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Material Lab 5

This lab report details an experiment using a Charpy impact tester to determine the toughness of a specimen material. The apparatus used includes the Charpy machine with a pendulum and metal specimens. The Charpy test involves striking a notched specimen with the pendulum to measure the energy absorbed prior to fracture. Calculations are made to determine the impact energy based on the pendulum's rise with and without the specimen. The results are recorded in a table and conclusions drawn about the material's toughness from the measured impact energy.

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94 views6 pages

Material Lab 5

This lab report details an experiment using a Charpy impact tester to determine the toughness of a specimen material. The apparatus used includes the Charpy machine with a pendulum and metal specimens. The Charpy test involves striking a notched specimen with the pendulum to measure the energy absorbed prior to fracture. Calculations are made to determine the impact energy based on the pendulum's rise with and without the specimen. The results are recorded in a table and conclusions drawn about the material's toughness from the measured impact energy.

Uploaded by

21pwind0685
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Lab report number 5

TO INVESTIGATE IMPACT ENERGY OF SPECIMEN USING CHARPY IMPACT TESTER.

OBJECTIVE:
Objective of this lab is to find the impact energy or in easy words the toughness of a specific
specimen using the charpy impact tester.

APPARATUS:
 Charpy Machine , a heavyweight, would be attached in the pendulum swing machine.
 Metal Specimen as per SI Standards.

INTRODUCTION:
Impact Tests
Impact tests are designed to measure the resistance to failure of a material to a
suddenly applied force. The test measures the impact energy, or the energy
absorbed prior to fracture. The most common methods of measuring impact energy
are the:

• Charpy Test

• Izod Test
Lab report number 5

What is Impact Energy


Impact energy is a measure of the work done to fracture a test specimen.

When the striker impacts the specimen, the specimen will absorb energy until it
yields. At this point, the specimen will begin to undergo plastic deformation at the
notch. The test specimen continues to absorb energy and work hardens at the
plastic zone at the notch. When the specimen can absorb no more energy, fracture
occurs.

The Charpy Test


While most commonly used on metals, it is also used on polymers, ceramics and
composites. The Charpy test is most commonly used to evaluate the relative
toughness or impact toughness of materials and as such is often used in quality
control applications where it is a fast and economical test. It is used more as a
comparative test rather than a definitive test.

Charpy Test Specimens


Charpy test specimens normally measure 55x10x10mm and have a notch machined
across one of the larger faces. The notches may be:

• V-notch – A V-shaped notch, 2mm deep, with 45° angle and 0.25mm radius
along the base

• U-notch or keyhole notch – A 5mm deep notch with 1mm radius at the base of
the notch.

What Does the Charpy Test Involve?


The Charpy test involves striking a suitable test piece with a striker, mounted at the
end of a pendulum. The test piece is fixed in place at both ends and the striker
impacts the test piece immediately behind a a machined notch.
Lab report number 5

Figure 1. Schematic of the Charpy impact test.

Determination of Charpy Impact Energy


At the point of impact, the striker has a known amount of kinetic energy. The impact
energy is calculated based on the height to which the striker would have risen, if no
test specimen was in place, and this compared to the height to which the striker
actually rises.

Tough materials absorb a lot of energy, whilst brittle materials tend to absorb very
little energy prior to fracture.

Factors Affecting Charpy Impact Energy


Factors that affect the Charpy impact energy of a specimen will include:

• Yield strength and ductility

• Notches

• Temperature and strain rate

• Fracture mechanism

Yield Strength and Ductility


Lab report number 5

For a given material the impact energy will be seen to decrease if the yield strength
is increased, i.e. if the material undergoes some process that makes it more brittle
and less able to undergo plastic deformation. Such processes may include cold
working or precipitation hardening.

Notches
The notch serves as a stress concentration zone and some materials are more
sensitive towards notches than others. The notch depth and tip radius are therefore
very important.

Temperature and Strain Rate


Most of the impact energy is absorbed by means of plastic deformation during the
yielding of the specimen. Therefore, factors that affect the yield behaviour and hence
ductility of the material such as temperature and strain rate will affect the impact
energy.

This type of behaviour is more prominent in materials with a body centred cubic
structure, where lowering the temperature reduces ductility more markedly than face
centred cubic materials.

Fracture Mechanism
Metals tend to fail by one of two mechanisms, microvoid coalescence or cleavage.

Cleavage can occur in body centred cubic materials, where cleavage takes place
along the {001} crystal plane. Microvoid coalescence is the more common fracture
mechanism where voids form as strain increases, and these voids eventually join
together and failure occurs. Of the two fracture mechanisms cleavage involved far
less plastic deformation ad hence absorbs far less fracture energy.

CALCULATIONS:
Lab report number 5

PROCEDURE:
 Firstly check the zero error in the impact testor.
 Then calculate the angles of a1 and a2 (alpha) .

 Then start the test by placing the v-notch specimen in the parallel jaws.
 Then set the pointer up to its maximum value which in our case is 15J.
 Then release the hammer from its initial height downwards towards the specimen.
 Then record the observations and the energy absorbed.
 Then using the formulas calculate the values of Ea ,Eb and the impact energy .
Lab report number 5

TABLE:

CONCLUSION:
We conclude from this lab that how we can easily calculate the impact energy of a specific
material using charpy impact testor that can be used in different aspects of the industry .
the material that is required.

COMMENTS:
In this lab we learned how to use the impact testor machine with different materials with
the guidance of our respected teacher.

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