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Fluid Flow Calculation

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66 views29 pages

Fluid Flow Calculation

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omkar.bhavle
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Facalty Of Engineering at Shoboa 2? Gpuas Cialt- 2016 Chapter 7 FLOW THROUGH PIPES 7-1 Friction Losses of Head in Pipes 7-2 Secondary Losses of Head in Pipes 48 7-3 Flow through Pipe Systems 7-1 Friction Losses of Head in Pipes: There are many types of losses of head for flowing liquids such as friction, inlet and outlet losses. The major loss is that due to frictional resistance of the pipe, which depends on the inside roughness of the pipe. The common formula for calculating the loss of head due to friction is Darcy's one. Darcy’s formula for friction loss of head: For a flowing liquid, water in general, through a pipe, the horizontal forces on water between two sections (1) and (2) are: Area A P] A=P2A+FR ¥ Direction P1= Pressure intensity at (1). oftlee A= Cross sectional area of pipe. P2= Pressure intensity at (2) FR= Frictional Resistance at (2). Friction along Wall Fluid Flew ————+ Fr/yA=(1/7)-(2/)=he Friction Slong Wall Where, hp Loss of pressure head due to friction, = Specific gravity of water tis found experimentally the Fiaid Machantes, COE 246 Dr, Alan Eb-Hasck Facalty Of Engineering at Shoboa 2? Gpuas Cialt- 2016 FR = Factor x Wetted Area x Velocity” FR=(yf/2g)x (nd L)xv" Where, f= Friction coefficient, < 49 d= Diameter of pipe. L= Length of pipe. he= (yf / 2g) x (nd L)x v2 = 4f*L* y(n d2 /4) d*2g p= 4fLy?2 2ed It may be substituted for [v= Q / (x d2 /4)] in the last equation to get the head loss for a known discharge. Thus hg= 32 fLQ2 mga5 in American practice and references, 4 =f american = 4 f Example 1: ‘A pipe | m diameter and 15 km long transmits water of velocity of 1 nvsec. The friction coefficient of pipe is 0.005. Calculate the head loss due to friction? Solution Nee afi? 2ed He™ __4x0.005x15000x 12 _ = 15.29 m 2x981x1 Fiaid Machantes, COE 246 Dr, Alan Eb-Hasck Facalty Of Engineering at Shoboa 2? Gpuas Cialt- 2016 The Darcy — Weisbach equation relates the head loss (or pressure loss) due to friction along a given length of a pipe to the average velocity of the fluid flow for an incompressible fluid. 50 The friction coefficient f(or A = 4 f) is not a constant and depends on the parameters of the pipe and the velocity of the fluid flow, but it is known to high accuracy within certain flow regimes. For given conditions, it may be evaluated using various empirical or theoretical relations, or it may be obtained from published charts. R, (Reynolds Number) is a dimensionless number. pvd u For pipes, Laminar flow, R, < 2000 Transitional flow, 2000 < R, < 4000 Turbulent flow, R.> 4000 For laminar flow, Poiseuille law, (f= 64/Re) where Re is the Reynolds number For turbulent flow, Methods for finding the friction coefficient f include using a diagram such as the Moody chart, or solving equations such as the Colebrook—White equation. Also, a variety of empirical equations valid only for certain flow regimes such as the Hazen — Williams equation, which is significantly easier to use in calculations. However, the generality of Darcy - Weisbach equation has made it the preferred one. The only difference of (hf) between laminar and turbulent flows is the empirical value of (f). Fiaid Machantes, COE 246 Dr, Alan Eb-Hasck Facalty Of Engineering at Shoboa 2? Gpuas Cialt- 2016 Introducing the concept of smooth and rough pipes, as shown in Moody chart, we find. 1) For laminar flow, f= 16/ R, 51 2) For transitional flow, pipes' flow lies outside this region. 3) For smooth turbulent (a limiting line of turbulent flow), all values of relative roughn s (k,/d) tend toward this line as R decreases. Blasius equation: f= 0.079 / R.> 4) For transitional turbulent, it is the region where ({) varies with both (k/d) & (R,). Most pipes lie in this region. 5) For rough turbulent, (f) is constant for given (ky/d) and is independent of (Ro). Doing a large number of experiments for the turbulent region for commercial pipes, Colebrook-White established the equation: 1 k. 1.26 re = Hogi) + vf 3.71d Rey f This equation is easily solved employing Moody chart. Fiaid Machantes, COE 246 Dr, Alan Eb-Hasck Faacalty Of Engineering at Sheba Picton ttoe F 2 pent Ciatt- 2016 rim TT orp bse, ugh ee PRRs Moody Chart 2=4 f & values of k, are provided by pipe manufactures. reatve rooney Pipe Material K,mm Brass, Copper, Glass 0,003 Asbestos Cement 0.03 Tron 0.06 Galvanised Iron 0.15 Plastic 0.03 Bitumen-lined Ductile Iron 0.03 ‘Conerete-lined Ductile Iron 0.03 Fiaid Machantes, COE 246 Dr, Alan Eb-Hasck 52 Facalty Of Engineering at Shoboa 2? Gpuas Cialt- 2016 Example 2: Water flows in a steel pipe (d = 40 mm, k = 0.045x10° m, = 0.001 k/ms) with a rate of 1 lit, 53 Determine the friction coefficient and the head loss due to friction per meter length of the pipe using: 1- Moody chart? 2- Smooth pipe formula? Solution V=Q/A=0.001 / (x (0.04)'/4) = 0.796 mis R.= pv d/ b= (1000x0.796x0.04) / 0,001 = 31840 > 4000 ~. Turbulent flow. 1. Moody chart: k/d = 0.045x10" / 0.04 = 0.0011 & Re = 31840 ~. from the chart, f= 0.0065 b= 4fL y= 4x0,0065x1x(0.796)2 = 0.0209 m/ m of pipe 2ed 2x9.81x0.04 2, Smooth pipe (Blasius equation f= 0.079 / R."*5 = 0.079 / (31840) = 0.0059 he= 4 fLy? = 4x0.0059x1x(0.796)2 = 0.02 m/m of pipe 2ed 2x9.81x0.04 Fiaid Machantes, COE 246 Dr, Alan Eb-Hasck Facalty Of Eaginering at Shobsa 2? Gpuas Cialt- 2016 Another Solution: “Macey ition tr clio isms device ely aman 29,2014 54 Select Caleulation: Click fo Calculate | © Circular Duet: Enter D and Q ‘Kinematic viscosity, v (LT): 106-6 ) Circular Duct: Enter D and V Surface Roughness e(L): ) Cieular Duct: Enter D and Re Duct Diameter. D(L): 0.04 ‘Non-circular Duct: Enter A. P. and Q Duct Area, A (L?); 0012566371 ) Non-citeular Duct: Enter A. P, and V Duct Perimeter. P (L) lo-raseesr1 ) Noneciroular Duct: Enter A.P,andRe Velocity. V (LT) joresrraz2 © 2014 LMNO Engineering, Discharge, Q (L311): 0.001 Research, and Software, Ltd. Reynolds Number: )31830.989 Ape ive EMNOeng com eD: formas intial Values | ‘Moody Friction Factor, & \ooasirises f= tor Rec ziondaminar flow — Re= 22 fap 125 ep soaoe net carte flow) and 10% Leno? 8=Q' ((32x0.01) x (25) + (32x0.01) (15)) x g (0.15), rg (03)

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