Donia Zhang Courtyard Housing in China
Donia Zhang Courtyard Housing in China
Donia Zhang Courtyard Housing in China
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A R T I C L E I N F O: ABSTRACT
Article history: The Chinese have lived in single-extended-family courtyard houses in many parts of
Received 02 June 2017 China for thousands of years. The earliest courtyard house found in China was
Accepted 11 June 2017 during the Middle Neolithic period (5000-3000 BCE). The courtyard form signifies
Available online 12 June 2017 Chinese quest for harmony with nature and in social relationships. However, the 20th
Keywords: century was a significant turning point in the evolution of Chinese courtyard houses;
Courtyard house; this paper provides an overview of this transition. It starts by briefly introducing
Courtyard housing; traditional Chinese courtyard houses and their decline since 1949, it then examines
Courtyard garden villa; the emergence of new courtyard housing in Beijing and Suzhou since the 1990s, and
Architectural then it evaluates the new development of Chinese-style courtyard garden villas
acculturation; in/around these two cities since the 2000s, such as Beijing Guantang and Suzhou
Cultural sustainability; Fuyuan villa estates. They are explorations of a new way to honor Chinese
China. architectural history and philosophy, meanwhile, incorporating Western interior
design principles to meet modern living requirements. This architectural
acculturation represents Chinese sustained quest for harmony in their art of living.
The paper finally proposes four designs of new courtyard garden houses for future
practice.
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Copyright © 2017 Journal of Contemporary Urban Affairs. All rights reserved.
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JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS, 1(2), 38-56 / 2017
Figure 2. A standard/typical Ming (1368-1644) or Qing (1644- 3. THE FALL OF TRADITIONAL COURTYARD HOUSES IN
1911) Beijing courtyard house (siheyuan) with three yards: CHINA
front, central, and back. The central courtyard is where The change in Chinese family structure
most family activities would take place. Source: demands a subsequent change in the housing
chinaspree.com, 2014. form, which has implications for new housing
design (Cohen, 2005; Jervis, 2005). The modern
housing units are frequently built with extra
rooms for the future married son and his wife,
and in anticipation of the later development of
a stem family (Jervis, 2005). Similarly, in the
multifamily courtyard house compounds of
Beijing, the grown-up children required
additional rooms in the courtyards, which made
the courtyards filled with impromptu extensions.
Figure 3. Model of a small riverside courtyard house in This situation has led to the physical decline and
Suzhou Folk Custom Exhibition Center. Photo: Donia Zhang massive demolition of Beijing’s siheyuan
2007. (traditional courtyard houses) and hutong
(lanes) (Table 1).
Although China’s population has more
than doubled (2.3 times) between 1953 and
2010 (Census 1953; Census 2010), the family
structure has decreased from extended to
nuclear families, a trend echoed elsewhere in
the world (Amato, 2008; UN, 2002; Van Elzen,
2010). Statistics show that until recently, the
average household size in China had remained
relatively constant at about 5.2 persons (Jervis,
2005); it reduced to 3.96 persons in the 1990
Census, 3.44 persons in the 2000 Census, and 3.1
persons in the 2010 Census. The drop is either
due to the state-imposed “One Family One
Child” policy implemented since 1979 (and
began to be formally phased out in 2015), or
free choices under circumstances of rapid
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Table 1. Destruction and conservation of Beijing 1998) in walking distance to the Master-of-Nets
Siheyuan and Hutong. Garden and the Canglang (“Surging Waves”)
Beijing siheyuan (courtyard Hutong Pavilion (Zhang, 2013/2016).
Year
houses) (lanes) These projects have attempted to
100 percent (of 62 sqkm of
1949 7000 reinterpret classical Chinese courtyard houses
inner-city land area)
1.9 percent (805 courtyard while resettling multi-families in 2-storey
houses in relatively good row/town/terraced houses or 2-4-storey walk-up
1990 3900
condition in the conservation apartments surrounding communal courtyards.
zone) The author’s doctoral study (Zhang, 2006-2012)
1.5 percent (658 courtyard
investigated the above five new courtyard
houses in relatively good
2003 1570 housing prototypes (Table 2) on their
condition in the conservation
zone) architectural, environmental, spatial,
1.3 percent (539 courtyard constructional, social, cultural, and behavioral
houses in relatively good aspects, to see whether they are culturally
2004 1200
condition in the conservation
sustainable, and whether they facilitate
zone)
Sources: The author’s summary based on Abramson (2001), residents’ traditional cultural expressions. Four
Beijing City Planning Chart (2007), Collins (2005), Kong key themes in Chinese philosophy that have
(2004), Ornelas (2006). influenced imperial city planning and classical
courtyard house design were identified:
Table 1 shows a drastic decline of Harmony with Heaven, Harmony with Earth,
siheyuan between 1949 and 2004. There is no Harmony with Humans, and Harmony with Self.
current data on the number of siheyuan still This information became the benchmark
remaining in Beijing, as it is increasingly more against which change and continuity were
difficult to count them due to their impoverished measured.
conditions. One can expect the number has Based on data collected through a
further decreased since 2004. number of research methods, including onsite
surveys (N=290), interviews (total N=93) with
4. THE RISE OF NEW COURTYARD HOUSING IN CHINA residents (n=82), architects (n=6), planners
To sustain traditional Chinese architectural (n=3), and real estate developers (n=2), time
culture, two new courtyard housing projects diaries (n=22), architectural drawings, photos,
were built in inner Beijing: the Juer Hutong planning documents, conversation and
(“Chrysanthemum Lane New Courtyard Housing observation notes, journals, real estate
Estate,” b. 1990-1994) prototype in the magazines, brochures, and related material, the
Nanluogu xiang area (Wu, 1991, 1994, 1999; findings suggest that due to the high population
Zhang, 2013/2016, 2016a); and the Nanchizi density and a lack of land in the inner cities of
(“South Pond New Courtyard Housing Estate,” b. Beijing and Suzhou, the new courtyards are
2003) experiment on the east side of the generally too small to admit enough sunlight.
Forbidden City (Lin, 2003, 2004; Zhang, The architectural drawings show that the new
2013/2016). courtyard proportions are no longer preserved
In inner Suzhou, similar projects to as in tradition (Zhang, 2013/2016, 2016a).
modernize traditional housing forms include To achieve the same amount of sunlight
Tongfangyuan (“Aleurites Cordata Fragrant as in traditional Chinese courtyard houses, the
Garden Housing Estate,” b. 1996) and Shilinyuan ratio of building height to distance should be at
(“Lion Grove Garden Housing Estate,” b. 2000) least 1:3 for Beijing (Zhang, 2006, 2011, 2016a)
by the Lion Grove Garden, and Jiaanbieyuan and 1:1.3 for Suzhou, which means a minimum
(“Excellent Peace Garden Housing Estate,” b. of 18 m distance for 6 m high surrounding
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Table 2. First-generation Chinese-style new courtyard housing estates constructed in China since the 1990s.
Year of Numb Size of
Size of Volume Greening
City Name of Estates Compl er of Number of Floors Court-
Units Ratioa Ratiob
etion Units yards
Juer Hutong 13m ×
40-
(菊儿胡同 “Chrysanthemum 1990- 2-3-storey walk-up 15m;
210 120 2.5 26%
Lane New Courtyard 1994 apartments 6.5m ×
sqm
Housing Estate”) 7.5m
Beijing
7-9 m
Nanchizi (南池子 “South 2-storey
45-75 (distance
Pond New Courtyard 2003 301 row/town/terraced 2 25%
sqm between
Housing Estate”) houses
buildings)
2-storey row/town/
Tongfangyuan terraced houses, 2- 10-12 m
70-
(桐芳苑 “Aleurites Cordata storey courtyard (distance
1996 220 200 1 30%
Fragrant Garden Housing garden villas, and 3- between
sqm
Estate”) storey walk-up buildings)
apartments
Ratio of
2-storey row/town/
Suzhou Jiaanbieyuan 90- building
terraced houses, and
(佳安别院 “Excellent Peace 1998 600 180 height to 1 35%
4-6-storey walk-up
Garden Housing Estate”) sqm distance is
apartments
1:1.3
3-storey row/town/ 8-13.5 m
Shilinyuan (狮林苑 “Lion 90-
terraced houses, and (distance
Grove Garden Housing 2000 232 180 1.39 30%
3-4-storey walk-up between
Estate”) sqm
apartments buildings)
Note: (a) In China, Volume Ratio=Built-up Area/Site Area. Ideally, the value should be less than 1.5 for a low-rise, comfortable
residential environment. (b) Greening Ratio=Green Area/Site Area. Ideally, the value should be no less than 40% for a low-rise,
comfortable residential environment. Sources: the author’s onsite and online surveys of Beijing.anjuke.com (2014a, 2014b), Lin
(2003, 2004), Suzhou.anjuke.com (2014a, 2014b, 2014c), Wu (1991, 1994, 1999), Zhang (2006, 2011, 2013/2016, 2016a).
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Table 3. Second-generation Chinese-style courtyard garden villa estates constructed in China since the 2000s.
Numbe
Year of Number Volume Greening
City Name of Estates r of Size of Units
Completion of Floors Ratio Ratio
Units
200-300
Yijun (易郡 “Yi Villa Estate”) 2005-2011 330 2½ 3 40%
sqm
Guantang (观唐 “Cathay View Villa 300-450
Beijing 2005-2008 329 2½ 0.47 70%
Estate”) sqm
Beijing Wan (北京湾 “Beijing Bay Villa 350-440
2006-2009 334 2½ 0.34 60%
Estate”) sqm
Jiangfengyuan (江枫园 “River and Maple 150-1000
2003-2008 614 2-3 0.37 53%
Garden Villa Estate”) sqm
200-350
Hanshe (寒舍 “Humble Homes Estate”) 2003 510 1-4 0.85 44%
sqm
Lantingyuan (兰亭苑 “Blue Pavilion 200-250
2004-2005 68 3 1 26%
Garden Villa Estate”) sqm
Hongqiaoshijia (虹桥世家 “Rainbow Bridge 220-280
2004-2005 76 3 1.2 35%
Aristocratic Family Villa Estate”) sqm
Tianlunsuiyuan (天伦随园 “Family Garden 350-460
2004-2005 46 2-3 0.25 70%
Villa Estate”) sqm
Xishantianyuan (西山恬园 “Western Hill 230-300
2004-2009 60 2-3 0.26 51%
Tranquil Villa Estate”) sqm
Dongshanjingyuan (东山景园 “Eastern 190-340
2005-2006 165 3 0.37 62%
Suzhou Greenhill Vista Villa Estate”) sqm
Jindichengshibieshu (金帝城市别墅
180-280
“Golden Empire City Villa Estate” Phase 2005 125 3 0.7 35%
sqm
One)
Shijialiuyuan (世家留园 “Aristocratic Family 250-700
2005-2007 64 3 0.7 60%
Lingering Garden Villa Estate”) sqm
Zhuozhengdongyuan (拙政东园/润园 320-380
2005-2012 30 2 0.35 59%
“Suzhou Garden Village”) sqm
Suzhou Tingyuan (苏州庭园 “Suzhou 210-280
2006-2008 257 2-3 0.64 36%
Courtyard Garden Villa Estate”) sqm
Suzhou Fuyuan (苏州福园 “Suzhou Fortune 290-500
2007-2008 142 2½ 0.7 45%
Garden Villa Estate”) sqm
Gusu Taohuayuan (姑苏桃花源 “Suzhou 175-250
2009-2011 1089 3-4 0.96 40%
Peach Blossoms Garden Villa Estate”) sqm
Sources: The author’s onsite and online surveys of doc88.com, 2008-2014; esf.focus.cn, 2014; house.focus.cn, 2014;
Suzhou.focus.cn, 2014
single-family luxury homes classified into five
5.1 CASE STUDIES plan-types and three unit-sizes: 300 sqm, 350
5.1.1 Beijing Guantang Chinese-Style Courtyard sqm, and 450 sqm, with two courtyard-/garden-
Garden Villa Estate (b. 2005-2008) sizes: 290 sqm and 320 sqm, all of which have
Guantang (观唐 “Cathay View Villa Estate,” b. incorporated traditional Chinese architectural
2005-2008) is located in Beijing’s Chaoyang features, applied conventional craftsmanship in
district, adjacent to the Riviera Villa Estate, and the building of enclosing walls, gates, grey-color
west of Xiangjiang bei lu (Riviera Road North). It pitched-tile roofs, elements in traditional
is in the heart of high-end villa zone surrounded façades, and equipped with modern interior
by highways radiating in all directions, about 3 facilities. The frontyard, central courtyard
km from the northern 5th ring road, and 10.5 km (sometimes sideyard), and backyard within
from Beijing International Airport. It is the closest each property boundary generate a gradual
villa estate to the inner city. privacy and a series of activity spaces as in
Occupying a land area of 48 hectares traditional Chinese houses. Meanwhile, these
with a built-up area of 115,000 sqm, Guantang outdoor spaces allow sunlight/daylight and
has 329 units of 2½-storey (with semi-basement) fresh air to enter indoors. The author’s site visit of
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the estate in 2014 found that the design of archetypes of architectural acculturation of the
some private courtyards has borrowed East and the West.
elements in classical Suzhou gardens, such as However, only very rich Chinese
fish pond, pavilion, and so on, generating a households can afford such luxury homes. Some
sense of “harmony with nature.” of the owners only use their villa as a weekend
Inside the Guantang villa estate, the and/or holiday retreat, it nevertheless
width of the roads and alleys is 6 m and 4 m, showcases their wealth and serves as a symbol
respectively. These widths have nostalgically of their social status.
imitated traditional Beijing’s hutong (lanes), and
functionally, 6 m is wide enough for fire engines
to pass through in case of emergency.
Moreover, the design is compatible with
Beijing’s cross axes and ring-road system,
forming a clear spatial sequence from wide
streets, to narrow lanes, to private
courtyards/gardens.
Guantang is a poetic approach to
contemporary Chinese housing design, and a
picturesque setting for both visitors and
residents. Walking or driving through the estate,
one can sense the lingering charm of old
Beijing, while the residents can enjoy the
comfortability of modern living. However, the
verandas – a traditional transitional space
between indoors and outdoors, are eliminated,
which is a loss of a protective zone for enjoying
the courtyard in different weather conditions. Figure 7. Site plan of Beijing Guantang (“Cathay View Villa
Guantang has attempted to modernize Estate,” b. 2005-2008). Source: Beijing Institute of
classical Beijing courtyard houses, meanwhile, Architectural Design 2014.
incorporating the interior circulation systems in
Western villa designs. Its layouts meet
ecological design principles of having large
space with small room-depth and using
perimeter to link interiors to afford more
sunlight/daylight and thermal insulation. It
represents not only a return to Chinese
courtyard life, ideology, and spiritual realm, but
also to absorb foreign architectural culture to
create a housing product that is both unique
and beneficial. The buildings are all at human-
scale; they establish a balance between
privacy and community, and a link between
nature and culture. They are concrete Figure 8. Computer-rendered axon of a Beijing Guantang
embodiments of Confucian “harmony with courtyard garden villa. Source: house.focus.cn, 2009.
humans” and Daoist “harmony with nature”
continually present in contemporary China, and
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Table 4. Comparison of the Chinese-style first-generation new courtyard housing and second-generation
courtyard garden villa estates built in China in the 1990s-2000s.
Greening
Size of Units Volume Ratio
Generation of New Courtyard Houses Ratio
(average) (average)
(average)
First-Generation Chinese-Style New Courtyard
70-150 sqm 1.6 ±30%
Housing Estates in Beijing and Suzhou
Second-Generation Chinese-Style Courtyard
240-410 sqm 0.76 ±50%
Garden Villa Estates in/around Beijing and Suzhou
Source: The author’s estimates based on Tables 2-3.
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The planners, architects, and builders of site has induced many tourists, wedding-photo-
these villa estates wanted to test the possibility takers, and film-makers for its exotic sceneries.
of realizing a dream of traditional life in
contemporary Chinese society. They used
modern materials and technologies to explore
a new way to construct a residential
environment in honor of Chinese architectural
history and philosophy, but also to meet
modern living requirements. The above projects
demonstrate a more sensitive approach to
Chinese housing development to better fit into
its cultural landscape; they make a stark
contrast to some European- and North
American-style suburban villa estates
constructed in China since the 1990s.
For example, in the suburbs of Beijing, Figure 24. Shanghai Thames Town residential quarters in the
there built the American-Canadian-style Songjiang County imitating the Olde England. Photo: Donia
Dragon Villa Estate (龙苑别墅, b. 1995) in the Zhang 2014.
Shunyi County, and the European-style Rose
Garden Villa Estate (玫瑰园, b. 2007) in the In April 2011, the State Council issued a
Changping County (Beijing.anjuke.com, 2014c, new guideline entitled Catalogue for the
2014d). They are single-family homes advertised Guidance of Foreign Investment Industries
as “Just like Beverly Hills of California,” “Just like (Waishang Touzi Chanye Zhidao Mulu) to ban
Richmond of Vancouver,” “Just like Bayview Hill foreign investment in villa construction in China
of Toronto,” and “Just like Long Island of New (International Business Times, 2011; Reuters,
York” (King, 2004). These transplanted villa 2011), to cool the real estate market, to prevent
estates may be a result of housing demands further urban sprawl, and to save arable land
from an influx of foreign expatriates working in for agriculture.
Beijing, but may also reflect some Chinese Moreover, according to The Guardian of
citizens’ aspirations for exotic tastes. August 20, 2014, Chinese homeowners’ tastes
Similarly, in Shanghai’s Songjiang are evolving: they are no longer as enchanted
County, nine European-themed towns were by developments with lavish homes marketed
erected: Thames Town in Georgian/Victorian by shiny brochures as “modeled on the
style imitating the Olde England, German New sumptuous and classical US West Coast villas.”
Town modeled on their cultural capital Weimar, Instead, “health and livability are now major,
Nordic Town in Scandinavian style, Barcelona major factors that developers are taking
Town where people can walk along a Chinese seriously into account for how they promote
Las Ramblas, and Italian Town in the suburb of new developments” (Bosker, 2014).
Pujiang by Venetian-style canals. Shanghai Furthermore, in a press conference on
Thames Town was built around a medieval March 16, 2014, which concerned the National
market square, with red phone boxes and New Urbanization Plan 2014-2020, the Vice
village greens (Coonan, 2006). The author’s field Minister of the National Development and
visit of the estate in 2014 showed that it is a Reform Commission, Xu Xianping, stated that
mixed-use, low-rise development with China’s new modernization should be people-
pedestrian-centered residential quarters. The oriented, and that “it should be ecologically
friendly and carry forward cultural traditions”
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