ECE440 Microwave Engineering

Chapter 4
Waveguides

Prof. Fawzy Ibrahim

Electronics and Communication Department

Misr International University (MIU)

1 of 66 ECE440 Ch 4_Waveguides Prof Fawzy Ibrahim

 Chapter Contents
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Field Relationships in General Waveguides
4.3 General Solution for TE and TM waves
4.4 TE Modes in Rectangular Waveguide
4.5 Attenuation due to Dielectric Loss
4.6 TM Modes in Rectangular Waveguide
4.7 Power Transmitted in Rectangular Waveguide

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 4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 History
• Transmission lines and waveguides are used to transmit electromagnetic energy
from one point to another without radiation.
• One of the early milestones in microwave engineering was the development of
waveguides and other transmission lines for low-loss transmission of microwave
power.
• Two main desired characteristics in microwave transmission systems which are:
1) single mode propagation over a wide band of frequency.
2) Low-loss or small attenuation of microwave power.
• Microwave transmission lines or waveguides lengths are generally ranges from a
fraction of meters to more than few meters, since losses increase as operating
frequency increases.
• In 1893, Although Heaviside considered the possibility of propagation of
electromagnetic waves inside a closed hollow tube, he rejected the idea because
he believed that two conductors were necessary for the transfer of
electromagnetic energy.
• In 1897, Lord Rayleigh mathematically proved that wave propagation in
waveguides was possible, for both circular and rectangular cross sections.
• Rayleigh also noted the infinite set of modes of TE and TM type that were
possible and existence of a cutoff frequency, but no experimental verification
was made at that time.
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 4.1 Introduction (Continued)
4.1.1 History (Continued)
• The waveguide was forgotten until 1932.
• In 1936 the waveguide was rediscovered independently by George C.
Southworth (AT&T company) after preliminary experiments in 1932 and W. L.
Barrow (MIT) who presented a paper on circular waveguide, with experimental
confirmation of propagation.
• The first planner transmission line was used in production of power divider
network in World War II (1939-1945).
• In the 1950s the microstrip line was developed at ITT laboratories.
• As technology developed much thinner substrates are used which reduce the
frequency dependence of the line, and now microstrip is often the preferred
medium for microwave integrated circuits.
4.1.2 Transmission Line Theory vs. Circuit Theory
The circuit theory is the low frequency approximation of the TL theory.

Fig. 4.1 (a) An electric circuit

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 4.1 Introduction (Continued)
4.1.2 Transmission Line Theory vs. Circuit Theory (Continued)
• The range of validity of circuit theory is shown in Fig. 4.1.

Fig. 4.1 (b) Domain of Different Theories and Pertinent Quantities

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 4.1 Introduction (Continued)
4.1.3 Types of Transmission Systems
The commonly used transmission systems include the following:
1) The coaxial lines of rigid or flexible types as shown in Fig. 4.2.
Advantages:
- They have very high bandwidth.
- They are convenient for test application.
Disadvantages:
- They are difficult medium in which to fabricate complex microwave components.
• The major distinction between Radio Frequency (RF) and Microwave (MW)
transmission lines is that the spacing between the conductors in the first is very
small with respect to , but in the second this spacing  .

Fig. 4.2 A coaxial lines

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 4.1 Introduction (Continued)
4.1.3 Types of Transmission Systems (Continued)
2) Parallel Plate Line and its modified version versions such as strip lines,
microstrip lines and coplanar waveguide as shown in Fig. 4.3.
Advantages:
- They are compact and low cost.
- They are capable of being easily integrated with active devices such as diodes
and transistors to form microwave integrated circuits.
Disadvantages:
- Used only for low power applications.

Fig. 4.3 Planar

transmission lines

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 4.1 Introduction (Continued)
4.1.3 Types of Transmission Systems (Continued)
3) Waveguides (Rectangular or Circular) consist of a hollow metallic tube of
rectangular or circular cross section used to guide an electromagnetic wave as
shown in Fig. 4.4.
Advantages:
- High power handling.
- Low loss.
Disadvantages:
- Bulky.
- Expensive

(a) (b)

Fig. 4.4 Waveguides (a) Rectangular and (b) Circular

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 4.1 Introduction (Continued)
4.1.3 Types of Transmission Systems (Continued)
3) Waveguides (Rectangular or Circular) Different shapes of waveguides are
shown in Fig. 4.5 (a).

Fig. 4.5 (a) Different shapes of waveguides

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 4.1 Introduction (Continued)
4.1.3 Types of Transmission Systems (Continued)
3) Waveguides (Rectangular or Circular) Other different shapes of waveguides
are shown in Fig. 4.5 (b).

Fig. 4.5 (b) Other different shapes of waveguides

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 4.1 Introduction (Continued)
4.1.4 Waveguide Modes
• The waveguide mode is a unique arrangement of electric and magnetic fields
propagating in the z-direction that satisfies all Maxwell’s equations and boundary
conditions imposed by the geometry of conductors of transmission line.
• For large variety of waveguides of practical interest, it turns out that all the
boundary conditions can be satisfied by the fields that do not have all
components present.
• The electromagnetic wave modes may be categorized in one of the four possible
categories and the following classification of solutions is of particular interest:
1) Transverse Electro Magnetic
 (TEM) mode: 
Both the electric field ( E ) and magnetic field (H ) are transverse to the direction
of propagation, So:
Ez = 0 , Hz = 0 and [Ex, Ey, Hx and Hy exist]
The electric field may be found from the transverse gradient of scalar function
(x, y, z).
2) Transverse Electric (TE) or H-mode:
E is purely transverse, So:
Ez = 0 , Hz ≠ 0 and [Ex, Ey, Hx and Hy exist]
All the field component may be derived from Hz.

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 4.1 Introduction (Continued)
4.1.4 Waveguide Modes (Continued)
3) Transverse
 Magnetic (TM) or E- mode:
H is purely transverse, So:
Ez ≠ 0 , Hz = 0 and [Ex, Ey, Hx and Hy exist]
All the field component may be derived from Ez.
4) Hybrid
 mode:
E and H are not transverse, So:
Ez ≠ 0 , Hz ≠ 0 and [Ex, Ey, Hx and Hy exist]
In some cases it will be found that TE or TM mode by itself will not satisfy all the
boundary conditions. However in such cases linear combinations of TE and TM
modes may be used, since such linear combinations always provide a complete
and general solution.
Notes:
1. Transmission lines that consists of two or more conductors may support
transverse electromagnetic (TEM) waves, characterized by the lack of
longitudinal field components. TEM waves have uniquely defined voltage,
current and characteristic impedance.
2. Waveguides often consisting of single conductor, support transverse electric
(TE) and/ or transverse magnetic (TM) waves, characterized by the presence of
longitudinal magnetic or electric field components respectively.
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 4.1 Introduction (Continued)
4.1.4 Waveguide Modes (Continued)
3. Frequency range: Transmission lines and waveguides are used basically
at frequencies in the microwave range (300 MHz to 300 GHz ).
4. At frequency range X-band from 8.00 GHz, to 12 GHz, for example, the
standard rectangular waveguide WR-90 has an inner width of 2.286 cm
(0.9 in) and an inner height of 1.016 cm (0.4 in.); but its outside
dimensions are 2.54 cm (1 in.) wide and 1.27 cm (0.5 in.) high. This is
the waveguide you are using in the lab.
5. In waveguides the electric and magnetic fields are confined to the space
within the guides.
6. No power is lost through radiation, since the waveguides are normally
air-filled the dielectric loss is negligible.
7. There is some power loss as heat in the walls of the guides, but this loss
is very small.
8. It is possible to propagate several modes of electromagnetic waves
within a waveguide as will be explained in the next sections.

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 4.2 Field Relationships in General Waveguides
• In this section we will derive general relationships and find general solutions to
Maxwell’s equation for the specific cases of TEM, TE and TM wave propagation in
cylindrical transmission lines or waveguides.
• The geometry of an arbitrary transmission line or waveguide is shown in Fig. 4.6,
which is characterized by conductors boundaries that are parallel to the z-axis.
• These structures are assumed to be uniform in the z-direction and infinitely long.
• The conduction will initially be assumed to be perfectly conducting, but attenuation
will be discussed later.
• The skin depth is very small (10-4 cm), so that the outside dimensions are
unimportant to the propagation of the fields in such system.
• The single conductor waveguide is not capable for supporting TEM waves (which
require waveguide of two or more conductors).

(a) (b)
Fig. 4.6 (a) General two-conductor transmission line and (b) closed waveguide.
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4.2 Field Relationships in General Waveguides (Continued)
• We assume time-harmonic fields with eit time dependence and the wave
propagating along the z-axis. The electric and magnetic fields can be written
as:  
E ( x, y, z )  [e ( x, y )  ez ( x, y )aˆ z ]e  jz (4.1)
 
H ( x, y, z )  [ h ( x, y )  hz ( x, y )aˆ z ]e  jz (4.2)
 
• Where e ( x, y ) and h ( x, y ) represent the transverse (âx, ây) electric and
magnetic field components.
• While ez(x, y) and hz(x, y) are the longitudinal electric and magnetic field
components.
• Later in this chapter, ez(x, y) and hz(x, y) are assumed to be separable in x and
y variables to simplify the solution of partial differential equations by applying
the method of separation of variables by letting hz(x, y) = X(x)Y(y) as will
explained in the next section.
• In (4.1) and (4.2) the wave is propagating in the +z direction and the –z
direction propagation can be obtained by replacing the propagation constant
 by -.
• If conductor or dielectric loss is present, the propagation constant will be
complex and j should then be replaced with  =  + j.
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4.2 Field Relationships in General Waveguides (Continued)
• Assuming that the transmission line or wave guide region is source free (ρv =
0, J = 0 and  = 0). Under these conditions, Maxwell’s equations may be
written in termsof E and H
 only as:
 B H 
 xE       j  H (4.3a)
t  t 
  D E 
 xH  J    j  E (4.3b)
 v  t t
.E  0 (4.3c)
 
.H  0 (4.3d)
• With an e-jz dependence, the three components (Ex, Ey and Ez)of (4.3a) can
be derived as follows:

aˆ x aˆ y aˆ z
H x aˆ x
    
CurlE  xE    j H y aˆ y (4.4a)
x y z
Ex Ey Ez
H z aˆ z
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4.2 Field
 Relationships in General Waveguides (Continued)
• So E can be derived as follows :
aˆx aˆ y aˆ z
  Ez  E y  H x aˆ x
aˆ x  y  z    jH x aˆ x     
  CurlE  xE    j H y aˆ y
  Ez  Ex  x y z
ˆ 
a y  x z      j  H ˆ
y ay
 
 y   Ex Ey Ez
 E x
aˆ z  x  y   jH z aˆ z
y H z aˆ z
• Since  
the wave is propagating along the z-axis with an e-jz
 j z
dependence, so: e( x, y ) e  jz
z
  j  e( x, y ) e
E E 
   j H  E  j E   jH

  z y z
 y z  x y
y x
 
E z
Or  j  E y   j  H x (4.5a)
y
• Similarly, the other to components can be written as follows:
 E z 
  j  E x    j  H y (4.5b)
 x 
E y E x (4.5c)
   jH z
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4.2 Field Relationships
 in General Waveguides (Continued)
• A similar equation for H can be written then With an e-jz dependence, the
 (Hx, Hy and Hz)of (4.3 b) can be reduced to the following:
three components
  D E 
 xH  J    j  E  aˆ x aˆ y aˆ z
t t E x aˆ x
Hz Hz
aˆ x  y  z   j E x aˆ     
 
x
CurlH  xH   j E y aˆ y
Hz Hx
x y z
 aˆ y  x  z   j E y aˆ y
  Hx Hy Hz
Hy Hx Ez aˆ z
aˆ z  x  y   j E z aˆ z
 
• Since the wave is propagating along the z-axis with an e-jz
dependence, so:  h( x, y )e  jz
 j h( x, y)e  jz 
H z z
 j H y  j E x (4.6a)
y
 H z  (4.6b)
  j H x   j E y
 x 
H y H x (4.6c)
  jE z
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4.2 Field Relationships in General Waveguides (Continued)
• The six equation of (4.5) and (4.6) can be solved for the four transverse
components (Ex, Ey, Hx, and Hy ) in terms of the longitudinal components Ez,
and Hz (for example, Hx can be derived by eliminating Ey from (4.5a) and(4.6b)
as follows:
j E z H z (4.7a)
H x (   )
k c2 y x
 j E z H z (4.7b)
H y  2 (   )
kc x y
 j E z H z
Ex  2 (   ) (4.8a)
kc x y
j E H z (4.8b)
E y  2 (  z   )
kc y x
• Where the cutoff wave number kc is given by: k c2  k 2   2
and k is wave number of the material filling the transmission line or waveguide:
k    If dielectric loss is present,  is complex ( = o r(1 – j tan),
where tan is the loss tangent of the material.
• Equations (4.7) and (4.8) are very useful general results that can be applied to
a variety of wave guiding systems as will be shown in the following sections.
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 4.3 General Solution for TE and TM waves
4.3.1 TE waves
Transverse electric (TE) or H-waves are characterized by Ez = 0 and Hz ≠ 0.
Equation (4.7) and (4.8) are reduced to:
j E z H z  j  H z
H x  2 (   )  H x  (4.9a)
kc y x k c2 x
 j E z H z  j  H z
H y  2 (   )  H y  (4.9b)
kc x y k c2 y
 j E z H z  j H z
Ex  2 (   )  Ex  (4.10a)
kc x y k c2 y
j E z H z j H z
Ey  2
(     )  Ey  2 (4.10b)
kc y x kc x
• The cutoff wave number kc ≠ 0 and the propagation constant  is given by:
  k 2  kc2 is generally a function of frequency and the geometry of the
line or waveguide. To apply (4.9) and (4.10) one must first find Hz from
Helmholtz wave equation (3.15) which can be written as:
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 4.3 General Solution for TE and TM waves (Continued)
4.3.1 TE waves (Continued)
 2 H z   2 H z  0 or 2 H z  k 2 H z  0
• Where k is given by k    . In Cartesian coordinate system the wave
or Helmholtz equation has the form:
 2 2 2 2
 2  2  2  k  H z  0 (4.11)
 x y z 
From equation (4.2) Hz can be written as:
H z  h z ( x , y ) e  j z (4.12)

From equation (4.12) substitute in (4.11) which can be reduced to a two-

dimensional wave equation for Hz and is written as:
 2 2 2 2  j z  2 2 2  jz  2 
 2  2  2  k hz ( x, y )e   2  2  k hz ( x, y )e   2 hz ( x, y )e  jz
 x y z   x y   z 
 2 2  h( x, y )e  jz
  2  2  k 2 hz ( x, y )e  jz  (   2 ) hz ( x, y )e  jz  0    j h ( x , y ) e  j z
z
 x y 
or
 2 2 2 2    2
 2
2
 2  2  [k   ] hz ( x, y )  0   2  2  k c hz ( x, y )  0 (4.13)
 x y   x y 
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 4.3 General Solution for TE and TM waves (Continued)
4.3.1 TE waves (Continued)
Since kc  k 2   2 (4.13) must be solved subject to the boundary
conditions of the specific wave guide.
• The TE wave impedance can be found from (4.9) and (4.10) as
E x  E y  k k  k 
Z TE       ;  (4.14)
Hy Hx       
Which is seen to be frequency dependent. TE wave can be supported inside
closed conductors, as well as between two or more conductors
The procedure for analyzing TE waveguides can be summarized as follows:
Step #1 Solve the reduced Helmholtz equation (4.13) for Hz. This solution will
contain several unknown constants and the unknown cutoff wave number kc.
Step #2 use (4.9) and (4.10) to find the transverse fields (Ex, Ey, Hx and Hy)
from Hz which is calculated in step #1.
Step #3 Apply the boundary conditions to the appropriate field components to
find the unknown constants and the unknown cutoff wave number kc.
Step #4 Calculate the TE wave impedance by (4.14)

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 4.3 General Solution for TE and TM waves (Continued)
4.3.2 TM waves
Transverse magnetic (TM) or E-waves are characterized by Ez ≠ 0 and Hz = 0.
Equation (4.7) and (4.8) are reduced to:
j E z H z j   E z
H x  (   )  Hx  (4.15a)
k 2
c y x k c2  y
 j E z H z  j   E z
H y  (    )  Hy  (4.15b)
kc2
x y k c2 x
 j E z H z  j E z (4.16a)
Ex  2 (   )  Ex  2
kc x y k c x
j E z H z  j E z
E y  2 (    )  Ey  2 (4.16b)
kc y x kc y
• The cutoff wave number kc ≠ 0 and the propagation constant  is given by:
  k 2  kc2 is generally a function of frequency and the geometry of the
line or waveguide. To apply (4.9) and (4.10) one must first find Ez from
Helmholtz wave equation (3.14) which can be written as:
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4.3 General Solution for TE and TM waves (Continued)
4.3.2 TM waves (Continued)

2 2
 2
 2

 E z   E z  0 or  Ez  k E z  0
• Where k is given by k    . In Cartesian coordinate system the wave
or Helmholtz equation has the form:
 2 2 2 2
 2  2  2  k  E z  0 (4.17)
 x y z 
From equation (4.1) Ez can be written as:
E z  e z ( x , y ) e  j z (4.18)
From equation (4.18) substitute in (4.17) which can be reduced to a two-
dimensional wave equation for Ez and is written as:
 2 2 2   2 2 2
 2  2  2  k 2 ez ( x, y )e  jz  0 2
or  2  2  k   ez ( x, y )  0

 x y z   x y 
or
 2 2  (4.19)
 2  2  kc2 ez ( x, y )  0
 x y 
24 of 66 ECE440 Ch 4_Waveguides Prof Fawzy Ibrahim
4.3 General Solution for TE and TM waves (Continued)
4.3.1 TM waves (Continued)
Since kc  k 2   2 (4.19) must be solved subject to the boundary
conditions of the specific wave guide.
• The TH wave impedance can be found from (4.15) and (4.16) as
Ex  E y  
Z TM     (4.20)
Hy Hx  k
Which is seen to be frequency dependent. TM wave can be supported
inside closed conductors, as well as between two or more conductors

The procedure for analyzing TM waveguides can be summarized as follows:

Step #1 Solve the reduced Helmholtz equation (4.19) for Ez. This solution will
contain several unknown constants and the unknown cutoff wave number kc.
Step #2 use (4.15) and (4.16) to find the transverse fields (Ex, Ey, Hx and Hy)
from Ez which is calculated in step #1.
Step #3 Apply the boundary conditions to the appropriate field components to
find the unknown constants and the unknown cutoff wave number kc.
Step #4 Calculate the TM wave impedance by (4.20)

25 of 66 ECE440 Ch 4_Waveguides Prof Fawzy Ibrahim

4.4 TE Modes in Rectangular Waveguide
• Rectangular waveguides were one of the earliest types of transmission lines
used to transport microwave signals and are still used today for many
applications.
• A large variety of components such as couplers, detectors, isolators,
attenuators, and slotted lines are commercially available for various standard
waveguide bands from 1 GHz to over 220 GHz.
• Fig. 4.7 shows some of the standard rectangular waveguide components that
are available.
• Because of the recent trend toward miniaturization and integration, a lot of
microwave circuitry is currently fabricated using planner transmission lines,
such as microstrip and strip lines, rather than microwave.
• There is, however, a need for waveguides in many applications such as high
power systems, millimeter wave systems, and in some precision test
applications.
• The hollow rectangular wave guide can propagate TE and TM modes, but not
TEM waves, since only one conductor is present.

26 of 66 ECE440 Ch 4_Waveguides Prof Fawzy Ibrahim

4.4 TE Modes Rectangular Waveguide (Continued)

Fig. 4.7 Photograph of Ka-band (WR-28) rectangular waveguide components.

Clockwise from top: a variable attenuator, and E-H (magic) tee junction, a
directional coupler, an adaptor to ridge waveguide, an E-plane swept bend, an
adjustable short, a sliding matched load and X-band slotted waveguide.
27 of 66 ECE440 Ch 4_Waveguides Prof Fawzy Ibrahim
4.4 TE Modes Rectangular Waveguide (Continued)
• The geometry of a rectangular wave guide is shown in Fig. 4.8.
• It is assumed that the guide is filled with a material of permittivity  and
permeability .
• It is standard convention to have the longest side of the waveguide along the x-
axis, so that a > b.
• The TE modes are characterized by the fields with Ez = 0, while Hz described by
equation (4.2) must satisfy the reduced wave equation (4.13):
 2 2 2
 2  2  kc hz ( x, y )  0 (4.21)
 x y 
where H z  h z ( x , y ) e  j z
and k c  k 2   2 is the cutoff wave number
• The partial differential equation (4.21) can be solved
by the method of separation of variables by letting:
hz ( x, y )  X ( x)Y ( y ) (4.22) Fig. 4.8 Geometry of a
• X(x) = is a function of the x coordinate only rectangular waveguide.
• Y(y) = is a function of the y coordinate only
28 of 66 ECE440 Ch 4_Waveguides Prof Fawzy Ibrahim
 4.4 TE Modes Rectangular Waveguide (Continued)
• By substituting (4.22) into (4.21) to obtain:
d2X d 2Y 2
Y 2
 X 2
 k c XY  0 (4.23)
dx dy
Divide both sides of (4.23) by XY, we get
Y d 2X X d 2Y 2 XY
2
 2
 kc  0 
XY dx XY dy XY
(4.24)
1 d 2X 1 d 2Y 2
2
 2
 k c  0
X dx Y dy
• Then solve by the usual separation of variable arguments. Since the sum of the
two terms of the left hand side of (4.24) is a constant and each term is
independently variable, it follows that each term must be a constant.
• So we define separation constants kx and ky such that:

kc2  k x2  k y2 (4.25)
• Thus (4.24) can be separated into two equations as follows:
d X 2 d 2Y 2
 2  k yY  0
2
k xX 0 (4.26) dy 2 (4.27)
dx
29 of 66 ECE440 Ch 4_Waveguides Prof Fawzy Ibrahim
4.4 TE Modes Rectangular Waveguide (Continued)
• The general solution of these equations (4.26) and (4.27) are in the form:
X  A cos (k x x)  B sin (k x x) (4.28)
Y  C cos( k y y )  D sin ( k y y ) (4.29)
• The total solution of the Helmholtz equation in rectangular coordinates for hz
can be then written as:
hz ( x, y )  [ A cos ( k x x)  B sin (k x x)][C cos(k y y )  D sin (k y y )]
 j z (4.30)
H z ( x, y , z )  hz ( x, y )e
• The propagation of the wave in the guide is conventionally assumed in the
positive z direction.
• To evaluate the constants in (4.30) [A, B, C, D, kx and ky], we must apply the
boundary condition of the field components in the waveguide.
• In general at the surface of a perfect conductor, the following boundary
conditions are valid: (4.31)
E tan gential  0
• Thus, the boundary condition of the electric field
components tangential to waveguide walls are :
E x ( x, y , z )  0 at y  0, b (4.32)
E y ( x , y , z )  0 at x  0 , a (4.33)
30 of 66 ECE440 Ch 4_Waveguides Prof Fawzy Ibrahim
 4.4 TE Modes Rectangular Waveguide (Continued)
• We thus can not use hz of (4.30) directly, but must first use (4.10) to find ex
and ey from hz:
 j H z
Ex  2
(4.10 a) and hz ( x, y )  [ A cos (k x x)  B sin (k x x)][C cos(k y y )  D sin (k y y )]
kc y H z ( x , y , z )  h z ( x , y ) e  j z
 j   j z
E x ( x, y , z )  e k y [ A cos ( k x x )  B sin ( k x x )][  C sin( k y y )  D cos ( k y y )]
k c2
j H z (4.34)
Ey  (4.10 b) 
kc2 x
 j  jz
E y ( x, y , z )  2
e k x [ A sin (k x x )  B cos (k x x )][C cos(k y y )  D sin (k y y )]
kc (4.35)
• From (4.34) and (4.33a), at y = 0, Ex(x, 0, z) = 0, we get:
 j   j z
E x ( x ,0 , z )  e k y [ A cos ( k x x )  B sin ( k x x )][  C sin( 0 )  D cos ( 0 )]  0
k c2
 j   j z
2
e k y [ A cos ( k x x )  B sin ( k x x )][ D ]  0  D  0
kc
• From (4.34) and (4.33a), at y = b Ex(x, b, z) = 0, we get:
 j   j  z n
e k y [ A cos ( k x x )  B sin ( k x x )][  C sin( k y b )]  0  k y 
k c2 b
31 of 66 ECE440 Ch 4_Waveguides Prof Fawzy Ibrahim
 4.4 TE Modes Rectangular Waveguide (Continued)
• From (4.34) and (4.33b), at x = 0, Ey(0, y, z) = 0, we get:
 j  jz
E y (0, y, z )  2
e k x [ A sin (0)  B cos (0)][C cos( k y y )  D sin (k y y )]  0
kc
 j  jz
2
e k x [ B ][C cos(k y y )  D sin (k y y )]  0  B  0
kc
• From (4.34) and (4.33b), at x = a, Ey(a, y) = 0, we get:

 j  jz m
E y ( a, y , z )  e k x [  A sin ( k x a ) ][C cos( k y y )  D sin ( k y y )]  0  k x 
k c2 a
• Substitute for (D = 0 and ky = n/b for n = 0,1,2, ….) and (B = 0 and kx = m/a
for m = 0,1,2, ….), the final solution for Hz (4.30) is then given by:

 j z  mx   ny   jz

H z ( x, y, z )  hz ( x, y )e  Amn cos  cos e (4.36)
 a   b 
• Where Amn is an arbitrary constant composed of the remaining constants A and C
of (4.30) and kc is given by:
2 2
 m   n 
2 2
kc  k  k   x  
y 
 a   b 
32 of 66 ECE440 Ch 4_Waveguides Prof Fawzy Ibrahim
4.4 TE Modes Rectangular Waveguide (Continued)
• The transverse field components of the TEmn mode can be found using (4.9)
and (4.10) in terms of Hz (4.36) we obtain:
jn mx ny  jz (4.37)
E x ( x, y , z )  2
Amn cos( ) sin( )e
kc b a b
 jm mx ny  jz (4.38)
E y ( x, y , z )  2
Amn sin( ) cos( )e
kc a a b
j m  m x n  y  j z
H x ( x, y, z)  2
A mn sin( ) cos( )e (4.39)
kc a a b
j n  m x n  y  j z
H y ( x, y, z )  2
A mn cos( ) sin( )e (4.40)
kc b a b
• The propagation constant  is given by:
2 2
2 2 2 2 2
  m   n  
  k  kc     k c          (4.41)
 a   b  
• Which is seen to be real when: 2 2
 m   n 
k  kc and kc  k x2  k y2     
 a   b 
33 of 66 ECE440 Ch 4_Waveguides Prof Fawzy Ibrahim
4.4 TE Modes Rectangular Waveguide (Continued)
• There are three cases for the propagation constant  in the waveguide:

2 2 2
 m  2  n  2 
2 2
Case 1:  = 0   k  k     k     
c c     0
 a   b  
• At a particular frequency c the value of  = 0 and there will be no wave
propagation (evanescence) in the guide, in this case.
K  Kc or  c2   k c2
• This is the critical condition for cutoff. Each mode (combination of m and n)
thus has a cutoff frequency fcmn is expressed as:
2 2
 m   n 
 c2mn   k c2  ( 2 f c mn ) 2   k c2     
 a   b 
2 2
kc 1  m   n 
f cmn      
2   2    a   b 
2 2 (4.42)
VDielectric  m   n 
     VDielectric is the wave velocity in the
2  a   b  dielectric filling the waveguide.
If it is air filled, VDielectric = c
34 of 66 ECE440 Ch 4_Waveguides Prof Fawzy Ibrahim
4.4 TE Modes Rectangular Waveguide (Continued)
2 2 2 2
 m  2  n  2 
2
Case 2:  > 0   k  k     k      a    b    0
c c
    
• The wave will be propagating in the waveguide, in this case.
K  Kc or  2   k c2
• And  is expressed as:
2 2 2
2
  m    n    f cmn 
             1   
 a   b    f  (4.43)

• Where f is operating or wave frequency. (4.43) states that the operating

frequency, f must be above the cutoff frequency, fcmn in order to a wave to
propagate in the guide.
• This is the pass-band of the waveguide. Within the pass-band the wave
parameters are explained in the next section.

35 of 66 ECE440 Ch 4_Waveguides Prof Fawzy Ibrahim

4.4 TE Modes Rectangular Waveguide (Continued)
Wave Parameters
1. The phase velocity vp is the velocity of a point of constant phase or
t - z = constant and is given by:
dz  1 VDielectric
vp    
dt   f cmn 
2
 f cmn 
2
(4.44 a)
  1    1   
 f   f 
where fcmn is cutoff frequency and VDieclectric is the wave velocity in the dielectric
with permeability  and permittivity .
• The group velocity vg is the velocity is at which the energy consisting of a
frequency region of the spectrum propagates:
2
d 1  fc 
vg    VDielctric 1   mn  (4.44b)
d d / d  f 
2 Dielectric
2. The wavelength  is:  
 2 (4.45a)
 fc 
1   mn 
 f 
Another expression for the critical wavelength is as follows: Since k c2  k x2  k y2
36 of 66 ECE440 Ch 4_Waveguides Prof Fawzy Ibrahim
4.4 TE Modes Rectangular Waveguide (Continued)
Wave Parameters
2
 2   m  2  n  2 2
    and cmn 
 c   a   b  2 2 (4.45b)
 mn  m n
   
 a  b
From (4.42) and (4.45), the mode characteristics for rectangular waveguide
(a > 2b) cmn and fcmn are shown in Fig. 4.9.
2 2 2
cmn  V  m   n 
2
m n
2 f cmn  Dielectric    
    2  a   b 
 a  b

Fig. 4.9 the mode characteristics for rectangular waveguide c and fc.
37 of 66 ECE440 Ch 4_Waveguides Prof Fawzy Ibrahim
4.4 TE Modes Rectangular Waveguide (Continued)
Wave Parameters
• From Fig. 4.9, it is clear that each mode has its cutoff wavelength.
• The Dominant Mode is the mode having maximum wavelength (c10 = 2a) or
minimum cutoff frequency cutoff frequency.
• All waves having  < c can pass through the guide, otherwise it will not pass.
• The dimension a of the waveguide is chosen so that the signal frequency is at
least 15% - 20% higher than the cutoff frequency of the TE10 mode
(fc10 = VDielectric / 2a) and no more than (90% - 95%) of the cutoff frequency of
the TE20 mode ((fc02 = VDielectric / a) ).
• This means that the largest dimension for only one mode propagation is
characterized by the bandwidth as:
VDielectric VDielectric (4.45c)
(1.15  1.2)  f  (0.9  0.95)
2a a
E x  E y  k
3. The wave impedance (4.14): Z TE    
Hy Hx  
Substitute by , the wave impedance is given by:
  /
ZTE  
 f cmn 
2
 f cmn 
2 (4.46)
   1    1   
 f   f 
38 of 66 ECE440 Ch 4_Waveguides Prof Fawzy Ibrahim
4.4 TE Modes Rectangular Waveguide (Continued)
2 2
 m  2  n  2 
2 2 2
Case 3:  < 0   k  k     k     
c   c  0
 a   b  
• No propagation will take place, in this case. K  Kc or  2   k c2
2
And  is expressed as:
2  m 2
    n
2
 f cmn 
           j  1   
 a   b    f  (4.47)
• Which is pure imaginary. This means that if the operating frequency is below
the cutoff frequency, the wave will decay exponentially with respect to a factor
of -z and there will be no wave propagation (evanescent mode).
• The propagation constant in this case is pure imaginary, which is an
attenuation factor.
• This case is in fact the case of the band-stop range for the waveguide.
• The mode with the lowest cutoff frequency is called the dominant mode, since
we have assumed the a > b, the lowest fc occurs for the TE10 (m=1, n=0) mode:
1 V Dielectric
f c 01   (4.48)
2a  2a
• Thus the TE10 mode is the dominant mode and, as we will see, the overall
dominant mode of the rectangular waveguide.
39 of 66 ECE440 Ch 4_Waveguides Prof Fawzy Ibrahim
4.4 TE Modes Rectangular Waveguide (Continued)
THE DOMINANT MODE in a particular guide is the mode having the lowest
cutoff frequency. Thus the TE10 mode is the dominant mode
• For m = 0 and n = 0, all the E and H field components (4.37)-(4.40) are all zero;
therefore there is no TE00 mode.
• If the frequency of the signal is above the cutoff frequency for a given mode,
the electromagnetic energy can be transmitted through the guide for that
particular mode without attenuation (apart from the wall loss).
• The electromagnetic energy with a frequency below the cutoff frequency for
that particular mode will be attenuated to a negligible value in a relatively short
distance.
• It is advisable to choose the dimensions of a guide in such a way that, for a
given input signal, only the energy of the dominant mode can be transmitted
through the guide.
• The electromagnetic fields are confined within the conducting walls of the
guide. This means that the rectangular tube is guiding the electromagnetic
wave from one end to the other.
• When the waves travel longitudinally down the guide, the plane waves are
reflected from wall to wall. This process results in a component of either
electric or magnetic field in the direction of propagation of the resultant wave.
The resultant wave is not a transverse electromagnetic (TEM) wave
40 of 66 ECE440 Ch 4_Waveguides Prof Fawzy Ibrahim
4.4 TE Modes Rectangular Waveguide (Continued)
Example 4.1
An air-filed copper rectangular waveguide has dimensions a = 2 cm and
b = 1 cm. Determine the range of frequencies over which the waveguide will
operate single mode (TE10) mode.
2 2
Solution: V  m   n 
From (4.42) the frequency for TE is given by: f c  Dielectric    
mn
2  a   b 
• Since the waveguide is air filled then for mode , TE10, n =1 and m=0, we get:
C 3 x10 8
f c10   2
 7 . 5 GHz
2 a 2 x 2 x10
• The next higher-order mode will either TE20 or TE01. From (4.42) we have the
same cutoff frequency for both modes, since a = 2b which is given by:
2 2
C  2  C C   C
f c 20  Dielectric     f c 01      15 GHz
2  a  a 2 b 2b
Thus the operating range of frequencies over which the waveguide will
operate single mode is 7.5 GHz < f < 15 GHz.

41 of 66 ECE440 Ch 4_Waveguides Prof Fawzy Ibrahim

4.4 Rectangular Waveguide (Continued)
Example 4.2
An air-filed copper rectangular waveguide has dimensions a = 4.5 cm and
b = 9 cm. Determine:
a) The cutoff wavelength c for the dominant mode.
b) The phase velocity Vp in the waveguide at 1.6 times the cutoff frequency.
c) Repeat (a) and (b) if guide filled dielectric having (r= 1 and r = 1.7).
Solution:
From (4.45), the wavelength c for TE is given by:   2
cmn 2 2
m n
a) The dominant mode is TE10 or TE01.    
For TE10 m = 1 and n = 0, so c is: c = 2a = 9 cm.  a  b
For TE01 m = 0 and n = 1, so c is: c = 2b = 18 cm.
2 Dielectric
Therefore, the cutoff wavelength c = 2b = 18 cm.  
  f cmn 
2

b) From (4.44), Vp at 1.6 times the cutoff frequency is given by: 1   

V Dielectric C  f 
vp    1 . 28 c m / s

1  f c mn / f 
2
1  1 / 1 . 6 
2

c) c for (r= 1 and r = 1.7) is given by : c01  2 x9  r  23.5 cm

C / 1 .7
Vp for (r= 1 and r = 1.7) is given by : vp   0 . 98 c m / s
2
1  1 / 1 . 6 
42 of 66 ECE440 Ch 4_Waveguides Prof Fawzy Ibrahim
4.4 TE Modes Rectangular Waveguide (Continued)
Example 4.3
Consider a copper K-band rectangular waveguide Teflon-filed having (r= 1
and r = 2.08), if its dimensions are: a = 1.07 cm and b = 0.43 cm do the
following:
a) Calculate The cutoff frequency, fc, for the first five modes (TE10, TE20,
TE01, TE11 and TE21) to propagate.
b) At f = 15 GHz, determine the propagating mode.
c) Calculate: the wave number, k, the cutoff wave number, kc, the propagation
constant, , the cutoff wavelength, c, waveguide wavelength,  and the
phase velocity, Vp.
Solution:
a) From (4.42) the frequency for TE is given by: Mode m n Fc (GHz)
2 2
V  m   n  TE10 1 0 9.72
f cmn  Dielectric    
2 TE20 2 0 19.44
 a   b 
These values are listed in the table shown. TE01 0 1 24.19
b) At f = 15 GHz, from the listed values in the table TE11 1 1 26.07
it is clear that fc10 < f < fc20. Therefore, Mode
TE21 2 1 31.03
TE10 is the propagating mode in this waveguide
43 of 66 ECE440 Ch 4_Waveguides Prof Fawzy Ibrahim
4.4 TE Modes Rectangular Waveguide (Continued)
Example 4.3 Solution:
c) the wave number, k, is:
1
k     2f   2x15 x109 4x10  7 x x10 9 x 2.08  453.1 rad / m
36
The cutoff wave number, kc is:
2 2 2
 m   n    
kc         0  2
 293.6 rad / m
 a   b  a 1.07 x10
The propagation constant,  is:
2 2
 m   n 
  k 2  kc2   2   kc2   2     
2 2
  (453.1)  (293.6)  345.1 rad / m
 a   b 
2 2
The cutoff wavelength, c, is:  c10    2 . 14 cm
kc 293 . 6
2 2
The waveguide wavelength,  is:     1 . 82 cm
 345 . 1
9
 2  x15 x 10
The phase velocity, Vp is: vp    2 . 73 x10 8 m / s
 345 . 1
44 of 66 ECE440 Ch 4_Waveguides Prof Fawzy Ibrahim
 4.4 TE Modes Rectangular Waveguide (Continued)
• When m = 1 and n = 0, the field components of the TE10 mode can be found
using (4.37) and (4.40) in terms of Hz (4.36) we obtain:
 mx   ny   jz  H ( x, y , z )  A cos(x )e  jz (4.49a)
H z ( x, y, z )  Amn cos  cos e z 10
 a   b  a
 jm mx ny  jz 
E y ( x, y , z )  Amn sin( ) cos( )e
kc2 a a b
 ja x
E y ( x, y , z )  A10 sin( )e  jz (4.49b)
 a
j m  m x n  y  j z
H x ( x, y, z )  A mn sin( ) cos( )e 
k c2 a a b
j a  x  j z (4.49c)
H x ( x, y, z)  A10 sin( )e
 a
Ex  Ez  H y  0 (4.49d)
• The propagation constant  for TE10 is given by:

  k 2  k c2   2   ( ) 2 (4.50)
a
• Which is seen to be real when: k  kc
45 of 66 ECE440 Ch 4_Waveguides Prof Fawzy Ibrahim
4.4 TE Modes Rectangular Waveguide (Continued)
• Fig 4.10 shows the field lines for the TE10 mode.

Fig 4.10 The field lines for the TE10 mode.

46 of 66 ECE440 Ch 4_Waveguides Prof Fawzy Ibrahim
4.5 Power Transmitted in Rectangular Waveguide
• To determine power flow in the waveguide, we first find the average power
density:  1  
Pdav  Re( E xH * )
2
• In the case of waveguide, the average power density is along the z-direction
so that:
aˆ x aˆ y aˆ z
 1  * 1 | E x | 2
 | E y | 2

Pdav  ( ExH )  1
2 Ex Ey E y  Re( E x H *y  E y H x* ) aˆ z  aˆ z
2 2 2
H x* H *y Hz*

where  = TE for TE modes or  = TM for TM modes. The total average
power transmitted across the cross section of the waveguide is given by:

  xa y b
| E x |2  | E y | 2
Pave   Pdav .dS    dxdy
x 0 y 0
2

47 of 66 ECE440 Ch 4_Waveguides Prof Fawzy Ibrahim

4.5 Power Transmitted in Rectangular Waveguide (Continued)
Example 4.4
Consider a copper K-band rectangular waveguide Teflon-filed having (r= 1
and r = 2.08), if its dimensions are: a = 0.43 cm and b = 1.07 cm and the
longitudinal magnetic field component, Hz for the TEmn modes, is given by:
 mx   ny   jz
H z ( x, y, z )  50 cos  cos e [mA / m]
 a   b 
For the dominant mode only do the following:
a) Determine and calculate the cutoff frequency, fc and the waveguide
bandwidth, BW.
b) When the operating frequency, f = 15 GHz, calculate the wave parameters in
this guide: the phase velocity, Vp, wavelength, , and wave impedance ZTE.
c) Derive the four transverse field components (Ex, Ey, Hx, and Hy).

d) Determine average power density, Pdav and then calculate the total average
power, P transmitted through the waveguide
av

Useful relations:
For rectangular waveguide, the four transverse fields (Ex, Ey, Hx, and Hy) are:
j  E z H z  E x  k
 j  E H z  Ey        Z TE   
E x  2   z    k c2  y  x 
k c  x y  Hy  
48 of 66 ECE440 Ch 4_Waveguides Prof Fawzy Ibrahim
4.5 Power Transmitted in Rectangular Waveguide (Continued)
j  E z H z   j E z H z   | E x |2  | E y |2 
Hx   
2 
  H y  2     Pdav 
x 
az
kc  y kc  x y  2 ZTE

Solution:
2 2 2 2
a) The frequency for TEmn is given by: f c  VDielectric  m    n   c m n
   
mn
2 a b 2 r  a  b
Since for this waveguide b > a then the mode dominant is TE01, m =0 and n=1, we
get: C 3 x108
f c01   9.72 GHz
(2  r )b 2 x 2.08 x1.07 x10  2
The next higher-order mode will be either TE10 or TE02. Since b >2a, fc for TE02 is
given by: f  C  3 x108
c02  19.44 GHz
(  r )b ( 2.08 ) x1.07 x10  2
The guide bandwidth for the mode TE01 is given by:
1.15 f c01  f  0.95 f c02 or 1.15 x9.72  f  0.95 x19.44
Then bandwidth is: 11.18 GHz  f  18.47 GHz

b) The wave number, k, is given by:

1
k     2f   2x15 x109 4x10 7 x 2.08 x x10 9  453.09 rad / m
36
49 of 66 ECE440 Ch 4_Waveguides Prof Fawzy Ibrahim
4.5 Power Transmitted in Rectangular Waveguide (Continued)
Example 4.4 Solution:
The cutoff wave number, kc, is given by:
2 2 2
 m   n    
kc       0   2
 293.61 rad / m
 a   b  b
  1. 07 x10
The propagation constant, , is given by:
  k 2  kc2   2   kc2  (453.09) 2  ( 293.61) 2  345.09 rad / m
The phase velocity, Vp, and wavelength,  are given by:
 2x15 x10 9 2 2
vp    2.73x108 m / s    0.018 m  1.8 cm
 345.09  345.09
The wave impedance, ZTE, is given by:
E x  k 453.09 x377
Z TE      494.99 
Hy   345.09
c) For the TE01 modes, Ez(x, y, z) = 0 and Hz (x, y, z) is given by:
 mx   ny   jz  y 
H z ( x, y, z )  50 cos  cos e  50 cos e  jz  50 cos( 293.61y )e  j 345.09 z [mA / m]
 a   b   b 
Ex (x, y, z) is given by:
 j  E z H z   j H z   j
Ex  
2 
k c  x
 
y
  2  
y
  2

50 x 293.61x(  sin(293.61y )e  j 345.09 z 
 kc   kc

50 of 66 ECE440 Ch 4_Waveguides Prof Fawzy Ibrahim

4.5 Power Transmitted in Rectangular Waveguide (Continued)
Example 4.4 Solution:
Ex (x, y, z) is also given by:
j 2x15 x109 x 4x10 7  j 345.09 z  j ( 345.09 z 90o )
Ex  x 50 x 293.61x sin( 293. 61 y ) e  1 . 605 sin( 293. 61 y ) e [V / m]
( 293.61) 2
and j  E H z 
Ey     z     0
k c2  y x 
Similarly, Hy (x, y, z) is given by:
j 345.09  j 345.09 z  j ( 345.09 z 90o )
Hy  x 0. 5 x 293. 61x sin( 293.61 y ) e  59 sin( 293. 61 y ) e [mA / m]
(293.61) 2
and H  j   E z   H z   0
x 2  
kc  y x 

d) The average power density, Pdav is:
 | E x | 2  | E y |2   2
1.6.05 
Pdav  az  a z  2.6 mW / m 2
2 Z TE 2 x 494.99

The total average power, Pav transmitted through the waveguide is given by:
  x a y b

Pave   Pdav .dS    2.6 dxdy  2.6(ab )  2.6(1.07 x0.43) x10 4  0.1197 mW
x 0 y 0

51 of 66 ECE440 Ch 4_Waveguides Prof Fawzy Ibrahim

4.6 TM Modes in Rectangular Waveguide
• The geometry a rectangular wave guide is shown in Fig. 4.11.
• It is assumed that the guide is filled with a material of permittivity  and
permeability .
• It is standard convention to have the longest side of the waveguide along the x-
axis, so that a > b.
• The TM modes are characterized by the fields with Hz = 0, while Ez described
by equation (4.1) must satisfy the reduced wave equation (4.19):
 2 2 
 2  2  kc2 ez ( x, y )  0 (4.52)
 x y 
where E z ( x , y , z )  e z ( x , y ) e  j z
and k c2  k 2   2 Is the cutoff wave number
• The partial differential equation (4.52) can be solved
by the method of separation of variables exactly as
in the TE wave, by letting:
ez ( x, y )  X ( x)Y ( y ) (4.53) Fig. 4.11 Geometry of a
• X(x) = is a function of the x coordinate only rectangular waveguide.
• Y(y) = is a function of the y coordinate only
52 of 66 ECE440 Ch 4_Waveguides Prof Fawzy Ibrahim
4.6 TM Modes in Rectangular Waveguide (Continued)
• By substituting (4.53) into (4.52) to obtain:
d2X d 2Y 2
Y 2
 X 2
 k c XY  0 (4.54)
dx dy
Divide both sides of (4.54) by XY, we get
1 d 2X 1 d 2Y 2 (4.55)
2
 2
 k c  0
X dx Y dy
• Then solve by the usual separation of variable arguments. Since the sum of
the two terms of the left hand side of (4.55) is a constant and each term
is independently variable, it follows that each term must be a constant.
• So we define separation constants kx and ky such that:
k c2  k x2  k y2 (4.56)
• Thus (4.55) can be separated into two equations as follows:
d2X 2
2
 k xX 0 (4.57)
dx
d 2Y 2 (4.58)
2
 k y Y  0
dy
53 of 66 ECE440 Ch 4_Waveguides Prof Fawzy Ibrahim
4.6 TM Modes in Rectangular Waveguide (Continued)
• The general solution of these equations (4.57) and (4.58) are in the form:
X  A cos (k x x)  B sin (k x x) (4.59)
Y  C cos( k y y )  D sin ( k y y ) (4.60)
• The total solution of the Helmholtz equation in rectangular coordinates for ez
can be then written as:

ez ( x, y )  [ A cos (k x x )  B sin (k x x)][C cos(k y y )  D sin (k y y )] (4.61)

• The propagation of the wave in the guide is conventionally assumed in the

positive z direction. There fore the electric field component in z direction is:
E z ( x , y , z )  e z ( x , y ) e  j z
E z ( x, y, z )  [ A cos (k x x)  B sin (k x x)][C cos(k y y )  D sin (k y y )]e  jz
(4.62)
• To evaluate the constants in (4.61) [A, B, C, D, kx and ky], we must apply the
boundary condition of the field components in the waveguide.
• In general at the surface of a perfect conductor, the following boundary
conditions are valid:
E tan gential  0 (4.63)
54 of 66 ECE440 Ch 4_Waveguides Prof Fawzy Ibrahim
4.6 TM Modes in Rectangular Waveguide (Continued)
• Thus, the boundary condition of the electric field components tangential to
waveguide walls are :
E z ( x, y, z )  0 at x  0 , a (4.64a)
E z ( x, y , z )  0 at y  0, b (4.64b)
• From (4.62) and (4.64a), we get at x =0:
E z (0, y, z )  [ A cos (k x 0)  B sin (k x 0)][C cos(k y y )  D sin (k y y )]e  jz  0
• Which results; A = 0 an at x = a, we have
E z (a, y, z )  [ B sin (k x a )][C cos(k y y )  D sin (k y y )]e  jz  0
• Which results kx = m/a for m = 1,2, 3, … From (4.62) and (4.64b), at y = 0:
 2 
E z ( x,0, z )  [ B sin x  ][C cos(k y 0)  D sin (k y 0)]e  jz  0
 a 
• Which results C = 0 and at y = b we get:
 2 
E z ( x, b, z )  B sin  x  x D sin (k y b)e  jz  0
 a 
• ky = n/b for n = 1,2, 3,…The final solution for ez is then given by:
mx ny  jz
E z ( x, y, z )  Bmn sin( ) sin( )e (4.65)
a b
• Where Bmn is an arbitrary constant composed of the constants B and D.
55 of 66 ECE440 Ch 4_Waveguides Prof Fawzy Ibrahim
4.6 TM Modes in Rectangular Waveguide (Continued)
• The transverse field components of the TMmn mode can be found using (4.9)
and (4.10) in terms of Ez (4.65) we obtain:
 jm mx ny  jz (4.66)
E x ( x, y , z )  2
Bmn cos( ) sin( )e
kc a a b
 j n mx ny  jz (4.67)
E y ( x, y , z )  2
Bmn sin( ) cos( )e
kc b a b
j  n  m x n  y  j z
H x ( x, y, z)  2
B mn sin( ) cos( )e (4.68)
kc b a b
 j  m  m x n  y  j z
H y ( x, y, z )  2
B mn cos( ) sin( )e (4.69)
kc a a b
• As for TE the propagation constant  is given by:
2 2
2 2 2 2 2
  m   n   
  k  kc     kc          (4.70)
 a   b  
• Which is seen to be real when: k  kc
56 of 66 ECE440 Ch 4_Waveguides Prof Fawzy Ibrahim
4.6 TM Modes in Rectangular Waveguide (Continued)
• As for TE there are three cases for the propagation constant  in the
waveguide:
Case 1:  = 0
• At a particular frequency c the value of  = 0 and there will be no wave
propagation (evanescence) in the guide, in this case.
K  Kc or  c2   k c2
• This is the critical condition for cutoff.
• Each mode (combination of m and n) thus has a cutoff frequency fc. The cutoff
frequency for the TMmn modes is expressed as:
 m  2  n  2  2
2 2
1  m   n  
   2f  
2
          
 a   b     a   b  
2 2
kc 1  m   n 
f cmn       (4.71)
2   2    a   b 
• The cutoff frequency fc for the TMmn modes (4.71) is the same as that for the
TEmn modes (4.42).
• The guide wavelength and phase velocity for the TM modes are the same as
those for the TE modes.
57 of 66 ECE440 Ch 4_Waveguides Prof Fawzy Ibrahim
4.6 TM Modes in Rectangular Waveguide (Continued)
Case 2:  > 0
• The wave will be propagating in the waveguide, in this case.
K  Kc or  c2   k c2
• And  is expressed as:
2 2 2
2  m   n   f cmn  (4.72)
            1   
 a   b   f 
• This means that the operating frequency must be above the cutoff frequency in
order to a wave to propagate in the guide.
• This is the pass-band of the waveguide. Within the pass-band the wave
parameters are explained as follows:

Wave Parameters
1. The phase velocity vp is the velocity of a point of constant phase or
t - z = constant and
dz  1 VDielectric
vp    
dt   fc 
2
 f cmn 
2 (4.73a)
  1    1   
 f   f 
58 of 66 ECE440 Ch 4_Waveguides Prof Fawzy Ibrahim
4.6 TM Modes in Rectangular Waveguide (Continued)
Wave Parameters
where fcmn is cutoff frequency and CDieclectric is the wave velocity in the dielectric
with permeability  and permittivity .
• The group velocity vg is the velocity is at which the energy consisting of a
frequency region of the spectrum propagates:
2
d 1  f cmn 
vg    C Dielctric 1    (4.73b)
d d / d  f 
2 Dielectric
2. The wavelength  is:   
 2 (4.74a)
 f cmn 
1   
 f 
Another expression for the critical wavelength is as follows:
2
k c2  k x2  k y2
 2   2m  2  2n  2 2
    and cmn 
 c   a   b  2 2 (4.74c)
 mn  m n
   
 a  b
From (4.71) and (4.74b), the mode characteristics for rectangular waveguide c
and fc can be drawn in a figure similar to that shown in Fig. 4.9.
59 of 66 ECE440 Ch 4_Waveguides Prof Fawzy Ibrahim
4.6 TM Modes in Rectangular Waveguide (Continued)
3. The wave impedance (4.20):
Ex  Ey  
Z TM     (4.75a)
Hy Hx  k
Substitute by , the wave impedance is given by:
2
f  
   1   c  2
 f   f  (4.75b)
Z TM    /  1   c 
Case 3:  < 0    f 
• No propagation will take place, in this case. K  Kc or  c2   k c2
• And  is expressed as:
2 2 2
  m   n    f cmn 
2
           j     1 (4.76)
 a   b    f 
• Which is pure imaginary. This means that if the operating frequency is below
the cutoff frequency, the wave will decay exponentially with respect to a factor
of -z and there will be no wave propagation.
• The propagation constant in this case is pure imaginary, which is an
attenuation factor.
• This case is in fact the case of the band-stop range for the waveguide.
60 of 66 ECE440 Ch 4_Waveguides Prof Fawzy Ibrahim
 4.6 TM Modes in Rectangular Waveguide (Continued)
• Observe that the expressions for E and H (4.56)-(4.59) are identically zero if
either m = 0 or n = 0.
• Thus there is no TM00 , TM01, or TM10 modes.
• The lowest cutoff frequency is called the dominant mode, since we have
assumed the a > b, the lowest order TM to propagate fc occurs for the TM11
(m=1, n=1) mode, having a cutoff frequency of:
2 2
1    
f c11       (4.77)
2  a
   b 

• From (4.48) and (4.77) fc11 for the TM mode is greater than fc10 for the TE mode.
• A given waveguide have a definite cutoff frequency for each allowed mode.
• If the frequency of the signal is above the cutoff frequency for a given mode, the
electromagnetic energy can be transmitted through the guide for that particular
mode without attenuation (apart from the wall loss).
• The electromagnetic energy with a frequency below the cutoff frequency for that
particular mode will be attenuated to a negligible value in a relatively short
distance

61 of 66 ECE440 Ch 4_Waveguides Prof Fawzy Ibrahim

4.6 TM Modes in Rectangular Waveguide (Continued)
• When m = 1 and n = 1, the field components of the TM11 mode can be found
using (4.66) to (4.69) as:
x y
E z ( x, y , z )  B11 sin( ) sin( )e  jz (4.78a)
a b
 j x y  jz
E x ( x, y, z )  2 B11 cos( ) sin( )e (4.78b)
kc a a b
 j x y (4.78c)
E y ( x, y , z )  2 B11 sin( ) cos( )e  jz
kc b a b
j  x  y  j z (4.79a)
H x ( x, y, z)  2
B 11 sin( ) cos( )e
kc b a b
 j  x  y  j z
H y ( x, y, z)  2
B 11 cos( ) sin( )e (4.79b)
kc a a b
H z ( x, y , z )  0
• The propagation constant  for TM11 is given by:
2 2
2 2 2
     
  k  k c           (4.80)
 a   b  
62 of 66 ECE440 Ch 4_Waveguides Prof Fawzy Ibrahim
4.6 TM Modes in Rectangular Waveguide (Continued)
• Fig 4.12 shows the field lines for the TM11.

Fig 4.12 The field lines for the TM11mode.

63 of 66 ECE440 Ch 4_Waveguides Prof Fawzy Ibrahim
4.6 TM Modes Rectangular Waveguide (Continued)
Example 4.5
Consider a copper K-band rectangular waveguide Teflon-filed having (r= 1 and
r = 2.08), if its dimensions are: a = 1.07 cm and b = 0.43 cm do the following:
a) Calculate The cutoff frequency, fc, for the first five modes (TE10, TE20,
TE01, TM11 and TM21) to propagate.
b) At f = 30 GHz, determine the propagating modes.
c) At f = 15 GHz, calculate: the wave number, k, the cutoff wave number, kc,
the propagation constant, , the cutoff wavelength, c, waveguide
wavelength,  and the phase velocity, Vp.

Solution:
a) From (4.42) and (4.71) the frequency for TE
or TM mode is given by: Mode m n Fc (GHz)
2 2 TE10 1 0 9.72
VDielectric  m   n 
f cmn      TE20 2 0 19.44
2  a   b 
These values are listed in the table shown. TE01 0 1 24.19
b) At f = 30 GHz, from the listed values in the table TE11,TM11 1 1 26.07
it is clear that TE10, TE20, TE01, TE11, TM11 are
the propagating modes in this waveguide. TE21,TM21 2 1 31.03
64 of 66 ECE440 Ch 4_Waveguides Prof Fawzy Ibrahim
4.6 TM Modes Rectangular Waveguide (Continued)
Example 4.5 Solution: c) the wave number, k, is:
2 2 2
 m   n     1
kc         0   293. 6 m
 a   b  a 1.07 x10  2
The cutoff wave number, kc is:
1
k     2f   2x15 x10 9 4x10 7 x x10 9 x 2.08  453.1 m 1
The propagation constant,  is:
36
2 2
 m   n  1
  k 2  kc2   2   kc2   2     
2 2
  (453.1)  ( 293.6)  345.1 m
 a   b 
2 2
The cutoff wavelength, c, is:  c10   2 . 14 cm
kc 293 . 6
The waveguide wavelength,  is: 2 2
    1 . 82 cm
 345 . 1
 2 x15 x10 9
The phase velocity, Vp is: vp    2 . 73 x10 8 m / s
 345 . 1

65 of 66 ECE440 Ch 4_Waveguides Prof Fawzy Ibrahim

4.6 TM Modes Rectangular Waveguide (Continued)
Example 4.6 [Plz solve as Example 4.4 but for TM Mode]
Consider a copper K-band rectangular waveguide air filled, if its dimensions
are: a = 1.5 cm and b = 1 cm and the longitudinal magnetic field component,
Hz for the TMmn modes, is given by:
 mx   ny   jz
E z ( x, y, z )  50 sin   sin  e [mV / m]
 a   b 
For the dominant mode only do the following:
a) Determine and calculate the cutoff frequency, fc and the waveguide bandwidth,
BW.
b) When the operating frequency, f = 22 GHz, calculate the wave parameters in
this guide: the phase velocity, Vp, wavelength, , and wave impedance ZTE.
c) Derive the four transverse field components (Ex, Ey, Hx, and Hy).

d) Determine average power density, Pdav and then calculate the total average
power, P transmitted through the waveguide.
av

Useful relations:
For rectangular waveguide, the four transverse fields (Ex, Ey, Hx, and Hy) are:
j  E z H z  E x  k
 j  E H z  E y  2       Z TE   
E x  2   z    kc  y x  Hy  
k c  x y 
j  E z H z   j E z H z   | E x |2  | E y |2 
H x  2     H y  2     Pdav  az
kc  y x  kc  x y  2 ZTE

66 of 66 ECE440 Ch 4_Waveguides Prof Fawzy Ibrahim