎤
⎢V ⎥ = ⎢ z z22 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ I 2 ⎥⎦
= [ z ] ⎢I ⎥ (42-7)
⎣ 2 ⎦ ⎣ 21 ⎣ 2⎦
The values of the parameters can be evaluated by setting I1=0 (input port open-circuited) or I2=0 (output
port open-circuited). Thus,
V1 V
z11 = , z12 = 1
I1 I =0 I 2 I =0
2 1
(42-8)
V2 V
z21 = , z22 = 2
I1 I =0 I 2 I =0
2 1
The z-parameters are also called the open-circuit impedance parameters:
¾ z11= Open-circuit input impedance

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EE 205 Dr. A. Zidouri

¾ z12= Open-circuit transfer impedance from port 1 to port 2

¾ z21= Open-circuit transfer impedance from port 2 to port 1
¾ z22= Open-circuit output impedance
Example 42-1 illustrates the determination of the z-parameters for a resistive circuit.

Example 42-1: Find the z-parameters for a resistive circuit shown in Fig. 42-3
Solution: i1 i2
To obtain z11 and z21 we connect a voltage V1 (or a current source I1)
to port 1 with port 2 open circuited as in Fig. 42-4a.
v1 v2

Fig. 42-3 The Circuit for Example 42-1

V1 20 × 20
z11 = = = 10Ω ,
I1 I =0 40
2

V1 V 0.75V1 × 20
When I2 is zero, V2 = 15 = 0.75V1 therefore z21 = 2 = = 7.5Ω
15 + 5 I1 I =0 V1 10
2

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EE 205 Dr. A. Zidouri

To obtain z12 and z22 we connect a voltage V2 (or a current source I2) to port 2 with port 1 open circuited
as in Fig. 42-4b.

I1=0 I2

v1 V2

Fig. 42-4b Circuit for finding z12 an z22

V2 15 × 25
z22 = = = 9.375Ω ,
I 2 I =0 40
1

V2 V V 0.8V2
When I1 is zero, V1 = ( 20 ) = 0.8V2 and I 2 = 2 hence z12 = 1 = = 7.5Ω
5 + 20 9.375 I 2 I =0 V2 9.375
1
Note that each of these parameters is the ratio of a voltage to a current and therefore is an
impedance with the dimension of ohms; this is why they are called z-parameters.

When z11 = z22 , the two-port network is said to be symmetrical.

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EE 205 Dr. A. Zidouri

When the two-port network is linear and has no dependent sources, the transfer impedances are equal
(z12=z21), and the two-port network is said to be reciprocal.

I1 = y11V1 + y12V2
y-parameters:
I 2 = y21V1 + y22V2
or in matrix form:
⎡ I1 ⎤ ⎡ y11 y12 ⎤ ⎡V1 ⎤ ⎡V1 ⎤
⎢I ⎥ = ⎢ y y22 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣V2 ⎥⎦
= [ ] ⎢V ⎥
y (42-9)
⎣ 2 ⎦ ⎣ 21 ⎣ 2⎦
The values of the parameters can be evaluated by setting V1=0 (input port short-circuited) or V2=0
(output port short-circuited). Thus,
I1 I I I
y11 = , y12 = 1 , y21 = 2 , y22 = 2 (42-10)
V1 V =0 V2 V =0 V1 V =0 V2 V =0
2 1 2 1

The y-parameters are also called the short-circuit admittance parameters:

¾ y11= Short-circuit input admittance
¾ y12= Short -circuit transfer admittance from port 2 to port 1
¾ y21= Short -circuit transfer admittance from port 1 to port 2
¾ y22= Short -circuit output admittance

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EE 205 Dr. A. Zidouri

Example 42-2 illustrates the determination of the y-parameters for a resistive circuit.

Example 42-2
Obtain the y-parameters for the resistive circuit shown in Fig. 42-5
Solution:
To obtain y11 and y21 we connect a current I1 (or a voltage source
V1) to input port 1 with output port 2 short circuited as in Fig. 42-
6a.

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EE 205 Dr. A. Zidouri

I1 I1 I
y11 = = = 1 = 0.75S ,
V1 V =0 I1 ( 4 2 ) 4 I
2 V2 =0 3 1 V2 =0

When V2 is zero, − I 2 =
4 2 4
I1 = I1 and V1 = I1 hence y21 =
I2
=
− 2 I1
3 ( )
= −0.5S
4+2 3 3 V1 I =0
2
4 I ( )
3 1 I2 =0
To obtain y12 and y22 we connect a current source I2 (or a voltage source V2) to port 2 with port 1 short
circuited as in Fig. 42-6b.

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EE 205 Dr. A. Zidouri

I2 I2 I2
y22 = = = = 0.625S
V2 V =0 I 2 ( 8 2 ) 8 I
1 V2 =0 5 2 V1=0
I2 8I I −0.8 I 2
When V1 is zero, − I1 = (8 ) = 0.8I 2 and V2 = 2 hence y12 = 1 = = −0.5S
8+ 2 5 V2 V =0 1.6 I 2 V =0
1 1
Note that each of these parameters is the ratio of a current to a voltage and therefore is an
admittance with the dimension of siemens; this is why they are called y-parameters.

Self Test 42:

a) Determine the z-parameters for the circuit in Fig. 42-7
b) Determine the y-parameters for the circuit in Fig. 42-8

Fig. 42-7 Circuit for self test 42a Fig. 42-8 Circuit for self test 42b

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EE 205 Dr. A. Zidouri

Answer:
a) z11 = 60Ω z12 = 40Ω z22 = 70Ω z21 = 40Ω
b) y11 = 0.2273S y12 = y21 = −0.0909 S y22 = 0.1364S

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