The language of functions

Exercise 4.1
① Describe each of the mappings in Figure 4.24 ④ (i) A function is defined by f(x) = 2x − 5. Write
as either one-to-one, many-to-one, one-to- down the values of
many or many-to-many, and say whether it (a) f(0) (b) f(7) (c) f(−3).
represents a function.
(ii) A function is defined by
(i) (ii) g:(polygons) → (number of sides).
What are the following:
(a) g(triangle) (b) g(pentagon)
(c) g(decagon)
(iii) (iv) (iii) The function t maps Celsius temperatures
on to Fahrenheit temperatures. It is
9C
defined by t: C → 5 + 32. Find

(v) (vi) (a) t(0) (b) t(28) (c) t(−10)

(d)
the value of C when t(C) = C.
⑤ Find the range of each of the following
functions.
(You may find it helpful to draw the graph
Figure 4.24 first.)
② For each of the following mappings: (i) f(x) = 2 − 3x x > 0
(a) write down a few examples of inputs (ii) y = x² + 2 x ∈ {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}
and corresponding outputs (iii) f : x → x³ − 4 x »∈
(b) state the type of mapping (iv) y = tan θ 0° < θ < 90°
(one-to-one,many-to-one,etc.).
(v) y = cos x − π< < x π
(i) Words → number of letters they 4 4
contain ⑥ Find the range of each of the following
(ii) Side of a square in cm → its perimeter functions.
in cm (You may find it helpful to draw the graph
(iii) Natural numbers → the number of first.)
factors (including 1 and the number (i) f : x → 2x x ∈ {−1, 0, 1, 2}
itself ) 1 x »∈
(ii) f(x) = + x 2
1
(iv) x → 2x − 5
(v) x → x (iii) f(x) = x 3− 3+ x > 3
③ For each of the following mappings:
⑦ The mapping f is defined by
(a) state the type of mapping (one-to- ⎧⎪ 2 x
0 << 3
one, many-to-one, etc.)
f (x) = ⎨ x
(b) suggest suitable domains and ranges. ⎩⎪ 3x x
3 << 10.
(i) The volume of a sphere in cm³ → its The mapping g is defined by
radius in cm ⎧⎪ 2 x
0 << 2
g( x) = ⎨ x
(ii) The volume of a cylinder in cm³ → its ⎩⎪ 3x x
2 << 10.
height in cm
Explain why f is a function and g is not.
(iii) The length of a side of a regular hexagon
in cm → its area in cm²
(iv) x → x²

78
⑧ Starting with the graph of y = x2, state the
transformations which can be used to sketch
each of the following curves. Specify the
transformations in the order in which they are
(i) y = f(x − 2)
(iii) y = 21 f(x)
(ii) y = 2f(x − 2)
(iv) y = f (2 )
x

⑪ The circle with equation x 2 + y2 = 1 is stretched

4
used and, where there is more than one stage with scale factor 3 parallel to the x-axis and with
in the sketching of the curve, state each stage. scale factor 2 parallel to the y-axis.
In each case state the equation of the line of Sketch both curves on the same graph, and
symmetry. write down the equation of the new curve. (It
is an ellipse.)
(i) y = (x − 2)2 (ii) y = 3(x − 2) 2
⑫ Figure 4.27 shows the graph of y = f(x).
(iii) y = 3x2 − 6x − 2 y
⑨ Figure 4.25 shows a sketch of the graph of (1, 1)
y = f(x), where f(x) = x 2 + 4x. 1

y y = f(x)

y = f(x)
0 x
1 2

–4 O x Figure 4.27
Sketch the graph of each of these functions.

(i) y = f(2x) (ii) y = f(x − 1)

(–2, –4)
(iii) y = 2f(x − 1) (iv) y = 3f(x)
Figure 4.25 (v) y = f(3x) (vi) y = f(3x − 1)
Draw separate sketches of the following ⑬ Starting with the curve y = cos x, state how
functions. transformations can be used to sketch these
In each case describe the transformations from curves.
y = f(x). (i) y = 3 cos x (ii) y = cos 3x − 1
(i) y = f(x) − 2 (ii) y = f(x − 2) (iii) y = cos(3x + 30°)
⑭ For each of the following curves:
(iii) y = 2f(x) + 3 (iv) y = f(2x) + 3 (a) sketch the curve
(v) y = 3f(x − 2) (b) identify the curve as being the same
⑩ Figure 4.26 shows a sketch of the graph of as one of the following:
y = f(x), where f(x) = 6x − x 2. y = ±sin x, y = ±cos x or
y y = ±tan x.
(3, 9)
(i) y = cos(−x) (ii) y = tan(−x)
y = f(x) (iii) y = sin(π − x) (iv) y = tan(π − x)
(v) y = sin(−x)
O 6 x
⑮ (i) Write the expression x 2 − 6x + 14 in

the form (x − a) 2 + b where a and b are

numbers which you are to find.
Figure 4.26 (ii) Sketch 2the curves y = x and 2

Use this graph to sketch the following curves y = x − 6x + 14 and state the
on separate diagrams. transformation which maps y = x 2 on to
In each case indicate clearly where the graph y = x 2 − 6x + 14.
crosses the x-axis and the coordinates of its
highest point.
(iii) The curve y = x − 6x + 14 is reflected in
2

the x-axis. Write down the equation of

the image.

79
 Composite functions
⑯ Starting with the graph of y = x , state the ⑱ In Figure 4.29, y = f(x) is the curve
2

transformations which can be used to sketch y = ln(2x + 1) and y = g(x) is its reflection in
y = 2x − 1 − x 2. the line x = 2.
Specify the transformations in the order in y
which they are used. x=2
State the equation of the line of symmetry.
⑰ In Figure 4.28, y = f(x) is a translation of the O 2 x
curve y = x 2(x − 2) and curve
y = g(x) is the reflection of y = f(x) in the y = f(x) y = g(x)
x-axis.
Write down the equations of the two curves.
y
Figure 4.29
Write down the equation of y = g(x).
y = g(x)

O x

(1, –4)

y = f(x)

Figure 4.28

2 Composite functions
It is possible to combine functions in several different ways, and you have already
met some of these. For example, if f(x) = x2 and g(x) = 2x, then you could write
f(x) + g(x) = x 2 + 2x. Here, two functions are added.
Similarly if f(x) = x and g(x) = sin x, then
f(x).g(x) = x sin x. Here, two functions are multiplied.
Sometimes you need to apply one function and then apply another, so that the
output of the first function is the input for the second one.
You are then creating a composite function or a function of a function.

Example 4.6 New parents are bathing their baby for the first time. They take the
temperature of the bath water with a thermometer which reads in Celsius,
but then have to convert the temperature to degrees Fahrenheit to apply the
rule for correct bath water temperature taught to them by their own parents.
At one o five
He’ll cook alive
But ninety four
Is rather raw.
Write down the two functions that are involved, and apply them to readings of
(i) 30°C (ii) 38°C (iii) 45°C.

80
 7 (i) £146 y (iv) (b) Many-to-one
(ii) 1
ϖ
y = sin x y = sin(x + ) 2 (c) Domain », +

C (£) +
0.5 Range »
500 ϖ
00
ϖ ϖ 3ϖ 2ϖ x
4 (i) (a) −5
400 (8, 365)
−—
2 −0.5
−1
—
2
—
2
(b) 9
300
−1.5 (c) −11
(ii) (a) 3
200 (20, 146)
100
0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Activity 4.1 (page 75) (b) 5
θ (°C)
(c) 10
(iii) Not good for extreme (i) Different (iii) (a) 32
temperatures, since it (ii) Same (b) 82.4
implies an infinite bill (iii) Same (c) 14
for a temperature of (iv) Different (d) −40
0°C. (v) Same 5 (i) f (x) < 2
8 (i) (ii) y ∈{2, 3, 6, 11, 18}
y Discussion point (page 77) (iii) » +

f(x) = 1 + In x Translation 2 units to the right,

reflection in the x-axis, transla-
(iv) y ∈ » +

tion 5 units vertically upwards (v) 12 < <y 1

Exercise 4.1 (page 78) 6 (i) {0.5, 1, 2, 4}
O x
1 (i) (ii) 0 < f (x) < 1
One-to-one, yes (iii) f (x) > 3
(ii) Many-to-one, yes 7 For f, every value of x,
(iii) Many-to-many, no (including x = 3) gives a
(ii) (e −1
, 0) (iv) One-to-many, no unique output, whereas g(2)
9 (i) (v) Many-to-many, no can equal either 4 or 6.
y (vi) One-to-one, yes ⎛ 2⎞
y = ex – 1
2 (i) (a) Examples: one → 3; 8 (i) Translation ⎜⎝ 0 ⎟⎠ ; x = 2
word → 4
2 (b) Many-to-one
(ii) Stretch parallel to the
y-axis of scale factor 3
y = 2e –x (ii) (a) Examples: 1→ 4; ⎛ 2⎞
O x 2.1 → 8.4 and translation ⎜ ⎟ in
–1
(b) One-to-one either
⎝ 0⎠

(iii) (a) Examples: 1 → 1;

order; x = 2
(ii) (ln 2,1) 6→4
(iii)
10 (i) Can be obtained from (b) Many-to-one Rewrite as
3 ⎡( ⎣x2)− − 2 14 ⎤;⎦
by a stretch scale factor
1 parallel to the x-axis.
(iv) (a) Examples: 1 → −3; 3
−4 → −13 ⎛ 2⎞
y
2
(b) One-to-one translation ⎜ ⎜ ⎟ ;⎟
⎝ − 14
1
y = sin x y = sin 2x (v) (a) Examples: 4 → 2; 3⎠
0.5 9→3 then stretch parallel to
ϖ
00
ϖ ϖ 3ϖ 2ϖ x (b) One-to-one the y-axis of scale factor
−—
2 −0.5
−1
—
2
—
2
3 (i) (a) One-to-one 3; x = 1
(b) 9 (i)
⎛ ⎞
−1.5
Domain »,
+ 0
Translation − ⎜⎜⎝ ⎟⎟⎠
Range »
+ 2
(ii) Can be obtained from (ii) (a)
Many-to-many y
by a translation through
⎛ ⎞ (b) Domain »,
+

⎜− π ⎟ Range »
+ O x
⎜ 2⎟
⎜
⎝ 0⎠
⎟
(iii) (a)
One-to-one
–2

(b) Domain »,
+
+

Range » (–2, –6)

526
 ⎛ 2⎞ (ii) y (iv)
(ii) Translation ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 0⎠
(5, 18)
y
y (1, 3)
3
O 2 8 x

–2 O 2 x
(iii) y
O 2 x
(3, 4.5)
–4
0 6 x
(v)
(iii) Stretch parallel to the y
y-axis, scale factor 2, (1
, 1)
3
(iv)
⎛ 0⎞ 1
then translation ⎜ ⎟ y
⎝ 3⎠ (6, 9)
y
0 12 x
3 O 2 x
3

x
O
y2 (vi)
11 Ellipse is x2
9
+
4
=1 y
(–2, –5) y
(2
3
, 1)
2 1
(iv) Stretch parallel to the 1
x-axis, scale factor 12 ,
−3 −1 1 3 x
⎛ 0⎞ O 1 1 x
−1 3
then translation ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 3⎠
y
−2
13 (i) Stretch scale factor 3 in
12 (i) y the y direction.
3
(0.5, 1)
(ii) Stretch scale factor 1 3
1 in the x direction and
⎛ 0⎞
O x translation −
⎜ ⎟ in
⎝ 1⎠
(–1, –1) either order.
O 1 x
⎛ −30 ⎞
⎛ 2⎞ (iii) Translation ⎜ ⎟
(v) Translation ⎜ ⎟ then
⎝ 0⎠
(ii) ⎝ 0 ⎠

y
followed by a stretch
stretch parallel to the (1, 1) (2, 1) scale factor 13 in the x
y-axis scale factor 3 1
direction.
y
14 (i) (a)y
O 1 3 x 1
–2 O 2 x
(iii) 0
y
(0, –12) (1, 2) (2, 2) ϖ ϖ 2ϖ x
0 — 3ϖ
—
2 2 2

10 (i) y −1

O 2
(5, 9)
8 x O 1 3 x (b) y = cos x

527
 (ii)y(a) 16 Reflection in the ⎛x-axis (iv) y
⎞ 1
and translation ⎜ ⎟ in either f −1 (x) =√3x − 2
1 ⎝ 0⎠
order; x = 1.
17
O x
0 f(x) = (x − 1)² (x − 3) − 4;
0 ϖ
— ϖ 3ϖ
— 2ϖ x g(x) = 4 − (x − 1)² (x – 3).
18
2 2
g(x) = ln(9 – 2x). y x= yf ( )and f ( =) −1
x
appear to be reflections of
−1
Discussion point (page 83) each other in the line y = x
(b) y = −tan x (i) (a) Function with an
(iii)y(a) inverse function. Discussion point (page 88)
1 (b) f:C → C+
9 32;
5
(i) For all values of x, x 2
will
give a positive answer.
f : F → 95 (F 32) (ii)
−1
−
The answer will be −19°
0
0 ϖ
—
2
ϖ 3ϖ
—
2
2ϖ x
(ii) (a) Function but no inverse since the arcsin function
gives the principal value.
function since one
grade corresponds to
−1 several marks. Exercise 4.2 (page 88)
(b) y = sin x (iii) (a) Function with an 1 (i) 4
(iv)y (a) inverse function. (ii) 5
(b) 1 light year ≈ 6 × 10
12
(iii) 9
1 miles or almost (iv) 25
1016 metres. 2 (i) 8x 3

f: x → 1016 x (approx.); (ii) 2x 3

0
f –1: x → 10–16 x (approx.)
0 ϖ
— ϖ 3ϖ 2ϖ x (iii) (x + 2) 3

(iv) (a)
2 —

(iv) x + 2
2
Function but no inverse 3

−1
function since fares are (v) 4x
banded. (vi) x + 4 x 7
(b) y = −tan x 3 (i) f (x) = − 2
Activity 4.2 (page 85)
–1

(v) (a) (ii) f (x) = 4 − x

–1
y
1
(i) y 4 y

y=x
y = f(x)
f −1(x) = √x
0
0 ϖ
— ϖ 3ϖ
— 2ϖ x
2 2

O x y = f −1(x)
(2, 3)
−1
(ii) y (3, 2)

(b) y = −sin x O x
15 (i) a = 3, b = 5 f −1(x) = x12
5 (i) fg
(ii) y O x
(ii) g 2
y = x2 y = x2 – 6x + 14
(iii) fg 2

(iv) gf
(iii) y 6 (i) 3π2
(3, 5)
(ii) π2
O x
f −1 (x) = x − 2
x
7 (i) 8(x + 2) 3

(ii) 2(x + 2)
O
3
⎛ 3⎞
translation ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 5⎠ (iii) [(x + 2) + 2] 3 3

(iii) y = 6x – x 2
− 14

528