Q.1 a) List down key functions performed by system software.

b) What is utility program? Why are they used?

System software is a program designed to run a computer's hardware and
applications and manage its resources, such as its memory, processors, and
devices. It also provides a platform for running application software, and system
software is typically bundled with a computer's operating system.

There are different systems software types, including Windows, Linux, MacOS X,
BSD, etc. Each type of system software has its own set of unique characteristics.

For example, Windows XP is designed for Microsoft products, while Ubuntu is

designed for GNU/Linux applications.

Important Features of System Software

1. High Speed

System software is responsible for various tasks, including controlling the CPU,
memory, monitor, keyboard, mouse, floppy disk drive, CD-ROM, printer, etc.
System software works closely with the operating system software that runs the
computer. The entire computer may become corrupted if the system software does
not work correctly so high speed is an essential feature of system software.

2. Versatile

The versatility of system software is determined by how many different programs

it can run simultaneously. A good example would be Microsoft Windows.
Hundreds of applications run on Windows, ranging from games video editing,
audio recording, photo processing, and much more. Most of these apps are free, but
some have a cost associated with them depending on what version has been
downloaded for use.
3. Hard to Manipulate

The difficulty of manipulating system software is determined by how difficult it is

to change settings and configurations. Many modern systems have user-friendly
interfaces, allowing users to set their preferences. However, if the design requires
advanced skills, a novice may need help to figure out how to do something.

4. Close to the System

The closeness of system software to the System determines its accessibility.

 If the system software is located separately, it is considered independent.

Independent means it is not connected to the System and cannot access any files
stored on the system.
 On the contrary, a dependent system is located directly inside the computer.
Dependent systems require less space than independent ones.

Types of System Software

System software is essential for a computer to function properly. And the most
common types of system software are operating systems, device drivers,
middleware, utilities, and programming language interpreters.

Operating System

Operating systems are the most important type of system software. An operating
system is software that controls how your hardware works, which means it
manages the computer's memory, processes, and all of its software and hardware.

Every operating system has certain advantages and disadvantages, ranging from
simple to complex. For example, Windows 10 is very similar to Windows 8.1 but
with some significant improvements. In addition, you can install additional
software programs and add-ons to enhance your experience.
Device Drivers

Device drivers are tiny programs that enable a computer to communicate with its
hardware devices, such as printers, scanners, and keyboards. Without device
drivers, the hardware you connect to your computer will not be working properly.
For example, without device drivers, your printer will not work properly. Device
manufacturers provide most device drivers, but Microsoft also provides some
generic ones.

Firmware

Firmware is a type of software that is embedded in a hardware device. It controls

the device and performs its essential functions. Firmware is usually stored in read-
only memory (ROM), which means it cannot be modified or deleted. However,
some devices have firmware that can be updated. Firmware updates can be
downloaded from the manufacturer's website or installed from a CD or USB drive.

Programming Language Translator

Programming languages are like human languages in that they are used to
communicate instructions to a computer. However, unlike human languages,
programming languages are designed to be read and understood by computers, not
humans. That is where programming language translators come in.

Programming language translators are programs that convert code written in one
programming language into another programming language. This translator can be
helpful when you want to take code written in one language and run it on a
machine that only understands another language. It converts code from an older
language into a newer one, making it easier to keep your code up-to-date.

Utilities

Utilities are programs that help maintain and optimize a computer's

performance. Examples of utility programs include file managers, virus scanners,
and disk defragmenters.
Utility programs are usually bundled with the operating system or can be
downloaded from the internet.

Utility software is a program specifically designed to help manage and tune system
or application software. It is used to support the computer infrastructure - in
contrast to application software, which is aimed at directly performing tasks that
benefit ordinary users.

However, utilities often form part of the application systems. For example, a batch
job may run user-written code to update a database and may then include a step
that runs a utility to back up the database, or a job may run a utility to compress a
disk before copying files.
Although a basic set of utility programs is usually distributed with an operating
system (OS), and this first party utility software is often considered part of the
operating system, users often install replacements or additional utilities. Those
utilities may provide additional facilities to carry out tasks that are beyond the
capabilities of the operating system.
Many utilities that might affect the entire computer system require the user to have
elevated privileges, while others that operate only on the user's data do not

System utilities
 Anti-virus utilities scan for computer viruses and block or remove them.
 Clipboard managers expand the clipboard functionality of an operating system.
 Computer access control software grants or denies requests for access to system
resources.
 Debuggers typically permit the examination and modification of data and
program instructions in memory and on disk.
 Diagnostic programs determine and report the operational status of computer
hardware and software. Memory testers are one example.
 Network utilities analyze the computer's network connectivity, configure
network settings, check data transfer or log events.
 Package managers are used to configure, install or keep up to date other
software on a computer.
 Registry cleaners clean and optimize the Windows Registry by removing old
registry keys that are no longer in use.
 System monitors monitor resources and performance in a computer system.
 System profilers provide detailed information about installed software and
hardware.

Storage device management utilities

 Backup software makes copies of all information stored on a disk and restores
either the entire disk (aka Disk cloning) in an event of disk failure or selected
files that are accidentally deleted or corrupted. Undeleting utilities are
sometimes more convenient.
 Disk checkers scan an operating hard drive and check for logical (file system)
or physical errors.

 Disk compression utilities transparently compress/uncompressed the contents

of a disk, increasing the capacity of the disk.
 Disk defragmenters detect computer files whose contents are scattered across
several locations on the hard disk and collect the fragments into one contiguous
area.
 Disk formatters prepare a data storage device such as a hard disk, solid-state
drive, floppy disk or USB flash drive for initial use. These are often used to
permanently erase an entire device.
 Disk partition editors divide an individual drive into multiple logical drives,
each with its own file system which can be mounted by the operating system
and treated as an individual drive.
 Disk space analyzers provide a visualization of disk space usage by getting the
size for each folder (including sub folders) and files in folder or drive. Showing
the distribution of the used space.
 Tape initializers write a label to a magnetic tape or other magnetic medium.
Initializers for DEC tape formatted the tape into blocks.
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Q.2 a) Write shot notes on the following topics:

 Windows Operating Systems

 Multimedia
Answer:

Definition
Windows operating system is a computer program that manages all computer
resources and provides services to applications that run on top of it. This operating
system was developed by Microsoft and released in 1985 under the name Windows
1.0.
The Windows operating system (Windows OS) refers to a family of operating
systems developed by Microsoft Corporation. We look at the history of Windows
OS from 1985 to present day.

The Windows operating system (Windows OS) for desktop PCs is more formally
called Microsoft Windows and is actually a family of operating systems for
personal computers. Windows has traditionally dominated the
personal computer world, running, by some estimates, more than 75 percent of all
personal computers. Beginning in the early 2000s, Windows dominance has
lessened with the growth of the Linux and Mac operating systems.

Windows provides a graphical user interface (GUI), virtual memory management,

multitasking, and support for many peripheral devices. In addition to Windows
operating systems for personal computers, Microsoft also offers operating systems
for servers and mobile devices.

Windows is also the foundation for the Microsoft Office productivity suite.
Introduced in 1990 as a Windows-only family of applications for desktop
computers, Office has grown to become the world’s most widely used productivity
suite, with windowscentral.com reporting an estimated 1.2 billion + user
worldwide as of 2016.

Originally developed by Microsoft for IBM, MS-DOS was the standard operating
system for IBM-compatible personal computers. The initial versions of DOS were
very simple and resembled another operating system called CP/M. Subsequent
versions have become increasingly sophisticated as they incorporated features of
minicomputer operating systems.

Windows 1.0
Introduced in 1985, Microsoft Windows 1.0 was named due to the computing
boxes, or “windows” that represented a fundamental aspect of the operating
system. Instead of typing MS-DOS commands, Windows 1.0 allowed users to
point and click to access the windows.

Windows 2.0
In 1987 Microsoft released Windows 2.0, which was designed for the designed for
the Intel 286 processor. This version added desktop icons, keyboard shortcuts and
improved graphics support.

Windows 3.0
 Multimedia
Multimedia is the use of a computer to present and combine text, graphics, audio,
and video with links and tools that let the user navigate, interact, create, and
communicate.
What are two examples of multimedia?

Multimedia Communication
 Television.
 Radio.
 Internet.
 Film.
 Music.
 Game.
 Tutorial.
 Entertainment.
The word multi and media are combined to form the word multimedia. The word
“multi” signifies “many.” Multimedia is a type of medium that allows
information to be easily transferred from one location to another.
Multimedia is the presentation of text, pictures, audio, and video with links and
tools that allow the user to navigate, engage, create, and communicate using a
computer.
Multimedia refers to the computer-assisted integration of text, drawings, still and
moving images (videos) graphics, audio, animation, and any other media in
which any type of information can be expressed, stored, communicated, and
processed digitally.
To begin, a computer must be present to coordinate what you see and hear, as
well as to interact with. Second, there must be interconnections between the
various pieces of information. Third, you’ll need navigational tools to get around
the web of interconnected data.
Multimedia is being employed in a variety of disciplines, including education,
training, and business.

Categories of Multimedia

Linear Multimedia:
It is also called Non-interactive multimedia. In the case of linear multimedia, the
end-user cannot control the content of the application. It has literally no
interactivity of any kind. Some multimedia projects like movies in which material
is thrown in a linear fashion from beginning to end. A linear multimedia
application lacks all the features with the help of which, a user can interact with
the application such as the ability to choose different options, click on icons,
control the flow of the media, or change the pace at which the media is displayed.
Linear multimedia works very well for providing information to a large group of
people such as at training sessions, seminars, workplace meetings, etc.
Non-Linear Multimedia:
In Non-Linear multimedia, the end-user is allowed the navigational control to
rove through multimedia content at his own desire. The user can control the
access of the application. Non-linear offers user interactivity to control the
movement of data. For example computer games, websites self-paced computer-
based training packages, etc.
Applications of Multimedia
Multimedia indicates that, in addition to text, graphics/drawings, and
photographs, computer information can be represented using audio, video, and
animation. Multimedia is used in:
Education
In the subject of education, multimedia is becoming increasingly popular. It is
often used to produce study materials for pupils and to ensure that they have a
thorough comprehension of various disciplines. Edutainment, which combines
education and entertainment, has become highly popular in recent years. This
system gives learning in the form of enjoyment to the user.
Entertainment
The usage of multimedia in films creates a unique auditory and video impression.
Today, multimedia has completely transformed the art of filmmaking around the
world. Multimedia is the only way to achieve difficult effects and actions.
The entertainment sector makes extensive use of multimedia.
Business
Marketing, advertising, product demos, presentation, training, networked
communication, etc. are applications of multimedia that are helpful in many
businesses. The audience can quickly understand an idea when multimedia
presentations are used. It gives a simple and effective technique to attract visitors’
attention and effectively conveys information about numerous products. It’s also
utilized to encourage clients to buy things in business marketing.
Technology & Science
In the sphere of science and technology, multimedia has a wide range of
applications. It can communicate audio, films, and other multimedia documents
in a variety of formats. Only multimedia can make live broadcasting from one
location to another possible.
Fine Arts
Multimedia artists work in the fine arts, combining approaches employing many
media and incorporating viewer involvement in some form. For example, a
variety of digital mediums can be used to combine movies and operas.
Digital artist is a new word for these types of artists. Digital painters make digital
paintings, matte paintings, and vector graphics of many varieties using computer
applications.
Engineering
Multimedia is frequently used by software engineers in computer simulations for
military or industrial training. It’s also used for software interfaces created by
creative experts and software engineers in partnership. Only multimedia is used
to perform all the minute calculations.
Components of Multimedia
Multimedia consists of the following 5 components:
Text
Characters are used to form words, phrases, and paragraphs in the text. Text
appears in all multimedia creations of some kind. The text can be in a variety of
fonts and sizes to match the multimedia software’s professional presentation.
Text in multimedia systems can communicate specific information or serve as a
supplement to the information provided by the other media.
Graphics
Non-text information, such as a sketch, chart, or photograph, is represented
digitally. Graphics add to the appeal of the multimedia application. In many
circumstances, people dislike reading big amounts of material on computers. As a
result, pictures are more frequently used than words to clarify concepts, offer
background information, and so on.
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Q3. a) Explian different types of network topologies with their
characteristics.
b) Explain the difference between switching and routing
c) Describe the basic concepts of OSI reference model.
Answer:

Network Topology
Network topology refers to the layout or structure of a computer network. It
defines the way different components in a network, like links, nodes, and
connecting devices are arranged and how they communicate with each other.
The topology of a network determines its performance, cost, reliability, and
scalability. It affects factors such as cabling cost, flexibility, fault tolerance,
bandwidth, etc. Different network topologies suit different types of networks and
organizations.

The five most common types of network topologies are:

 Bus Topology: All nodes connect to a common linear cable called bus.
 Ring Topology: All nodes connect to a circular cable called ring.
 Mesh Topology: Every node connects to multiple nodes.
 Star Topology: All nodes connect to a common central hub.
 Hybrid Topology: Combination of two or more topologies.

Types of Network Topology

Bus Topology

In bus network topology, all computers and network devices are connected to a
single cable called bus. The bus cable acts as the shared communication medium
for all the devices in the network.
When a device wants to transmit data, it sends the data on the bus cable. All other
devices receive and check whether they are the intended recipients. The intended
recipient accepts the data while others discard it.

Bus topology is inexpensive, easy to implement, and adds devices easily. However,
it can be difficult to troubleshoot and isolate faults. Also, if the main bus cable
fails, the entire network fails.

Ring Topology

In ring network topology, all nodes are connected to form a circle. Each node is
connected to the next node through a point-to-point link.

Data travels circularly from one node to the next until it reaches the intended
recipient. Nodes can transmit data only after receiving a token, a special kind of
data packet.

Ring topology provides equal access to the network for all nodes. However, failure
of any link can bring down the entire network. Adding or removing nodes also
disrupts the network.
Mesh Topology

Every node in a mesh topology is linked to every other node. Point-to-point

linkages connect the nodes to one another. Multiple links between nodes in the
network can increase redundancy.

Data travels across the network using the shortest path available. If a link fails, the
network automatically routes traffic through alternate paths.

Mesh topology is highly fault-tolerant and provides a lot of bandwidth. However, it

is difficult and expensive to implement because the number of connections grows
exponentially with the number of nodes.

Star Topology

Every node in a mesh topology is linked to every other node. Point-to-point

linkages connect the nodes to one another. Multiple links between nodes in the
network can increase redundancy.

Data travels across the network using the shortest path available. If a link fails, the
network automatically routes traffic through alternate paths.
Mesh topology is highly fault-tolerant and provides a lot of bandwidth. However, it
is difficult and expensive to implement because the number of connections grows
exponentially with the number of nodes.
b) Difference between Routing and Switching
Routing and switching are the basic functions of network communication. Routing
and Switching are different functions of network communications. The main
differences between Routing and Switching are as below.

The function of Switching is to switch data packets between devices on the same
network (or same LAN - Local Area Network). The function of Routing is to
Route packets between different networks (between different LANs - Local Area
Networks).

Switches operate at Layer 2 of the OSI Model (Datalink Layer). A switch knows
where to send a data packet by using Layer 2 addresses (MAC address - hardware
address of a network adapter). A switch maintains a table of MAC addresses
(MAC Address table or CAM Table) and what physical switch port they are
connected to. The Switching function can be explained more simply that,
Switching is the function of moving data packets (Ethernet Frames) within the
same LAN (Local Area Network).

Routers operate at Layer 3 of the OSI Model (Network layer). A Router knows
where to send a packet by using Network part of the destination IP address. A
Router maintains a table called Routing Table and uses the routing table to
determine the route to the destination network.

c) Concepts of OSI reference model.

The OSI Model Define din the OSI reference model, the communications between
computing systems are split into seven different abstraction layers: Physical, Data
Link, Network, Transport, Session, Presentation, and Application.

The 7 Layers of the OSI Model

Physical Layer
The lowest layer of the OSI Model is concerned with electrically or optically
transmitting raw unstructured data bits across the network from the physical layer
of the sending device to the physical layer of the receiving device. It can include
specifications such as voltages, pin layout, cabling, and radio frequencies. At the
physical layer, one might find “physical” resources such as network hubs, cabling,
repeaters, network adapters or modems.

Data Link Layer

At the data link layer, directly connected nodes are used to perform node-to-node
data transfer where data is packaged into frames. The data link layer also corrects
errors that may have occurred at the physical layer.
The data link layer encompasses two sub-layers of its own. The first, media access
control (MAC), provides flow control and multiplexing for device transmissions
over a network. The second, the logical link control (LLC), provides flow and error
control over the physical medium as well as identifies line protocols.

Network Layer
The network layer is responsible for receiving frames from the data link layer, and
delivering them to their intended destinations among based on the addresses
contained inside the frame. The network layer finds the destination by using logical
addresses, such as IP (internet protocol). At this layer, routers are a crucial
component used to quite literally route information where it needs to go between
networks.

Transport Layer
The transport layer manages the delivery and error checking of data packets. It
regulates the size, sequencing, and ultimately the transfer of data between systems
and hosts. One of the most common examples of the transport layer is TCP or the
Transmission Control Protocol.

Session Layer
The session layer controls the conversations between different computers. A
session or connection between machines is set up, managed, and terminal at layer
5. Session layer services also include authentication and reconnections.

Presentation Layer
The presentation layer formats or translates data for the application layer based on
the syntax or semantics that the application accepts. Because of this, it at times also
called the syntax layer. This layer can also handle the encryption and decryption
required by the application layer.

Application Layer
At this layer, both the end user and the application layer interact directly with the
software application. This layer sees network services provided to end-user
applications such as a web browser or Office 365. The application layer identifies
communication partners, resource availability, and synchronizes communication.

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Q.4 Explain the different components of multimedia in detail with
the help of illustrations.
Introduction:
Multimedia has become an integral part of our digital landscape, revolutionizing
the way we communicate, learn, and engage with information. At its core,
multimedia combines various elements, such as text, audio, images, videos, and
interactive features, seamlessly integrated to create a rich and immersive
experience. The components of multimedia work in harmony to deliver a multi-
sensory and engaging content delivery system. With its versatility and broad
applications, multimedia has found its place in diverse fields such as education,
entertainment, marketing, art, and beyond. In this discussion, we will explore the
components of multimedia and its wide-ranging applications, showcasing its power
to captivate, inform, and inspire audiences in our modern digital era.

What is Multimedia?
Multimedia is a term that encompasses the integration of various forms of media to
create a rich and interactive experience. It combines elements such as text, audio,
images, videos, animations, and interactive features to deliver content in a
compelling and engaging manner. The fundamental idea behind multimedia is to
present information or tell a story using multiple sensory channels, appealing to
different learning styles and enhancing understanding and retention. By combining
different media components, multimedia provides a multidimensional and
immersive experience that captivates and informs audiences.
Components of Multimedia
The components of multimedia refer to the various elements that are combined to
create a rich and interactive experience. These components work together to
deliver content in a compelling and engaging manner. Here are the key
components of multimedia:

 Text: Text is one of the foundational components of multimedia. It includes

written words, captions, titles, and other textual elements that convey
information, provide context, and guide the audience through the content.
 Audio: Audio elements enhance the auditory experience of multimedia. This
includes voice-overs, background music, sound effects, and spoken
dialogues. Audio elements add depth, emotion, and realism to the
multimedia presentation.
 Images: Images play a crucial role in multimedia. They can be static or
dynamic, such as photographs, illustrations, or graphics. Images visually
represent ideas, concepts, or information, and they evoke emotions, create
visual interest, and provide visual cues to guide the audience.
 Videos and Animations: Videos and animations bring movement and visual
storytelling to multimedia. They involve the use of moving images, usually
combined with audio, to convey information or tell a story. Videos and
animations can be used to demonstrate processes, present visual narratives,
or provide visual explanations.

These components of multimedia work in harmony to create a cohesive and

impactful communication medium. By combining text, audio, images, videos,
animations, interactive features, and other visual and auditory elements,
multimedia engages multiple senses, enhances understanding, and captivates
audiences in a multidimensional experience. The choice and integration of these
components depend on the specific goals and requirements of the multimedia
project, aiming to create a compelling and immersive presentation of information
or storytelling.

Reasons why Multimedia is needed in any Learning Environment

Multimedia plays a crucial role in any learning environment because it can
enhance the educational experience and improve learning outcomes. Here are
several reasons why multimedia is needed in a learning environment:

1. Engagement and Motivation: Multimedia captures learners’ attention and

engages them in learning. Using visually appealing graphics, videos,
 animations, and interactive elements creates a more dynamic and captivating
learning experience. This increased engagement and motivation can help
maintain students’ interest, focus, and active participation.
2. Multisensory Learning: Humans have different learning styles, and
multimedia caters to various sensory modalities. It combines text, visuals,
audio, and interactive features, allowing learners to process information
through multiple senses. This multisensory approach enhances
understanding and retention as learners can connect concepts to visual
representations, auditory explanations, and interactive experiences.
3. Complex Concepts Visualization: Multimedia enables the visualization of
complex and abstract concepts that are challenging to grasp through
traditional text-based approaches. Visual aids, such as diagrams, charts,
infographics, and animations, help simplify and clarify complex ideas,
making them more accessible and comprehensible to learners.
4. Real-world Context: Multimedia can bring real-world contexts and examples
into the learning environment. Through videos, simulations, case studies,
and virtual experiences, learners can explore and understand real-life
applications of the subject matter. This connection to real-world scenarios
helps learners relate the content to their everyday lives, making it more
relevant and meaningful.
5. Personalized and Adaptive Learning: Multimedia can be tailored to
individual learners’ needs and preferences, supporting personalized and
adaptive learning experiences. Interactive multimedia platforms can offer
customized learning paths, adaptive assessments, and immediate feedback
based on learners’ progress and performance, promoting individualized
learning and catering to different learning paces and styles.

Multimedia Applications
Multimedia has become integral to our digital landscape, permeating various
aspects of our lives. From education to entertainment, marketing to art, multimedia
applications have transformed how we communicate, learn, and interact with
information. Some of the common applications are:

1. Education: Multimedia has revolutionized the education sector, offering

dynamic and interactive learning experiences. Digital textbooks, e-learning
platforms, and multimedia presentations engage students through videos,
animations, and interactive quizzes. Virtual reality (VR) and augmented
reality (AR) provide immersive simulations and virtual field trips, enhancing
understanding and making learning more engaging and enjoyable.
 2. Entertainment: Multimedia is at the heart of the entertainment industry.
Movies, television shows, and video games leverage multimedia elements to
create captivating experiences. Special effects, computer-generated imagery
(CGI), and immersive sound design transport audiences into fantastical
worlds. Interactive storytelling in video games allows players to shape the
narrative and engage with rich multimedia environments.
3. Marketing and Advertising: Multimedia plays a pivotal role in marketing
and advertising campaigns. Brands utilize multimedia platforms to convey
their messages effectively. Engaging videos, interactive websites, and social
media campaigns leverage multimedia elements to create compelling
narratives and foster deeper connections with consumers. Multimedia in
advertising provides a multi-sensory experience, leaving a lasting impact on
audiences.
4. Art and Design: Artists and designers embrace multimedia to express their
creativity and engage audiences. Digital art, multimedia installations, and
interactive exhibits blur the boundaries between art and technology. Artists
combine various media elements to create immersive and interactive
experiences, inviting viewers to participate and explore their artistic visions.
5. Journalism and Communication: Journalism has evolved with the
integration of multimedia. News outlets utilize multimedia elements to
enhance their storytelling capabilities. Through videos, info graphics,
podcasts, and interactive content, journalists provide comprehensive
coverage and engage readers in a visually compelling manner. Multimedia
enables news consumers to access information in diverse formats, catering to
individual preferences.

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Q.5 What are the important parameters that influence the selection
of a programming language? Define it in detail with the help of
different examples.

Introduction:

A programming language is a set of instructions and syntax used to create

software programs. Some of the key features of programming languages include:
1. Syntax: The specific rules and structure used to write code in a programming
language.
2. Data Types: The type of values that can be stored in a program, such as
numbers, strings, and Booleans.
3. Variables: Named memory locations that can store values.
4. Operators: Symbols used to perform operations on values, such as addition,
subtraction, and comparison.
5. Control Structures: Statements used to control the flow of a program, such as
if-else statements, loops, and function calls.
6. Libraries and Frameworks: Collections of pre-written code that can be used
to perform common tasks and speed up development.
7. Paradigms: The programming style or philosophy used in the language, such
as procedural, object-oriented, or functional.
Examples of popular programming languages include Python, Java, C++,
JavaScript, and Ruby. Each language has its own strengths and weaknesses and is
suited for different types of projects.
A programming language is a formal language that specifies a set of instructions
for a computer to perform specific tasks. It’s used to write software programs and
applications, and to control and manipulate computer systems. There are many
different programming languages, each with its own syntax, structure, and set of
commands. Some of the most commonly used programming languages include
Java, Python, C++, JavaScript, and C#. The choice of programming language
depends on the specific requirements of a project, including the platform being
used, the intended audience, and the desired outcome. Programming languages
continue to evolve and change over time, with new languages being developed
and older ones being updated to meet changing needs.
Are you aiming to become a software engineer one day? Do you also want to
develop a mobile application that people all over the world would love to use?
Are you passionate enough to take the big step to enter the world of
programming? Then you are in the right place because through this article you
will get a brief introduction to programming. Now before we understand what
programming is, you must know what a computer is a computer is a device that
can accept human instruction, processes it, and responds to it or a computer is a
computational device that is used to process the data under the control of a
computer program. Program is a sequence of instruction along with data.
The basic components of a computer are:
1. Input unit
2. Central Processing Unit(CPU)
3. Output unit
The CPU is further divided into three parts-
 Memory unit
 Control unit
 Arithmetic Logic unit
Most of us have heard that CPU is called the brain of our computer because it
accepts data, provides temporary memory space to it until it is stored (saved) on
the hard disk, performs logical operations on it and hence processes(here also
means converts) data into information. We all know that a computer consists of
hardware and software. Software is a set of programs that performs multiple tasks
together. An operating system is also software (system software) that helps
humans to interact with the computer system.
A program is a set of instructions given to a computer to perform a specific
operation. or computer is a computational device that is used to process the data
under the control of a computer program. While executing the program, raw data
is processed into the desired output format. These computer programs are written
in a programming language which is high-level languages. High level languages
are nearly human languages that are more complex than the computer
understandable language which are called machine language, or low level
language. So after knowing the basics, we are ready to create a very simple and
basic program. Like we have different languages to communicate with each other,
likewise, we have different languages like C, C++, C#, Java, python, etc to
communicate with the computers. The computer only understands binary
language (the language of 0’s and 1’s) also called machine-understandable
language or low-level language but the programs we are going to write are in a
high-level language which is almost similar to human language.
The piece of code given below performs a basic task of printing “hello world! I
am learning programming” on the console screen. We must know that keyboard,
scanner, mouse, microphone, etc are various examples of input devices, and
monitor (console screen), and printer, speaker, etc are examples of output
devices.
Main ()
{
Closer ();
Prints (“hello world! I am learning to program");
Getch ();
}
At this stage, you might not be able to understand in-depth how this code prints
something on the screen. The main () is a standard function that you will always
include in any program that you are going to create from now onwards. Note that
the execution of the program starts from the main () function. The curser ()
function is used to see only the current output on the screen while the prints ()
function helps us to print the desired output on the screen. Also, getch () is a
function that accepts any character input from the keyboard. In simple words, we
need to press any key to continue (some people may say that getch () helps in
holding the screen to see the output).
Between high-level language and machine language, there are assembly
languages also called symbolic machine code. Assembly languages are
particularly computer architecture specific. Utility program (Assembler) is used
to convert assembly code into executable machine code. High Level
Programming Language is portable but requires Interpretation or compiling to
convert it into a machine language that is computer understood.
Hierarchy of Computer language –

Characteristics of a programming Language –

 A programming language must be simple, easy to learn and use, have good
readability, and be human recognizable.
 Abstraction is a must-have Characteristics for a programming language in
which the ability to define the complex structure and then its degree of
usability comes.
 A portable programming language is always preferred.
 Programming language’s efficiency must be high so that it can be easily
converted into a machine code and its execution consumes little space in
memory.
 A programming language should be well structured and documented so that it
is suitable for application development.
 Necessary tools for the development, debugging, testing, and maintenance of a
program must be provided by a programming language.
 A programming language should provide a single environment known as
Integrated Development Environment (IDE).
 A programming language must be consistent in terms of syntax and semantics.
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