connected

ind also the

40, 000 2)

Qis placed
00V, 50C/S
nd what are
CHAPTER
= 6.868 A)

ce being 15
gle of phase TRANSFORMERS
urrent, (c)
phase with
5.1 INTRODUCTION
nt. Electrical energy is generated at generating stations and it is transmitted over transmisSion

lines to distant places where it is utilized in industries, house hold purpose, agiculture
is at a voltage level, in the
purpose, ndustrial purpose etc. Normally power generation
order of 6.6KV, 11KV; it is uneconomical to transmit large amounts of power over long
losses,
distances, at this voltage level due tolarge voltage drops and excessive power
level, we
because of the flow of very high currents. By increasing transmission voltage
line. The ACtransmission
can voltage drops and power losses in the transmission
reduce
400KV. However, the voltage
voltages used in India are usually 132KV, 220KV and
is 230/415V. Thus, at generating
required for domestic, commercial and industrial purposes
and it is to be stepped down to
to R and is, stations, voltage has to be stepped up to transmission level
consumer end.
A transformer is a static device, comprising two coils, coupled through a magnetic
from one coil to the other.
magmetic field
medium. It allows electrical energy transfer via
It can be used to step up or step down voltage levels. Thus a transformer is an important
and essential component of an electric energy system, as it makes possible to generate
electric energy at the most
electrical energy at the most economic voltage level, transmit
suitable at the
economic transmission level and distribute electric energy at the voltage
consumer end.
A transformer is the most widely used device in both low and high current circuits.
circuit to another circuit takes
In a transformer, the electrical energy transfers from one

place without the use of moving parts. It has, therefore, the highest possible efficiency
out of all electrical machines and requires almost negligible amount of maintenance and

supervision.
5.2 WORKING PRINCIPLE OFTRANSFORMER
A Transfomer js an electrical device, having no moving parts, which by electromagnetic
induction transfers electric energy from one circuit to another circuit at the same frequency,
fom it consists two
usually with changed values of voltage and current. In its simplest
windings insulated from each other and wound on a common core made up of magnetic
5.2 Basic Electrical Engineering

material (see fig.5.1). When one coil is connected to an AC supply of definite voltage and
a
frequency, then alternating flux is set up in the laminated core. Most of these fluxes is
linked with the other coil and produces mutually induced emf in that. According to Faraday's h
1S
laws of electromagnetic induction, the induced emf, ot
di en
e M and its frequency is the same as that of the applied emf in the first coil.
dt cy
CC

W
Core t.
Primary Secondary
winding winding
----- -

A.C supply V2Load

V
Magnetic circuit

Fig.5.1
called
The in which electrical energy is fed from AC supply mains, is
first coil, SECONDARY.
PRIMARY and the second coil from which the power is obtained is called
The magnitude of the emf induced in the secondary winding will depend upon its in

number of turns. Thus by providing a higher number of turns in the secondary winding C
st
with respect to the primary winding, a higher voltage can be obtained in the secondary
ty
winding and vice versa.
When in a Transformer, the number ofturns in the secondary winding is less than t
those in the primary winding, it is called a step-down transformer; when the number of
turns in the secondary winding is higher, and it is called a step up transformer.
h
The losses in a Transformer are low and the efficiency can be as high as 90% or th
more thus the transformer is an important device, which
i)Transfer electric.energy from onecircuitto another;
i) There is no change of frequency
)The voltage.ofthereceiving end can be lower or higher from the supply circuit.
5.3 CONSTRUCTION OFTRANSFORMER
A Transfomer consists mainly of the following components
i) Primary winding
ii) Secondary winding
11) An iron core
 Transformers 5.3
The simple form of Transformer consists of two coils having mutual induction and
and a laminated steel core. The laminated core is of alloy steel of high resistance and low
silicon. The purpose of laminated core
araday's hysterisis loss, such as silicon steel containing 4%
The two coils are insulated from each
is to minimize the eddy current loss in the core.
from each other with varnish or
other and the steel core. Each lamination is alsó insulated
to 0.Smm for a frequency of 50
enamel. The thickness of laminations varies from 0.3mm
the tirst col. and windings are placed in a suitable
cycles to 25 cycles respectively. The assembled core
and bringing out the terminals of
container, and proper bushings are used for insulating inside
a minimum of air gap
The core providesa continuous magnetic path with
windings.
it.
Other necessary parts are:

A suitable container for the assembled core and windings.

A suitable medium for insulating the core and its windings from each other and
from the container.
for insulating and bringing the terminals of the windings out
Suitable bushings
of the case.
Transformers are normally two types

zlled
i Core typeii) Shelltype
SDARY Core type - A core-type transformer is one in which thereis only one iron path, usually
on two opposite
wound limbs. The magnetic
in rectangular form, and the wjnding are
silicon
d upon its
circuit ofa corc type transformer is shown
in Fig.5.2. The core is made up of
dary winding Coilsand laminations ofa core
steel laminations which are, either rectangular or shaped
L
he secondary in Fig.5.3
type transformer are shown
of low reluctance between the
The purpose of the core is to provide a magnetic path
g is less than is excited, the flux established by the winding
two windings, so that whenever one winding
he number of
will link fully with the other winding without any appreciable
leakage. The permeability of
value (4,> 1000), since the reluctance of
ner the material used for the core must have a high
90% or.
the magnetic path is inversely proportional to u.
gh as

upply circuit.

Fig.5.3 oils and laminations of a

Fig.5.2 core-type transformer.
5.4 Basic Electrical Engineering
ACOre-type is not otten used in small-size transformer as 5.5
its shape makes mounding
difficult, but it otfers advantages, considering the insulation requirement when very-high
voltages have to be generated on small transformers
Shell type - In Shell-type construction there are two
parallel magnetic. paths intowhich
theflux in the central limb can divide. The primary and secondary windings are wound on
the central limb one above the other
shown in fig.5.4, provides a better magnetic coupling
between the primary and
secondary windings.

thec

Fig.5.4 Fig.5.5 Coils and laminations

of a shell-type transformer.
avera
In a shell type transformer, the iron core surrounds the copper winding coils. The
shell type core can be regarded as two core type, cores placed side by side giving a central
limb of twice the cross sectional area of each outer limb. The windings are placed on this
central limb only and consequently the transformer has two magnetic circuit as shown in
fig.5.5
In both the types the magnetic circuit is made up of a laminated iron core.

5.4 CLASSIFICATION OF TRANSFORMERS

1) Classification according to mode of operation
a) Voltage transformers used for stepping up or stepping down the voltage.
b) Current transformer used for lowering down the current. The primary of
such Transformer is in series with the line.
2) Classification according to purpose for which it is used Volta
a) Power transformers
b) Distribution transformers
c) Instrument transformers (current transformer and potential transformer)
Advantages of Transformers :
1) Maintenance cost is very low and little attention is needed for its operation
2 ) It can be made for very high voltages as the stationary winding of the
transfornmer can be easily insulated
3) It can be used for any range of voltages higher or lower than the available
one.
 Transformers S.5

es mounding 5.5 E.M.F EQUATION OF ATRANSFORMER

ienvery high Let N =
No.of turms in primary
k-Cycle
N2 No.of turns in secondary
1SIntowhich max. Value of flux
ire wound on - BmX A
etic coupling Where A area of across-section of the core 4f
Bn Max.flux density -T=
S=frequency in C/S Fig.5.6
AS shown in Fig.5.6 flux increases from zero to maximum flux m in one quarter of

the cycle i.e., in 4 seconds

average rate of change of flux =

1
4f
4 f cycles/sec (or) volts
. Average e.m.f. înduced in each turn
ons
4 volts
er.
flux is assunmed to vary sinusoidally, then R.M.S value is obtained by multiplying the
average value with Form factor.
ngcoils. The
ving acentral Form factor
RMS value
=1.11
laced on this Average Value
t as shown in
RMS value of e.m.f induced in each turn = 4 msx1.11= 4.44f volts.

core. RMS value of e.m.f. induced in primary

volts.
E 4 mSx1.11xM =4.44f m ...
(5.1)
Similarly
he voltage. RMS value of e.m.f induced in secondary
e primary of volts . (5.2)
E =4 mSx1.11xN2= 4.44fDmN2
Voltage Transformation Ratio:

----------.

ansformer)
2 N2
N
its operation
nding of the

Fig. 5.7
the available
5.6 Basic Electrical Engineering

From equation 5.1 & 5.2

Fig
E N
2=K, called the voltage transformation ratio
E N indu
and
At no load, E, is almost equal to the applied voltage V, and E, is equal to the secondary
curr
terminal voltage V2
curr
i) IfN >N ie., K>1, then the transfomer is called step-up transformer of E
1) If N,< N, i.e., K<l, then the transformer is called step-down transformer.
n
ii) For an ideal transformer Input = output

(or) K
V2
Thus cuTents are in the inverse ratio of the voltage transformation ratio.

5.6 1DEAL TRANSFORMER:

An ideal transformer is one which has:

i) No iron losses (hysterisis and eddy current losses) 5.7

i) No winding resistance.
sup
ii) No leakage flux (i.e., same flux links both the windings)
corr
purely inductive coils wound
In other words, an ideal transformer consists of two (hy
on a loss free core. Although this type of ideal transformer don't exist in actual practice,
prir
convenience we start out analysis from ideal one and extend the idealize to the
yet for
actual one.
is circuited as shown
Consider an ideal transformer on no load, i.e., secondary open When a sinusoidal
a coil of pure inductance.
inFig.5.8 under such condition the primary is a current Im flows through it and lags
alternating voltage V, is applied across the primary, sets
up alternating flux d in the
core
behind the applied voltage V, by 90". The current I,m
and is known as magnetizing current.

- ---
90
eq
dra
E
Secondary tw
Primary

E2 Wo
Fig 5.8 Fig. 5.9
cof
 1.
Transformers 5.7

Since there are no iron losses, therefore, flux d is in phase with Im as shown in
Fig.5.9

The alternating flux d set up in the core by IT links with both the windings and
induces e.m.f. in them.The e.m.f. induced in the primary opposes the applied voltage V
and is known as back or counter e.m.f.. This back or counter e.m.f limits the primary
secondary
current is much the same way as the back e.m.f in a DC motor limits the armature
current. The e.m.fE, induced in the secondary is 180° out ofphase with V. The magnitude
ner. of E, depends up on the rate of change of flux and number of secondary turns.
oIner.
So when ever an alternating sinusoidal voltage wave is applied across the primary of
an unloaded or (open circuited secondary) ideal transformer then
T h e primary draws a magnetizing current Im which lags behind voltage V, by
900
A n altermating flux d is set up in the core which is in phase with Im
) A self induced e.m.f E, is produced in the primary which opposes the applied
voltage V and limits the current Im.
iy) A mutually induced e.m.f E is produced in the secondary which is anti-phase
with V
5.7 TRANSFORMER ON NO-LOAD:
When thetransformer is on-no load ie., when the transformer is connected to
supply.with the secondary open circuit, current Io will flow which will set up a flux in the
COre [Fig. 5.10]. Apart of the current Io will low however be spent on supplying iron-loss
ils wound (hysterisis loss and eddy current loss) in the core and a small amount of 16R loss in the
practice, primary winding.
1Zc to the

as shown
sinusoidal

it and lags
n the core Im

-----

E2
Fig.5.10 Fig. 5.11

Themagnitude ofthe induced emfin the primary winding i.e., E, will be approximately
equal (slightly less) but opposite to the applied voltage Vi; Therefore phasor E, should
drawn at 180° to phasor V, [see Fig. 5.11]. The no-load current l, can be resolved into
and Im
two components I
One component I, is inphase with the applied voltage V, it is known as iron loss or
working or active component, because it supplies the iron loss and a small amount of
copper loss.
 Engineering
5.8 Basic Electrical
l o cos¢o
Its function is to maintain the
Im is in quadrature with V,. It is wattless
The second component magnetising component, Im
and is known as
altermating flux in the core,
component.

mloSin¢o
is the vector sum of Iy and Im and hence,
o
+
Primary p.f at no-load,
Examp
cos Po Io
No-load power input,
Solutio.
Wo lo coso
Conclusion.
by
1) The primary draws a current lo which lags behind the applied voltage V,

is very small. It is generally of the order of 3.5% of

2) The no-load current Io
normal full-load primary current.
3) Since no-load current is very small, therefore copper loss in the primary at n0
load can be neglected. Hence the no-load input power to the primary, practically
supplies the iron losses, i.e.,
V1 0 ¢o =
iron losses.
Primary input cos
=
power

Example 5.1
turns is supplied from a
A transformer with 800 primary turns and 200 secondary
and the volts per turn.
100V A.C supply. Calculate the secondary voltage Examplh
Solution: A
N = 8000 efl
Ca
N2=200
hig
= 100 Solution
M
N2
N2
= 100x 200 =25
800
 Transformers 5.9

volts per turn =

aintain the
is wattless
N
1000.125
800

or volts per turn

V2
N
250.125
200
Example: 5.2
A transformer with an outer voltage of 4200 V is supplied at 230 V. If the secondary
has 2000 turns, calculate the number of primary turns.

Solution
V2 = 4200 V

e V, by o V = 230V

N = 20000

of 3.5% of
N
mary at no- N2
, practically
N = Nax
2

= 2000 x
230
109.52 110 turns.
lied from a 4200
1.
Example S.3
A 3300/ 250 V, 50 Hz single - phase transformer is built on a core having an
effective cross - sectional area of 125 cm and 70 turns on the low voltage winding
Calculate (a) the value of the maximum flux density (b) the number of turns on the
high voltage winding.
Solution :
E 3300 V, E 250 V, f 50 Hz
A = 125 cm= 125 x 10 m

E = 4.44 m s N2 = 4.44 BA f N2

E
Bm 4.44 Af N2
5.10 Basic Electrical Engineering

250
= 1.289 tesla
Bm 4.44x125x10* x 50 x 70

E
E N2

3300
x 70=924.
250
Example 5.4
A 6600/ 600V, 50 c/s,
single phase transformer has a maximum flux density of
-

1.35 wb/ m in its core. If the net cross

sectional area of the iron core is 200 cm,
-

calculate the number of turns in the

primary and secondary winding of the transformer.
Solution:

E = 4.44f Ni om volts

4.44 fN B x
xA

6600
N= 4.44x50x1-35x2x10

Now emf/ turn in the 6600

primary =1
1100
6

It is same in the Exam

secondary winding.
600
secondary turns, N, 100.
6
Example 5.5
A 25 KVA transformer has 500 turns on the primary and 40 turns the
winding. The primary is connected to 3000V, 50 c/s mains.
on
secondary Solutie
Calculate: () primary and secondary currents on full load.
i) The secondary emf and

ii) The maximum flux in the core. Neglect

resistance of the windings and the magnetic leakage
primary no -

load current in relation to the full-

load current.
 Transformers 5.11

Solution:

3000
Emf per turn
500

= "6
It is the same in secondary.
(a) secondary emf = 40 x 6
= 240 V

Full - load secondary current,

(b)
25x1000
240
= 104.1 A
lux density of
ore is 200 cm, Full - load primary current,
he transformer.
25x1000
3000
= 8.33A

(c) E =4.44 f m N volis

3000 4.44 x 50 x 500 x m

3000
= 0.027 Wb.
4.44x 50x 500

Example 5.6
A 250 KVA, 11000 V1415 V, 50 Hz single - phase transformer has 80 turns on the
secondary. Calculate.

(a) the approximate values of the primary and secondary currents.

b) the approximate number of primary turns.

(c) the maximum value of the flux.
the secondary Solution
(a) Full - load primary current,

d.
250x1000-22.7 A
11000
gnetic leakage and full load secondary current,
on to the full-
250x1000 602 A
415
5.12 Basic Electrical Engineering

(b) No.of primary turns,

80x11000
=2121
N 415
(c) E, = 4.44 fN, ¢m

415 4.44 x 80 x 50 *

415 = 23 4 mwb
4.44 x 80x 50
Ex
Example 5.7
A 40 KVA single phase transformer has 400 turns on the primary and 100 turns on
The is connected to 2000V, 50Hz supply. Detemine
the secondary. primary
()The secondary voltage on open circuit
in) The current flowing through the two windings on full load.
(ii) The maximum value of flux.
Sou
Solution
Rating = 40KVA

Primary turns, N, = 400

Secondary turns, N2 = 100

Primary induced voltage E =V 2000K

) Secondary voltage on open circuit V2 :

Using the relation,2

E2- Ex2
N1

E =

V2 =

2000x 400 = 500 .

Hence V2 500 V. (Ans).

(i) Primary current, I :

Secondary current I2

KVAx100 40x1000
Primary full load current, 71 = 20A (Ans)
2000

KVAx1000 40x1000 = 804 (Ans)

V2 5000
 Transformers 5.13

(ii) Maximum value of flux, max

Using e.m.f equation, E = 4.44 fmar N

2000 4.44 x 50 x
max 400
2000
= 0.0225 Wb.
max 4.44x 50x 400

Hence, max0.0225 Wb. (Ans)

Example 5.8
connected to a 230V, 50 Hz supply.
The net cross
00 turns on d A single phase transformer is is 500 and
ne sectional areaof the core is 60 cm. The number of turns in the primary
in the secondary 100. Detemine:

(i) Transformation ratio (ii) E.M.F. induced in secondary winding.

Maximum value of flux density in the core.
(i)
Solution
500
Primary turns, N1=
Secondary turns, ,
=
100

230V.
Primary Voltage E,
=

V =

60 10 m2
Core area a =60 cm = x

i) Transformation ratio, K :

K N N2100-0.2
500

K = 0.2 (Ans).
Hence

i) Maximum value of flux density, Bmax

Using the e.m.f equation, E, = 4.44 f max ,

230 4.44 x 50 x max 500

230 = 0.00207 Wb.

max 4.44x 50x 500

max 0.00207 = 0.3457.

1S Now, Dmax A 60x104
[where T stands for tesla (Wb/m2)]
.Ans)
Hence Bmax 0.3457. (Ans)
5.14 Basic Electrical Engineering

(ii) E.M.F induced in the secondary winding, E,:

E2
using the relation, E N
100
230 500
E2 46
Example 5.9
The voltage per turn ofa single phase transformer is 1.1V.When the primary winding
is found to be
isconnected to a 220V, 50Hz A.C. supply, the secondary voltage
S5OV. Find
With
and secondary turns
1) primary
if the maximum flux density is 1.1 T.
() core area

Solution:
= 1.1V
Voltage per turn
= 220V
Primary voltage, E
Secondary voltage, E, =
550V
= 1.1T
Max. flux density, Bmax

(1) primary turns, 220

5.9
secondary turns, N E2
1.1 1.1 =500 Fig.5
(i) core area A and 1
using the relation E, 4.44 f max N
220 = 4.44 x 50 x omax 200

220 = 0-004955 Wb.

max 4.44x 50x 200

0-004955
core area, A = Tnax =0 004504 m
Bmax 1.1

5.8 EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF ATRANSFORMER ON NO-LOAD:

The no-load equivalent circuit for the transformer shown in fig.5.12. When the secondary
of a transformer is open circuited, it takes only a very small current. In an open circuit,
the losses are mainly due to the iron losses only, which remain constant at all loads.

From the equivalent circuit wind

= w R
trans
 Transformers S. 15

1S
or
RoIw
And

or
XoI
Coreloss Ro =
Ro
ry winding Where Iw = Iy cos po and Imlo sin Po
ound to be
of Ro and Xo in parallel
In Fig.5.12, the shunt branch of the impedance consisting
with its primary. Ideal Transformer

Ylo
IwY
V Ro E1 V2

5.12 Equivalent circuit of a transformer on no-load.

Fig
REACTANCE
5.9 TRANSFORMER wITH RESISTANCE& LEAKAGE

Fig.5.13 shows the equivalent circuit of a practical

transformer having winding resistances
and leakage reactances. These are actual conditions that exists in a transformer.
1 Z2
R X l2
O000

I,Z

Ho V2 A

e secondary
pen circuit, Fig.5.13
loads. R &R are resistances equal to the resistances of the primary and secondary
windings of the actual transformer.
X, & X, represent the reactances of the windings due to leakage flux in the actual
transformer.