QUIZ MS202

Fatigue of Materials
Lucas Montogue

PROBLEMS
▐ Problem 1 (Hertzberg et al., 2013, w/permission)
The fatigue life of a certain alloy at stress levels of 𝜎𝜎1, 𝜎𝜎2 and 𝜎𝜎3 is 10,000,
50,000, and 500,000 cycles, respectively. If a component of this material is
subjected to 2500 cycles of 𝜎𝜎1 and 10,000 cycles of 𝜎𝜎2, estimate the remaining
lifetime in association with cyclic stresses at a level of 𝜎𝜎3.
A) 𝑁𝑁 = 168,000 cycles
B) 𝑁𝑁 = 214,000 cycles
C) 𝑁𝑁 = 275,000 cycles
D) 𝑁𝑁 = 322,000 cycles

▐ Problem 2 (Dowling, 2013, w/permission)

An unnotched member of AISI steel (𝐴𝐴 = 1640 MPa, 𝐵𝐵 = −0.098 in
equation 3) is subjected to uniaxial cyclic stressing at zero mean stress. The
amplitude is at first 𝜎𝜎𝑎𝑎 = 640 MPa for 2000 cycles, followed by 𝜎𝜎𝑎𝑎 = 550 MPa for
another 10,000 cycles. If the stress is then raised to 700 MPa, how many cycles can
be applied at this third level before fatigue failure is expected?
A) 𝑁𝑁 = 1150 cycles
B) 𝑁𝑁 = 2360 cycles
C) 𝑁𝑁 = 3090 cycles
D) 𝑁𝑁 = 4280 cycles

■ Problem 3.1 (Dowling, 2013, w/permission)

Some values of stress amplitude and corresponding cycles to failure are
given in the following table from tests on a AISI 4340 steel. The tests were carried
out on unnotched, axially loaded specimens under zero mean stress. Plot these data
on log-log coordinates and assess whether the trend seems to represent a straight
line. Obtain rough estimates of constants 𝐴𝐴 and 𝐵𝐵 in a correlation of the form 𝜎𝜎 =
𝐴𝐴 × 𝑁𝑁 𝐵𝐵 (equation 3).

σ (MPa) N (cycles)
758 200
640 900
559 6000
490 14,000
430 44,000
418 130,000

■ Problem 3.2
For the AISI 4340 steel described in the previous problem, a stress
amplitude of 𝜎𝜎 = 400 MPa will be applied in service for 𝑁𝑁 = 2000 cycles. What are
the safety factors in life and stress, respectively?
A) 𝐹𝐹𝑆𝑆𝑁𝑁 = 51 and 𝐹𝐹𝑆𝑆𝜎𝜎 = 1.53
B) 𝐹𝐹𝑆𝑆𝑁𝑁 = 51 and 𝐹𝐹𝑆𝑆𝜎𝜎 = 3.06
C) 𝐹𝐹𝑆𝑆𝑁𝑁 = 102 and 𝐹𝐹𝑆𝑆𝜎𝜎 = 1.53
D) 𝐹𝐹𝑆𝑆𝑁𝑁 = 102 and 𝐹𝐹𝑆𝑆𝜎𝜎 = 3.06

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■ Problem 3.3
The AISI 4340 steel of the preceding problem is subjected to cyclic loading
with a tensile mean stress of 𝜎𝜎𝑚𝑚 = 180 MPa. What life is expected if the stress
amplitude is 𝜎𝜎𝑎𝑎 = 375 MPa?
A) 𝑁𝑁𝑓𝑓 = 60,900 cycles
B) 𝑁𝑁𝑓𝑓 = 81,100 cycles
C) 𝑁𝑁𝑓𝑓 = 106,000 cycles
D) 𝑁𝑁𝑓𝑓 = 136,000 cycles

▐ Problem 4 (Shukla, 2005, w/permission)

A short-life bearing component in a rotating machinery undergoes cyclic
dynamic loads due to synchronous rotor vibration. The rotor was operated at 50
rpm for 13 hrs and 20 min, then the speed was increased to 100 rpm and the rotor
was run for an additional 8 hrs 20 min. Referring to the S-N curve and data shown
below, estimate the allowable number of operational fatigue cycles and maximum
run time at 200 rpm so that a cumulative damage factor of 0.75 is not exceeded.
The maximum stresses that the component is subjected to at the abovementioned
speeds are given below.

Frequency Stress, σ
50 rpm 20 ksi
100 rpm 30 ksi
200 rpm 50 ksi

A) 𝑡𝑡 = 17 min
B) 𝑡𝑡 = 35 min
C) 𝑡𝑡 = 52 min
D) 𝑡𝑡 = 70 min

▐ Problem 5 (Dowling, 2013, w/permission)

At a location of interest in an engineering component made of 2024-T4
aluminum, the material is repeatedly subjected to the uniaxial stress history shown
below. Estimate the number of repetitions necessary to cause failure. For the metal
in question, 𝜎𝜎𝑓𝑓 = 900 MPa and 𝑏𝑏 = −0.102 in equation 4. Use the SWT equation.

A) 𝐵𝐵= 83,200 cycles

B) 𝐵𝐵= 111,000 cycles
C) 𝐵𝐵= 161,000 cycles
D) 𝐵𝐵= 210,000 cycles

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▐ Problem 6 (Dowling, 2013, w/permission)
At a location of interest in an engineering component made of SAE 4142
steel, the material is repeatedly subjected to the uniaxial stress history shown
below. Estimate the number of repetitions necessary to cause failure. For the metal
in question, 𝜎𝜎𝑓𝑓 = 1940 MPa and 𝑏𝑏 = −0.0762 in equation 4. Use the SWT equation.

A) 𝐵𝐵 = 383 cycles
B) 𝐵𝐵 = 850 cycles
C) 𝐵𝐵 = 1250 cycles
D) 𝐵𝐵 = 1690 cycles

▐ Problem 7 (Dowling, 2013, w/permission)

At a location of interest in an engineering component made of Ti-6Al-4V
alloy, the material is repeatedly subjected to the uniaxial stress history shown
below. Estimate the number of repetitions necessary to cause failure. For the metal
in question, 𝜎𝜎𝑓𝑓 = 2030 MPa and 𝑏𝑏 = −0.104 in equation 4. Use the SWT equation.

A) 𝐵𝐵 = 742 cycles
B) 𝐵𝐵 = 1660 cycles
C) 𝐵𝐵 = 2540 cycles
D) 𝐵𝐵 = 3100 cycles

▐ Problem 8 (Juvinall & Marshek, 2012, w/permission)

A 1.0-in. diameter aluminum bar is subjected to reversed axial loading of
1120 lb at 50 cycles per second. A circumferential crack, 0.004-in. deep, extends
radially inward from the outside surface. The axial load is applied remote from the
crack. Estimate the crack depth after 250 hours of operation, assuming a Paris
exponent of 2.7 and a stress intensity range of 1.5 ksi-in.1/2 corresponding to a
growth rate of 0.036 in./106 cycles. The configuration factor 𝑌𝑌 may be
approximated as 𝑌𝑌 = [1.12 + 𝛼𝛼(1.3𝛼𝛼 – 0.88)]/(1 – 0.92𝛼𝛼), where 𝛼𝛼 = 𝑎𝑎/𝑤𝑤, such that
𝑎𝑎 is the crack width and 𝑤𝑤 is the radius of the round bar.

A) 𝑎𝑎 = 0.017 in.
B) 𝑎𝑎 = 0.034 in.
C) 𝑎𝑎 = 0.051 in.
D) 𝑎𝑎 = 0.068 in.

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▐ Problem 9 (Juvinall & Marshek, 2012, w/permission)
A 2.0-in. diameter, 10-in. long aluminum shaft rotates at 3000 rpm and is
subjected to a reverse bending moment of 1780 lb-in. A crack 0.004 in. deep
extends radially inward from the external surface. The reverse bending moment is
applied remote from the crack. Estimate the crack depth after 500 hours of
operation assuming a Paris exponent of 2.6 and a stress intensity range of 1.1 ksi-
in.1/2 corresponding to a growth rate of 0.05 in./106 cycles. The configuration factor
𝑌𝑌 may be approximated as 𝑌𝑌 = [1.67 + 𝛼𝛼(451𝛼𝛼 – 80)]/(1 – 0.61𝛼𝛼), where 𝛼𝛼 = 𝑎𝑎/𝑤𝑤,
such that 𝑎𝑎 is the crack width and 𝑤𝑤 is the radius of the round bar.

A) 𝑎𝑎 = 0.0167 in.
B) 𝑎𝑎 = 0.0221 in.
C) 𝑎𝑎 = 0.0382 in.
D) 𝑎𝑎 = 0.0501 in.

■ Problem 10.1 (Hertzberg et al., 2013, w/permission)

A material with a plane-strain fracture toughness of 𝐾𝐾𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 = 55 MPa-m1/2 has
a central crack in a very wide panel. If 𝜎𝜎𝑌𝑌 = 1380 MPa and the design stress is
limited to 50% of that value, compute the maximum allowable fatigue flaw size that
can grow during cyclic loading.
A) 𝑎𝑎 = 1.01 mm
B) 𝑎𝑎 = 2.02 mm
C) 𝑎𝑎 = 3.15 mm
D) 𝑎𝑎 = 4.18 mm
■ Problem 10.2
If the initial crack had a total crack length of 2.5 mm, how many loading
cycles (from zero to the design stress) could the panel endure? Assume that fatigue
crack growth rates varied with the stress intensity factor range raised to the fourth
power. The proportionality constant may be taken as 1.10×10-39.
A) 𝑁𝑁𝑓𝑓 = 25,400 cycles
B) 𝑁𝑁𝑓𝑓 = 59,200 cycles
C) 𝑁𝑁𝑓𝑓 = 85,100 cycles
D) 𝑁𝑁𝑓𝑓 = 122,000 cycles

▐ Problem 11 (Juvinall and Marshek, 2012, w/permission)

A 1-cm long through-thickness crack is discovered in a steel plate. If the
plate experiences a stress of 50 MPa that is repeated at a frequency of 30 cpm, how
long would it take to grow a crack, corresponding to a design limit where 𝐾𝐾limit =
𝐾𝐾IC/3. Assume that 𝐾𝐾𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 = 90 MPa-m1/2 and the material possesses a growth rate
relation where 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑⁄𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 4×10-37(Δ𝐾𝐾)4, with 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑/𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 and Δ𝐾𝐾 given in units of m/cycle
and Pa-m1/2, respectively.
A) 𝑡𝑡 = 15.8 days
B) 𝑡𝑡 = 32.4 days
C) 𝑡𝑡 = 53.1 days
D) 𝑡𝑡 = 85.6 days

▐ Problem 12 (Shukla, 2005, w/permission)

A wide plate made of A514 steel contains an initial edge crack 𝑎𝑎𝑖𝑖 = 0.25 in.
The plane-strain fracture toughness of the material is 125 ksi-in.1/2. The plate is
subjected to fluctuating tensile stresses of 25 ksi minimum intensity and 48 ksi
maximum intensity. Calculate the number of cycles for the crack to reach the critical
length. Use the Paris equation with 𝐶𝐶 = 0.66×10-8 and 𝑛𝑛 = 2.25.
A) 𝑁𝑁 = 14,800 cycles
B) 𝑁𝑁 = 32,100 cycles
C) 𝑁𝑁 = 57,000 cycles
D) 𝑁𝑁 = 76,100 cycles

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■ Problem 13.1 (Dowling, 2013, w/permission)
A center-cracked plate of 7075-T6 aluminum was tested for evaluation of
fatigue parameters. The specimen had dimensions of height ℎ = 445 mm, width 𝑏𝑏 =
152 mm, and thickness 𝑡𝑡 = 2.29 mm. The force was cycled between a minimum
value of 𝑃𝑃min = 48.1 kN and a maximum value of 𝑃𝑃max = 96.2 kN. The data obtained
are listed below. Determine the 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑⁄𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 and Δ𝐾𝐾 values from these data and make a
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑⁄𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 versus Δ𝐾𝐾 plot of the results on log-log coordinates. Fit the data to the Paris
equation to obtain values of 𝐶𝐶 and 𝑛𝑛. Does the Paris equation represent the data
well?

a (mm) N (cycles) a (mm) N (cycles)

5.08 0 20.32 21,500
7.62 9500 22.86 22,300
10.16 14,300 25.4 22,900
12.7 17,100 30.48 23,500
15.24 19,100 35.56 24,000
17.78 20,500

■ Problem 13.2
Employ the results of the previous problem for 7075-T6 aluminum tested
at a stress ratio of 𝑅𝑅 = 0.5 as follows: plot the 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑/𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 versus Δ𝐾𝐾 data on log-log
coordinates, then show the line corresponding to the Walker equation (equation 9),
with 𝐶𝐶0 = 2.71×10-8 mm/cycle/(MPa-m-1/2)m, 𝑚𝑚 = 3.70, and 𝛾𝛾 = 0.641. Do the data
and line agree?

▐ Problem 14 (Dowling, 2013, w/permission)

A center-cracked plate made of 2024-T3 aluminum has width 𝑏𝑏 = 50 mm,
thickness 𝑡𝑡 = 4 mm, a large height ℎ, and an initial crack length of 𝑎𝑎𝑖𝑖 = 2 mm. How
many cycles between 𝑃𝑃min = 18 kN and 𝑃𝑃max = 60 kN are required to grow the crack
to failure by either fully plastic yielding or brittle fracture? The properties of 2024-
T4 aluminum are a plane-strain fracture toughness 𝐾𝐾𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 = 34 MPa-m1/2,, yield
strength 𝜎𝜎𝑌𝑌 = 353 MPa, 𝐶𝐶0 = 1.42×10-11 m/cycle/(MPa-m1/2)m, 𝑚𝑚 = 3.59, and 𝛾𝛾 =
0.680.
A) 𝑁𝑁𝑓𝑓 = 18,800 cycles
B) 𝑁𝑁𝑓𝑓 = 23,100 cycles
C) 𝑁𝑁𝑓𝑓 = 39,000 cycles
D) 𝑁𝑁𝑓𝑓 = 56,000 cycles

▐ Problem 15 (Dowling, 2013, w/permission)

A bending member made of AISI 4340 steel has a rectangular cross-section
with width 𝑏𝑏 = 60 mm and thickness 𝑡𝑡 = 9 mm. An initial edge crack of length 𝑎𝑎 =
0.5 mm is present, and the member is subjected to cyclic bending between 𝑀𝑀min =
1.2 kN∙m and 𝑀𝑀max = 3.0 kN∙m. Estimate the number of cycles necessary to grow
the cycle to failure. The properties of 2024-T4 aluminum are a plane-strain fracture
toughness 𝐾𝐾𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 = 130 MPa-m1/2,, yield strength 𝜎𝜎𝑌𝑌 = 1255 MPa, 𝐶𝐶0 = 5.11×10-10
mm/cycle/(MPa-m1/2)m, 𝑚𝑚 = 3.24, and 𝛾𝛾 = 0.420.
A) 𝑁𝑁𝑓𝑓 = 8720 cycles
B) 𝑁𝑁𝑓𝑓 = 25,600 cycles
C) 𝑁𝑁𝑓𝑓 = 46,200 cycles
D) 𝑁𝑁𝑓𝑓 = 85,000 cycles

■ Problem 16.1 (Dowling, 2013, w/permission)

A bending member made of 7075-T6 aluminum has a rectangular cross-
section with width 𝑏𝑏 = 40 mm and thickness 𝑡𝑡 = 10 mm. Inspection can reliably find
cracks only if they are larger than 𝑎𝑎 = 0.25 mm, so it must be assumed that a
through-thickness edge crack of this size may be present. A cyclic bending moment
is applied with 𝑀𝑀min = −90 N∙m and 𝑀𝑀max = 300 N∙m. Estimate the number of
cycles to grow the crack to failure. The properties of 2024-T4 aluminum are a
plane-strain fracture toughness 𝐾𝐾𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 = 29 MPa-m1/2,, yield strength 𝜎𝜎𝑌𝑌 = 523 MPa,
𝐶𝐶0 = 2.71×10-8 mm/cycle/(MPa-m1/2)m, 𝑚𝑚 = 3.70, and 𝛾𝛾 = 0 (because the stress
ratio 𝑅𝑅 < 0).
A) 𝑁𝑁𝑓𝑓 = 40,400 cycles
B) 𝑁𝑁𝑓𝑓 = 64,800 cycles
C) 𝑁𝑁𝑓𝑓 = 80,100 cycles
D) 𝑁𝑁𝑓𝑓 = 99,200 cycles

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■ Problem 16.2
What is the factor of safety in life if the desired service life is 200,000
cycles? A factor of safety in life of 3 is required. What is the recommended interval
of periodic inspection?

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Equations

1  Stress intensity factor equation

K = Fσ π a
where 𝐾𝐾 is the stress intensity factor, 𝐹𝐹 (sometimes denoted as 𝑌𝑌) is the
dimensionless geometry function, 𝜎𝜎 is stress, and 𝑎𝑎 is crack length.

2  Palmgren-Miner rule

 N 
Σ i 1
 =
N
 f ,i 
where 𝑁𝑁𝑖𝑖 is the number of cycles for the 𝑖𝑖-th loading and 𝑁𝑁𝑓𝑓,𝑖𝑖 is the number of
cycles to failure for the 𝑖𝑖-th loading.

3  Equation for S-N curve

σ a = AN Bf

where 𝜎𝜎𝑎𝑎 is the stress amplitude, 𝑁𝑁𝑓𝑓 is the number of cycles, and 𝐴𝐴 and 𝐵𝐵 are
constants.

4  Modified equation for S-N curve

σ a = σ ′f ( 2 N f )
b

where 𝜎𝜎𝑎𝑎 is the stress amplitude, 𝑁𝑁𝑓𝑓 is the number of cycles, and 𝜎𝜎′𝑓𝑓 and 𝑏𝑏 are
constants.

5  Equation for completely reversed stress amplitude (𝜎𝜎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 )

σa
σ ar =
σ
1− m
σf

where 𝜎𝜎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 is the completely reversed stress amplitude, 𝜎𝜎𝑎𝑎 is the stress amplitude,
𝑏𝑏
𝜎𝜎𝑚𝑚 is mean stress, and 𝜎𝜎𝑓𝑓 is the constant in the S-N curve equation 𝜎𝜎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = 𝜎𝜎𝑓𝑓 �2𝑁𝑁𝑓𝑓 �
(eq. 4).

6  Smith, Watson and Tupper (SWT) equation

σ ar = σ maxσ a
where 𝜎𝜎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 is the completely reversed stress amplitude, 𝜎𝜎max is the maximum stress
(= 𝜎𝜎𝑚𝑚 + 𝜎𝜎𝑎𝑎 ), and 𝜎𝜎𝑎𝑎 is the stress amplitude.

7  Paris equation

da
= C ( ∆K I )
m

dN
where 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑⁄𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 is the rate of increase of crack size per cycle, Δ𝐾𝐾𝐼𝐼 is the range of
stress intensity factors, and 𝐶𝐶 and 𝑛𝑛 are material constants. Constant 𝑚𝑚 is
sometimes denoted as 𝑛𝑛.

8  Integrated Paris equation

a1f− m 2 − ai1− m 2
Nf =
( )
m
C F ∆σ π (1 − m 2 )

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where 𝑁𝑁𝑓𝑓 is the number of cycles to failure, 𝑎𝑎𝑓𝑓 is the final crack length, 𝑎𝑎𝑖𝑖 is the
initial crack length, 𝐹𝐹 is the geometric modification factor, Δ𝜎𝜎 is the stress range,
and 𝐶𝐶 and 𝑚𝑚 are the same material constants as in eq. 4.

9  Walker equation
m
da  ∆K 
= C0  (1−γ )

dN  (1 − R ) 

where 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑⁄𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 is the rate of increase of crack size per cycle, Δ𝐾𝐾 is the range of stress
intensity factors, 𝑅𝑅 = 𝜎𝜎min /𝜎𝜎max is the stress ratio, and 𝐶𝐶0, 𝛾𝛾 and 𝑚𝑚 are material
constants.

10  Critical crack length for brittle fracture

2
1  KC 
ac =  
π  Fσ max 
where 𝑎𝑎𝑐𝑐 is the critical crack size for brittle fracture, 𝐾𝐾𝐶𝐶 is the fracture toughness of
the material, 𝐹𝐹 is the modification factor (sometimes denoted as 𝑌𝑌), and 𝜎𝜎max is the
maximum stress.

11  Critical crack length for fully plastic yielding – maximum force

 P 
aY b 1 − max 
=
 2btσ Y 
where 𝑎𝑎𝑌𝑌 is the critical crack size for fully plastic yielding, 𝑃𝑃max is the maximum
loading, 𝑏𝑏 is the member width, 𝑡𝑡 is the member thickness, and 𝜎𝜎𝑌𝑌 is the yield
strength of the material.

12  Critical crack length for fully plastic yielding – maximum bending moment

 2 M max 
aY b 1 −
= 
 b tσ Y 
where 𝑀𝑀max is the maximum bending moment; the other variables are the same as
in eq. 9.

SOLUTIONS
P.1 ■ Solution
This is a straightforward application of the Miner rule,

N 2500 10, 000 N

Σ 1→
= + + 1.0
=
Nf 10, 000 50, 000 500, 000

275, 000 cycles

∴N=

♦ The correct answer is C.

P.2 ■ Solution
The S-N curve is 𝜎𝜎 = 1640𝑁𝑁 −0.098. The number of cycles to failure at an
amplitude stress of 640 MPa is

1B −1 0.098
σa   640 
N f ,1 =
=   = 14,800 cycles
 A  1640 
while number of cycles to failure at an amplitude stress of 550 MPa is

−1 0.098
 550 
=N f ,2 =  69,500 cycles
 1640 
and, for a stress of 700 MPa,

−1 0.098
 700 
=N f ,3 =  5930 cycles
 1640 

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 The information we have are summarized in the following table.

No. N (cycles) σa (MPa) N f (cycles)

1 2000 640 14,800
2 10,000 550 69,500
3 N3 700 5930

To find 𝑁𝑁3, we apply the Miner rule,

N
Σ 1
=
Nf

Thus,

N 2000 10, 000 N

Σ 0
=→ + + 3 =1.0
Nf 14,800 69,500 5930

4280 cycles
∴ N3 =

The member can withstand another 4280 cycles at 700 MPa before fatigue
failure occurs.

♦ The correct answer is D.

P.3 ■ Solution
Part 1: The data are plotted on a log-log plot below.

The line is described by the relation 𝜎𝜎 = 𝐴𝐴 × 𝑁𝑁 𝐵𝐵 . For any two points we

must have

σ1 =
A × N1B ; σ 2 =
A × N 2B

Dividing one equation by the other, taking logarithms and substituting, we

obtain

log σ 1 − log σ 2 log 758 − log 418

B= = = −0.0919
log N1 − log N 2 log 200 − log130, 000

where we have used points (200, 758) and (130,000, 418). Once 𝐵𝐵 is known,
coefficient 𝐴𝐴 can be calculated from any data point; indeed,

σ 758
A
= = = 1230 MPa
N B
200−0.0919
The S-N curve is described by 𝜎𝜎 = 1230 × 𝑁𝑁 −0.0919 .

Part 2: The life that corresponds to a stress of 400 MPa is calculated as

1B
σ 
σ =A × N B → N f = 
A  
1 −0.0919
 400 
∴Nf 
= =  203, 000 cycles
 1230 
The factor of safety in life is then

8
© 2020 Montogue Quiz
 N f 203, 000
FS
= = = 102
N

N 200
The safety factor in stress can be calculated if we first determine the stress
amplitude corresponding to 2000 cycles, namely,

σ f =×
1230 2000−0.0919 =
612 MPa

Thus,

σ f 612
FS=
σ = = 1.53
σˆ 400
♦ The correct answer is C.
Part 3: Another way to express the S-N curve obtained just now is to write

σ = σ ′f ( 2 N )
B

Comparing this relation with the expression we have used heretofore gives

σ ′f ( 2 N ) =A × N B → σ ′f ( 2 N )
B −0.0919
σ= =1230 × N −0.919
∴σ ′f =
1310 MPa

Thus, another way to describe the S-N curve is to use 𝜎𝜎 = 1310(2𝑁𝑁)−0.0919 ,

with 𝜎𝜎𝑓𝑓′ = 1310 MPa. We can now proceed to determine the completely reversed
stress 𝜎𝜎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 ,

σa 375
σ ar
= = = 435 MPa
σm 180
1− 1−
σ ′f 1310

The number of cycles the steel can withstand at this completely reversed
stress is

1B
1  σ ar 
σ ar σ ′f ( 2 N )
B
= Nf
→=  
2  σ ′f 
−1 0.0919
1  435 
∴Nf
=  =  81,100 cycles
2  1310 
An alternative is to employ the SWT relationship,

σ maxσ a = σ ′f ( 2 N )
B

where 𝜎𝜎max = 𝜎𝜎𝑚𝑚 + 𝜎𝜎𝑎𝑎 = 180 + 375 = 555 MPa, so that

1B
1  σ maxσ a 
σ ′f ( 2 N ) =
B
σ=
maxσ a →N  
2  σ ′f 

−1 0.0919
1  555 × 375 
=∴N =  48,300 cycles
2  1310 

The value obtained is quite different from that of the preceding equation.
Simple fatigue correlations such as those used here can be expected to agree only
roughly.

♦ The correct answer is B .

P.4 ■ Solution
Referring to the S-N curve, we see that the number of cycles to failure at
the abovementioned maximum stresses is 𝑁𝑁 = 107 for 𝜎𝜎max = 20 ksi and 𝑁𝑁 = 106 for
𝜎𝜎max = 30 ksi. The number of cycles the component was subjected to is 800 min ×
50 rpm = 40,000 cycles at 20 ksi and 500 min × 100 rpm = 50,000 cycles at 30
ksi. In view of the Miner rule,

N 
1
Σ 0  =
 N 

9
© 2020 Montogue Quiz
we have, in the present case,

N0 40, 000 50, 000

+ + 0.75
=
N 10, 000, 000 1, 000, 000
N0
∴ 0.696
=
N
Operation at 200 rpm implies a stress of 𝜎𝜎max = 50 ksi, which in turn
corresponds to a number of cycles to failure of 𝑁𝑁 = 104. Accordingly, the required
number of operational cycles is

104 × 0.696 =
N0 = 6960 cycles

The maximum allowable service life at 200 rpm is then

6960 cycles
=t ≈ 35 min
cycles
200
min
If the cumulative damage ratio is not to exceed 0.75, the component can
operate at 200 rpm for little more than half an hour.

♦ The correct answer is B.

P.5 ■ Solution
The SWT equation can be used to estimate the number of cycles to failure,
1b
1  σ maxσ a 
σ ′f ( 2 N f )
b
σ=
maxσ a →
= Nf  
2  σ ′f 

Here, the alternating stress is given by

σ max − σ min
σa =
2
For the first 200 cycles in a given repetition, we have 𝜎𝜎min = 100 MPa and
𝜎𝜎max = 250 MPa, giving

250 − 100
=σa = 75 MPa
2
and

1 ( −0.102 )
1  250 × 75 
Nf =×  5.20 ×107 cycles
=
2  900 

Proceeding similarly with the other two loading steps that constitute a
repetition, we obtain the following table.

Loading σma x (MPa) σmi n (MPa) σa (MPa) N f (cycles) N (cycles)

1 250 100 75 5.20E+07 200
2 50 -150 100 3.39E+10 1000
3 250 -150 200 4.25E+05 1

The number of cycles to failure follows from the Miner rule,

 N N N   200 50 1 
B 1 + 2 + 3  = 1→ B + + 5 
1.0
=
N  7
 5.20 ×10 3.39 ×10
10
4.25 ×10 
 f ,1 N f ,2 N f ,3 
161, 000 cycles
∴ B=

♦ The correct answer is C.

P.6 ■ Solution
Applying the SWT equation, we see that the number of cycles to failure is
1b
1  σ maxσ a 
Nf =  
2  σ ′f 


10
© 2020 Montogue Quiz
 The alternating stress is given by

σ max − σ min
σa =
2
For the first three cycles in a given repetition, we have 𝜎𝜎min = 0 and 𝜎𝜎max =
1200 MPa, yielding

1200 − 0
=σa = 600 MPa
2
and

1 ( −0.0762 )
1  1200 × 600 
Nf =×  25,800 cycles
=
2  1940 
Proceeding similarly with the other two loading steps that constitute a
repetition, we obtain the following table.

Loading σma x (MPa) σmi n (MPa) σa (MPa) N f (cycles) N (cycles)

1 1200 0 600 2.58E+04 3
2 1500 900 300 5.64E+05 1000
3 1500 0 750 1.38E+03 1

The number of cycles to failure follows from the Miner rule,

 N N N   3 1000 1 
B 1 + 2 + 3  = 1→ B + + 3 
1.0
=
N  4 5
 2.58 ×10 5.64 ×10 1.38 ×10 
 f ,1 N f ,2 N f ,3 
383 cycles
∴ B=
♦ The correct answer is A.

P.7 ■ Solution
Applying the SWT equation, we see that the number of cycles to failure is
1b
1  σ maxσ a 
Nf =  
2  σ ′f 

The alternating stress is given by

σ max − σ min
σa =
2
For the first 400 cycles in a given repetition, we have 𝜎𝜎min = 200 MPa and
𝜎𝜎max = 800 MPa, with the result that

800 − 200
=σa = 300 MPa
2
and

1 ( −0.104 )
1  800 × 300 
Nf =×  432, 000 cycles
=
2  2030 

Proceeding similarly with the other steps that constitute a repetition, we

obtain the following table.

Loading σma x (MPa) σmi n (MPa) σa (MPa) N f (cycles) N (cycles)

1 800 200 300 4.32E+05 400
2 200 -400 300 3.39E+08 8000
3 1000 -400 700 2.51E+03 1

The number of cycles to failure follows from the Miner rule,

 N N N   400 8000 1 
B 1 + 2 + 3  = 1→ B + + =1.0
N  5 8 3
 4.32 ×10 3.39 ×10 2.51×10 
 f ,1 N f ,2 N f ,3 
742 cycles
∴ B=

♦ The correct answer is A.

11
© 2020 Montogue Quiz
 P.8 ■ Solution
The solution is started by computing the maximum stress in the aluminum
bar,

P 1120
σ
= = = 1.43 ksi
max
π 2 π
d ×1.02
4 4
In a similar manner, the minimum stress is 𝜎𝜎min = −1.43 ksi. The range of
stress is then Δ𝜎𝜎 = 1.43 – (−1.43) = 2.86 ksi. Given the dimensionless parameter 𝛼𝛼
= 𝑎𝑎⁄𝑤𝑤 = 0.004/0.5 = 0.008, the modification factor is calculated as

1.12 + α (1.3α − 0.88 ) 1.12 + 0.008 × (1.3 × 0.008 − 0.88 )

=Y = = 1.12
1 − 0.92α 1 − 0.92 × 0.008
The range of stress intensity factor is calculated next,

∆K =Y ∆σ π a =1.12 × 2.86 × π × 0.004 = 0.359 ksi in.

Coefficient 𝐶𝐶 for use with the Paris equation is

da da dN
= C ( ∆K I ) → C =
n

( ∆K I )
n
dN

0.036 /106
∴ C= 2.7
= 1.20 ×10−8 in. ksi in.
1.5
The crack growth rate is then

da
dN
= C × ( ∆K ) =
n
(1.20 ×10 ) × 0.359
−8 2.7
= 7.55 ×10−10 in./cycle

The number of cycles in a 250-hour period is

N=50 × ( 250 × 3600 ) =4.5 ×107 cycles

The crack depth after this period of operation follows as

a= ( 7.55 ×10 ) × ( 4.5 ×10 ) =

−10 7
0.0340 in.

♦ The correct answer is B.

P.9 ■ Solution
To begin, we compute the section modulus of the bar,

w2 10 × ( 2.0 2 )
2

=z = = 1.67 in.3
6 6
Given the bending moment 𝑀𝑀max = 1780 lb-in., the maximum stress is
calculated as

M max 1780
σ=
max = = 1.07 ksi
z 1.67
With a reverse moment 𝑀𝑀min = −1780 lb-in., the minimum stress is easily
seen to be 𝜎𝜎min = −1.07 ksi. The range of stress is then Δ𝜎𝜎 = 1.07 – (−1.07) = 2.14
ksi. Given the dimensionless constant 𝛼𝛼 = 𝑎𝑎⁄𝑤𝑤 = 0.004/1.0 = 0.004, the
modification factor is

1.67 + α ( 451α − 80 ) 1.67 + 0.004 × ( 451× 0.004 − 189 )

=Y = = 1.36
1 − 0.61α 1 − 0.61× 0.004
The range of stress intensity factor is calculated next,

∆K =Y ∆σ π a =1.36 × 2.14 × π × 0.004 = 0.326 ksi in.

Coefficient 𝐶𝐶 for use with the Paris equation is determined as

12
© 2020 Montogue Quiz
 da da dN
= C ( ∆K I ) → C =
n

( ∆K I )
n
dN

0.05 /106
∴ C= 2.6
= 3.90 ×10−8 in. ksi in.
1.1
The crack growth rate is then

da
dN
= C × ( ∆K ) =
n
( 3.90 ×10 ) × 0.326
−8 2.6
= 2.12 ×10−9 in./cycle

The number of cycles in a 100-hour period is

N =3000 × (100 × 60 ) =1.8 ×107 cycles

The crack depth after this period of operation follows as

a= ( 2.12 ×10 ) × (1.8 ×10 ) =

−9 7
0.0382 in.

♦ The correct answer is C.

P.10 ■ Solution
Part 1: The design stress is 𝜎𝜎𝑑𝑑 = 𝜎𝜎𝑌𝑌 /2 = 1380/2 = 690 MPa. The maximum
allowable fatigue flaw size is
2
1  K IC 
K IC σ d
= πa →
= a  
π  σd 
2
1  55 
∴a = × = 2.02 mm
π  690 
♦ The correct answer is B.
Part 2: The Paris equation, in this case, is expressed as

da
1.1×10−39 ( ∆K )
4.0
=
dN
This can be restated as follows,

da da
1.1×10−39 ( ∆K ) → 1.1×10−39 ( ∆σ ) π 2 a 2
4.0 4
= =
dN dN
The number of cycles to failure is then

1 1 1 
=Nf  − 
C × ( ∆σ ) × π 2  ai a f 
4

1  1 1 
∴ N=  = =  122, 000 cycles
(1.1×10 ) × ( 690 ×10 )
f
6 4
−39
× π  0.00125 0.002 
2

♦ The correct answer is D.

P.11 ■ Solution
The limiting 𝐾𝐾 level is 𝐾𝐾 = 𝐾𝐾𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 /3 = 90/3 = 30 MPa-m1/2. The limiting crack
size for an applied stress is
2
1K
K σ πa →
= = a
π  σ 
2
1  30 
∴a = × = 0.115 m
π  50 
The number of cycles to failure is then

1 1 1 
=Nf  − 
C × ( ∆σ ) × π 2  ai a f 
4

13
© 2020 Montogue Quiz
 1  1 1 
∴  − =3.70 ×106 cycles
( 4 ×10 ) × ( 50 ×10 )
−37 6 4 2 0.01
×π  0.115 

At 30 cpm, the remaining service lifetime is determined to be

3.7 ×106
=t = 85.6 days
30 × ( 60 × 24 )

♦ The correct answer is D.

P.12 ■ Solution
The stress intensity factor is given by

=K I 1.12σ π a ≈ 1.99σ a

and the critical length is, accordingly,

2 2
 1   KI 
K I 1.99σ a →
= = aC    
 1.99   σ max 
2 2
 1   125 
=∴ aC  =    1.71 in.
 1.99   48 
The live-load stress range is, in turn,

∆σ = 48 − 25 = 23 ksi
The stress intensity factor range is

∆K I = 1.99∆σ a = 1.99 × 23 a = 45.8 a (I)

Let the increment of crack growth be Δ𝑎𝑎 = 0.1 in. Appealing to the formula
for fatigue crack growth per cycle, we write

∆a ∆a
= 0.66 ×10−8 ( ∆K I ) → ∆=
2.25
N
0.66 ×10−8 ( ∆K I )
2.25
∆N

0.1
∴∆N =
0.66 ×10−8 ( ∆K I )
2.25

1.52 ×107
∴∆N = (II)
( ∆K I )
2.25

Having set up the necessary equations, we proceed to perform the

numerical integration; the calculations are summarized below.

K I (ksi-in.1/2) N (cycles)
Initial a (in.) Final a (in.) Avg. a (in.) ΣN (cycles)
(Eq. I) (Eq. II)
0.25 0.35 0.3 25.1 10793 10793
0.35 0.45 0.4 29.0 7809 18602
0.45 0.55 0.5 32.4 6075 24677
0.55 0.65 0.6 35.5 4949 29625
0.65 0.75 0.7 38.3 4161 33786
0.75 0.85 0.8 41.0 3580 37366
0.85 0.95 0.9 43.4 3136 40502
0.95 1.05 1 45.8 2785 43288
1.05 1.15 1.1 48.0 2502 45790
1.15 1.25 1.2 50.2 2269 48059
1.25 1.35 1.3 52.2 2074 50132
1.35 1.45 1.4 54.2 1908 52040
1.45 1.55 1.5 56.1 1765 53805
1.55 1.65 1.6 57.9 1642 55447
1.65 1.71 1.68 59.4 1554 57001

Accordingly, the number of cycles required for the crack to reach the critical
length is about 57,000. One rough estimate of 𝑁𝑁 can be made as follows. The
average crack length is

0.25 + 1.71
=a = 0.98 in.
2
so that, referring to equation (I),

14
© 2020 Montogue Quiz
 ∆K I = 45.8 × 0.98 = 45.3 ksi in.

and

∆a
= 0.66 ×10−8 × 45.32.25 = 3.51×10−5 in./cycle
∆N
Lastly, given Δ𝑎𝑎 = 1.71 – 0.25 = 1.46 in., we obtain

1.46
∆N
= = 41, 600 cycles
3.51×10−5
This rudimentary approximation underestimates the number of cycles to
failure by 27 percent.

♦ The correct answer is C.

P.13 ■ Solution
Part 1: To begin, we compute the load range Δ𝑃𝑃, namely,

∆P= Pmax − Pmin= 96.2 − 48.1= 48.1 kN

The stress range is then

∆P 48,100
∆σ= = = 69.1 MPa
2bt 2 × 0.152 × 0.00229
Ratio 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑⁄𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 is, for the first two data points,

da 7.62 − 5.08
= = 2.67 ×10−4
dN 9500 − 0
The average crack length is 𝑎𝑎avg = (𝑎𝑎1 + 𝑎𝑎2 )/2. For the first two data points,
we have 𝛼𝛼avg = (5.08 + 7.62)/2 = 6.35 mm. We also require ratio 𝛼𝛼 = 𝑎𝑎avg /𝑏𝑏, which
for the first two data points is such that 𝑎𝑎avg = 6.35/152 = 0.0418. This factor is
used to determine the dimensionless geometry function 𝐹𝐹, which is given by

1 − 0.5α avg + 0.326α avg

2

F=
1 − α avg

For the data points in question, we have

1 − 0.5 × 0.0418 + 0.326 × 0.04182

=F = 1.00
1 − 0.0418
The stress intensity range follows as

∆K = F ∆σ π aavg = 1.00 × 69.1× π × ( 6.35 ×10−3 ) = 9.76 MPa m

The remaining calculations are summarized below.

da/dN
a (mm) N (cycles) a a vg (mm) αa vg F ΔK (MPa-m1/2)
(mm/cycle)
5.08 0 - - - - -
7.62 9500 0.000267 6.35 0.042 1.0008 9.77
10.16 14300 0.000529 8.89 0.058 1.0016 11.57
12.7 17100 0.000907 11.43 0.075 1.0027 13.13
15.24 19100 0.001270 13.97 0.092 1.0041 14.53
17.78 20500 0.001814 16.51 0.109 1.0057 15.83
20.32 21500 0.002540 19.05 0.125 1.0077 17.03
22.86 22300 0.003175 21.59 0.142 1.0100 18.18
25.4 22900 0.004233 24.13 0.159 1.0127 19.27
30.48 23500 0.008467 27.94 0.184 1.0174 20.83
35.56 24000 0.010160 33.02 0.217 1.0249 22.81

The plot we are looking for is one of 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑/𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑, the blue column, versus Δ𝐾𝐾, the
red column. Such a plot is shown below.

15
© 2020 Montogue Quiz
 Clearly, the variables are related by a linear trend in the log-log-plane. To
find the Paris equation coefficients, we can appeal to the FindFit command in
Mathematica,

DATA = {{9.77,0.000267}, {11.57,0.000529}, {13.13,0.000907}, {14.53,0.00127},

{15.83,0.001814}, {17.03,0.00254}, {18.18,0.003175}, {19.27,0.004233},

{20.83,0.008467}, {22.81,0.01016}}

FindFit[DATA, 𝐶𝐶 ∗ 𝑘𝑘 𝑛𝑛 , {𝐶𝐶, 𝑛𝑛}, 𝑘𝑘]

This returns 𝐶𝐶 = 4.11 × 10-9 and 𝑛𝑛 = 4.72. Thus, the equation that
describes crack growth in this aluminum plate is

da
= 4.11×10−9 × ( ∆K )
4.72

dN
Part 2: The Walker equation models crack growth by an expression of the
form
m
da  ∆K 
= C0  (1−γ )

dN  (1 − R ) 

Comparing this relation with the Paris equation,

da
= C ( ∆K )
m

dN
we see that

C0
C= m(1−γ )
(1 − R )
We have 𝑅𝑅 = 0.5, and all the other quantities in the right-hand side are
given material properties, that is, 𝐶𝐶0 = 2.71×10-8, 𝑚𝑚 = 3.70, and 𝛾𝛾 = 0.641. Thus,

2.71×10−8
C
= = 6.80 ×10−8
3.70×(1− 0.641)
(1 − 0.5)
Hence, the line that corresponds to the Walker equation has the form

da da
=C ( ∆K ) → =6.80 ×10−8 ( ∆K )
m 3.70

dN dN
Some values of 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑/𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 computed with this equation are listed below.

ΔK (MPa-m1/2) da/dN (mm/cycle)

8 0.00015
10 0.00034
12 0.00067
14 0.00118
16 0.00194
18 0.00300
20 0.00443
22 0.00630
24 0.00870

16
© 2020 Montogue Quiz
 These values are then plotted along with the Paris equation obtained in the
previous problem.

The line based on the Walker equation reasonably agrees with the Paris
equation fit for intermediate values of Δ𝐾𝐾, but the deviation becomes substantial at
the lower and upper extremes.

P.14 ■ Solution
The stress ratio is 𝑅𝑅 = 𝜎𝜎min /𝜎𝜎max = 18/60 = 0.3. The maximum nominal
stress is

Pmax 60, 000

σ=
max = = 150 MPa
2bt 2 × 0.05 × 0.004
Let the dimension ratio 𝛼𝛼 = 0.3. The dimensionless geometry function
follows as

1 − 0.5α + 0.326α 2 1 − 0.5 × 0.3 + 0.326 × 0.32

=F = = 1.05
1−α 1 − 0.3
The crack length for brittle fracture is determined as
2 2
1  K IC  1  34 
ac =   =× 14.8 mm
 =
π  Fσ max  π  1.05 ×150 
The corresponding dimension ratio is

ac 14.8
α
= = = 0.296
b 50
Since 𝑎𝑎𝑐𝑐 /𝑏𝑏 ≈ 0.3, there is no need for another iteration. In addition, 𝛼𝛼 ≤ 0.4
as it should be. The crack length for fully plastic yielding, in turn, is given by

 P   60, 000 
aY = b 1 − max  = 50 × 1 −  = 28.8 mm
 2btσ Y   2 × 0.05 × 0.004 × ( 353 ×10 ) 
6

The reference final crack length is the lesser of 𝑎𝑎𝑐𝑐 and 𝑎𝑎𝑌𝑌 ; thus, we take 𝑎𝑎𝑓𝑓 =
14.8 mm. Constant 𝐶𝐶 is calculated next,

C0 1.42 ×10−11 m/cycle

C
= = = 2.14 ×10−11
( MPa m )
m(1−γ ) 3.59×(1− 0.680 )
(1 − R ) (1 − 0.3)
m

The stress range is

∆σ = σ max (1 − R ) = 150 × (1 − 0.3) = 105 MPa

We are now ready to evaluate the crack growth life,

a1f− m 2 − ai1− m 2
Nf =
( )
m
C F ∆σ π (1 − m 2 )
0.01481−3.59 2 − 0.0021−3.59 2
∴Nf = 39, 000 cycles
(
( 2.14 ×10 ) × 1.05 ×105 × π × (1 − 3.59 2 ) )
3.59
−11

♦ The correct answer is C.

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P.15 ■ Solution
From elementary fracture mechanics, the dimensionless geometry factor is
𝐹𝐹 = 1.12. The stress ratio 𝑅𝑅 = 1.2/3 = 0.4. The maximum nominal stress is

6 M max 6 × 3000
σ max
= = 2
= 556 MPa
bt 0.062 × 0.009
The crack length for brittle fracture is determined as
2 2
1  K IC  1  130 
ac =   =× 13.9 mm
=
π  Fσ max  π  1.12 × 556 
The corresponding dimension ratio is

ac 13.9
α
= = = 0.232
b 60
Note that 𝛼𝛼 ≤ 0.4, as it should be; we can take 𝐹𝐹 = 1.12. The crack length
that corresponds to fully plastic yielding is, in turn,

 2 M max   2 3000 
aY = b 1 −  = 60 × 1 −  = 27.4 mm
 b tσ Y   60 0.009 ×1255 
The reference final crack length is the lesser of 𝑎𝑎𝑐𝑐 and 𝑎𝑎𝑌𝑌 ; therefore, we take
𝑎𝑎𝑓𝑓 = 13.9 mm. Constant 𝐶𝐶 is calculated next,

C0 5.11×10−10 mm/cycle
C
= = = 1.33 ×10−9
( MPa m )
m(1−γ ) 3.24×(1− 0.420 )
(1 − R ) (1 − 0.4 )
m

The stress range is

∆σ = σ max (1 − R )= 556 × (1 − 0.4 )= 334 MPa

We are now ready to evaluate the crack growth life,

a1f− m 2 − ai1− m 2
Nf =
( )
m
C F ∆σ π (1 − m 2 )
0.01391−3.24 2 − 0.00051−3.24 2
∴Nf = 85, 000 cycles
(
(1.33 ×10−9 ) ×10−3  × 1.12 × 556 × π )
3.24

  × (1 − 3.24 2 )
♦ The correct answer is D.

P.16 ■ Solution
Part 1: From elementary fracture mechanics, the dimensionless geometry
factor is 𝐹𝐹 = 1.12. The stress ratio is 𝑅𝑅 = 𝑀𝑀min ⁄𝑀𝑀max = −90/300 = −0.3. The
maximum nominal stress is

6M max 6 × 300
σ max
= = 2
= 113 MPa
bt 0.042 × 0.01
The crack length for brittle fracture is determined to be
2 2
1  K IC  1  29 
ac =   =× 16.7 mm
 =
π  Fσ max  π  1.12 ×113 

The corresponding dimension ratio is

ac 16.7
α
= = = 0.418
b 40
This dimension ratio is greater than 0.4, which is not acceptable. The crack
length can be updated by trial-and-error. We shall assume different values of crack
length, 𝑎𝑎𝑐𝑐 , compute the dimension ratio 𝛼𝛼, the dimensionless geometry factor 𝐹𝐹,
and the stress intensity factor 𝐾𝐾 until the latter equals the plane-strain fracture
toughness of 29 MPa-m1/2. The equation to use for 𝐹𝐹 is

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 1  0.0923 + 0.199 (1 − sin β )4 
F= tan β  
β  cos β 

where 𝛽𝛽 = 𝜋𝜋 𝛼𝛼𝑐𝑐 ⁄2. The calculations are summarized below.

a c (mm) αc β (deg) β (rad) F K (MPa-m1/2)

16.5 0.413 0.64793 0.01131 1.1132 28.639
16.6 0.415 0.65186 0.01138 1.1132 28.726
16.7 0.418 0.65579 0.01145 1.1131 28.810
16.8 0.420 0.65972 0.01151 1.1131 28.896
16.9 0.423 0.66364 0.01158 1.113 28.979
17 0.425 0.66757 0.01165 1.113 29.065
17.01 0.425 0.66796 0.01166 1.113 29.073
17.02 0.426 0.66835 0.01166 1.113 29.082

With reference to the table, we find that 𝑎𝑎𝑐𝑐 = 17.0 mm, 𝛼𝛼 = 0.425, 𝐹𝐹 =
1.113, and of course 𝐾𝐾 = 29.0 MPa-m1/2. We proceed to compute the crack length
that corresponds to fully plastic yielding,

 2 M max   2 300 
aY = b 1 −  = 40 × 1 −  = 24.9 mm
 b tσ Y   40 0.01× 523 
The reference final crack length is the lesser of 𝑎𝑎𝑐𝑐 and 𝑎𝑎𝑌𝑌 ; hence, we take 𝑎𝑎𝑓𝑓
= 17.0 mm. Constant 𝐶𝐶 is calculated next,

C0 2.71×10−8 mm/cycle
C
= = = 1.03 ×10−8
( MPa m )
m(1−γ ) 3.70×(1− 0 )
(1 − R )
m
1 − ( −0.3) 

The stress range is

∆σ= σ max (1 − R =
) 113 × 1 − ( −0.3)= 147 MPa
It remains to evaluate the crack growth life,

a1f− m 2 − ai1− m 2
Nf =
( )
m
C F ∆σ π (1 − m 2 )
0.0171−3.70 2 − 0.000251−3.70 2
∴Nf = 99, 200 cycles
(
(1.03 ×10−8 ) ×10−3  × 1.113 ×147 × π )
3.70

  × (1 − 3.70 2 )

♦ The correct answer is D.

Part 2: The factor of safety in life with no periodic inspections is

Nf 99, 200
FS
= = = 0.496
N
Nˆ 200, 000
Since 𝐹𝐹𝑆𝑆𝑁𝑁 < 1.0, periodic inspection is necessary. For a factor of safety in
life of 3.0, the inspection interval is

Nf Nf
FS N = → Nˆ =
Nˆ FS N
99, 200
∴
= Nˆ = 33,100 cycles
3

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© 2020 Montogue Quiz
ANSWER SUMMARY

Problem 1 C
Problem 2 D
3.1 Open-ended pb.
Problem 3 3.2 C
3.3 B
Problem 4 B
Problem 5 C
Problem 6 A
Problem 7 A
Problem 8 B
Problem 9 C
10.1 B
Problem 10
10.2 D
Problem 11 D
Problem 12 C
13.1 Open-ended pb.
Problem 13
13.2 Open-ended pb.
Problem 14 C
Problem 15 D
16.1 D
Problem 16
16.2 Open-ended pb.

REFERENCES
• DOWLING, N. (2013). Mechanical Behavior of Materials. 4th edition.
Upper Saddle River: Pearson.
• HERTZBERG, R., VINCI, R. and HERTZBERG, J. (2013). Deformation and
Fracture Mechanics of Engineering Materials. 5th edition. Hoboken:
John Wiley and Sons.
• JUVINALL, R. and MARSHEK, K. (2012). Fundamentals of Machine
Component Design. 5th edition. Hoboken: John Wiley and Sons.
• SHUKLA, A. (2005). Practical Fracture Mechanics in Design. 2nd edition.
New York: Marcel Dekker.

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