0% found this document useful (0 votes)
33 views56 pagesIot CH1
Uploaded by
Sky CookCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
33 views56 pagesIot CH1
Uploaded by
Sky CookCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
/ 56
Introduction to Internet
of Things
Syllabus
Jo Definition, loT characteristics, M2M and lof, End to End loT Architecture, Physical design of
IoT,, Logical Design of Io, Over
view of IoT protocols, IoT levels and deployment templates,
Challenges for lof, Interdependencies of IoT and cloud computing, Web of things
Contents
1.1. Evolution of loT
1.2, M2M and loT
1.3. End to End loT Architecture
1.4 Physical Design of loT
1.5. Logical Design of loT
1.6 Overview of loT Protocols
1.7 loT Levels and Deployment Templates
1.8 Challenges for loT
1.9. Interdependencies of loT and Cloud Computing
1.10 Web of Things
1.11 Fillin the Blanks
1.12. Multiple Choice Questions
a-1) Intemet of Things
y
as Introduction to Internet of Thy,
Evolution of loT
.
.
The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to the capability of everyday devices to
to other devices and people through the existing Internet infrastructure. Devices
connect and communicate in many ways.
Examples of this are smartphones that interact with other smartphones,
vehicle-to-vehicle communication, connected video cameras, and connected medical
devices.
They are able to communicate with consumers, collect and transmit data tp
companies, and compile large amounts of data for third parties.
Things are objects of the physical world (physical things) or of the information
world (virtual world) which are capable of being identified and integrated ints
communication networks. Things have associated information, which can be static
and dynamic.
Physical things exist in the physical world and are capable of being sensed,
actuated and connected. Examples of physical things include the surrounding
environment, industrial robots, goods and electrical equipment.
Virtual things exist in the information world and are capable of being stored,
processed and accessed. Examples of virtual things include multimedia content
and application software.
A device is a piece of equipment with the mandatory capabilities of
communication and optional capabilities of sensing, actuation, data capture, data
storage and data processing.
The devices collect various kinds of information and provide it to the information
and communication networks for further processing. Some devices also execute
operations based on information received from the information and
communication networks.
Fig. 1.1.1 shows evolutionary phase of internet.
Internet of things
(Digitize the
world)
Immersive
Networked
experiences
reer: ee Connecting:
(Digitize (Digitize i
business) interaction) © People
Social ‘* Process
‘Mobility © Data
browser hai Cloud © Things
Intelligent connection
Fig. 1.1.1 : Evolutionary phase of internet
TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - an up-thrust for knowledge Intemet of Things 1-3 Introduction to Intemet of Things
¢ Evolutionary phase of internet is Connectivity, Networked Economy, Immersive
Experiences and IoT.
1, Connectivity : in the phase, peoples are connected to email, web services and
searches the information.
Networked Economy : this phase support e-commerce and supply chain
enhancements along with collaborative engagement to drive increased
efficiency in business processes.
. Immersive Experiences: this phase extended the Internet experience to
encompass widespread video and social media while always being connected
through mobility.
. Internet of Things: it adds connectivity to objects and machines in the world
around us to enable new services and experiences.
ERED Definition of oT
The Internet of Things (IoT) is the network of physical objects ie. devices, vehicles,
buildings and other items embedded with electronics, software, sensors, and
network connectivity that enables these objects to collect and exchange data.
Wikipedia definition : The Internet of Things, also called The Internet of Objects,
tefers to a wireless network between objects, usually the network will be wireless
and self-configuring, such as household appliances.
* WSIS 2005 Definition : By embedding short-range mobile transceivers into a wide
array of additional gadgets and everyday items, enabling new forms of
communication between people and things, and between things.
The Intemet of Things refers to the capability of everyday devices to connect to
other devices and people through the existing Internet infrastructure.
Anytime
‘any context
Robots and
drones
TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - an up-thrust for knowledge a
fi
Intemet of Things 1-4 _Introduetion to et Tg
© Devices connect and communicate in many earl oeea a this are’ stan
phones that interact with other smart phones, vel i " oe om communication,
connected video cameras, and connected oe ev icea ayaa able to
communicate with consumers, collect and transmit data to companies, and compijy
large amounts of data for third parties. et
© ToT data differs from traditional computing. The Coa - small in size ang
frequent in transmission. The number of ee or ea les, that ao connecting ty
the network are also greater in JoT than in traditional PC computing.
© Machine-to-Machine communications and intelligence tar, oe the oe and
the network will allow businesses to automate certain basic tasks without
depending on central or cloud based applications and services.
‘© IoT impacts every business. Mobile and the Internet of Things will change the
types of devices that connect into a company's systems. These newly connected
devices will produce new types of data.
© The Internet of Things will help a business gain efficiency, harness intelligence
from a wide range of equipment, improve operations and increase customer
satisfaction.
* Ubiquitous computing, pervasive computing, Internet Protocol, sensing
technologies, communication technologies, and embedded devices are merged
together in order to form a system where the real and digital worlds meet and are
continuously in symbiotic interaction.
* The smart object is the building block of the JoT vision. By putting intelligence
into everyday objects, they are turned into smart objects able not only to collet
information from the environment and interact /control the physical world, but
also to be interconnected, to each other, through Internet to exch data and
information.
* The expected huge number of interconnected devices and the significant amount
of available data open new opportunities to create services that will bring tangi
benefits to the society, environment, economy and individual citizens.
* However, the loT is still maturing, in particular due to a number of factors, whid!
cee full exploitation of the lot. Some of the factors are listed below :
1. There is no unique identification number system for object in the world.
2. IoT uses Architecture Reference Model (ARM) but there is no furthet
development in ARM.
TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - an up-thust for knowledge Intemet of Things 1-6 Introduction to Internet of Things
Missing large-scale testing and learning environments
4. Difficulties in exchanging of sensor information in heterogeneous
environments.
5. Difficulties in developin,
8 business which embraces the full support of the
Internet of Things,
ERED lo Characteristics
¥
a
2
x
. Things-related services : Provides
. Dynamic changes : The state of a device can
. Self-adapting: Self-Adaptive is a sys
Interconnectivity : Everythin,
8 can be connected to the global information and
communication infrastructure
Heterogeneity : Devices within IoT have different hardware and use different
networks but they can still interact with other devices through different networks.
things-related services within the constraints of
things, such as privacy and semantic consistency between physical and virtual
thing.
change dynamically, thus the
number of devices can vary.
. Integrated into information network : ToT devices are integrated with information
network for communication purpose, It will exchange data with other devices.
tem that can automatically modify itself in the
face of a changing context, to best answer a set of requirements.
Self-configuration primarily consists of the actions of neighbour and service
discovery, network organization, and resource provisioning,
ERE] component of loT
8
The hardware utilized in JoT systems includes devices for a remote dashboard,
devices for control, servers, a routing or bridge device, and sensors. These devices
manage key tasks and functions such as system activation, action specifications,
security, communication, and detection to support-specific goals and actions,
Major components of IoT devices are as follows :
- Control units : A small computer on a single integrated circuit containing
Processor core, memory and a programmable I/O peripheral. It is responsible for
the main operation.
Sensor : Devices that can measure a physical quantity and convert it into a signal,
which can be read and interpreted by the microcontroller unit. These devices
consist of energy modules, power management modules, RF modules, and sensing
modules. Most sensors fall into 2 categories : Digital or analog. An analog data is
converted to digital value that can be transmitted to the Internet.
TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - an up-thrust for knowledge Intemet of Things
3. Communication modules
a) There is an Internet-enable inte1
b) The IoT Device has direct
« The commit
.
2
4. Power Sources :
v
1-6 Introduction to Intemet of Things
a. Temperature sensors : accelerometers
b. Image sensors : gyroscopes
c. Light sensors : acoustic sensors
d. Micro flow sensors : humidity sensors
e. Gas RFID sensors : pressure sensors
‘These are the part of devices and responsible for
with rest of IoT platform. They provide connectivity according to
communication
yy are designed. The communication
wireless or wired communication protocol the
between IoT devices and the Internet is performed in two ways :
mediate node acting as a gateway;
ommunication with the Internet.
nication between the main control unit and the communication module
uses serial protocol in most cases.
In small devices the current is usually produced by sources like
batteries, thermocouples and solar cells. Mobile devices are mostly powered by
lightweight batteries that can be recharged for longer life duration.
* Communication Technology and Protocol : IoT primarily exploits standard
protocols and networking technologies. However, the major enabling technologies
and protocols of IoT are RFID, NFC, low-energy Bluetooth, low-energy wireless
low-energy radio protocols, LTE-A, and WiFi-Direct. These technologies support
the specific networking functionality needed in an IoT system in contrast to @
standard uniform network of common systems.
Working of loT
Fig 1.1.2 shows working of IoT.
Collect and transmit data : The device can sense the environment and collet
information related to it and transmit it to a different device or to the Internet:
Actuate device based on triggers : It can be programmed to actuate other devices
based on conditions set by user.
Receive information : Device can also receive information from the network.
Communication assistance : It provides communication between two devices 4
same network or different network.
TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - an up-thrust for knowledge: I Internet of Things 1-7 Introduction to Intemet of Things
Users
ale
2
Microcontrollers’, 7“ @.
Environment | @ \ | Aimertaces
“at .
oa — < Fy A of
Toe net ay
f
a.
Web
oes eS applications
Data Communication
Management & interfaces
Data
repositories
Fig. 1.1.2 : Working of loT
* Sensors for various applications are used in different IoT devices as per different
applications such as temperature, power, humidity, proximity, force etc.
Gateway takes care of various wireless standard interfaces and hence one gateway
can handle multiple technologies and multiple sensors,
* The typical wireless technologies used widely are 6LOWPAN, Zigbee, Zwave,
RFID, NFC etc. Gateway interfaces with cloud using backbone wireless or wired
technologies such as WiFi, Mobile , DSL or Fibre.
Advantages and Disadvantages
Advantages of loT
1. Improved customer engagement and communication.
2. Support for technology optimization
3. Support wide range of data collection
4. Reduced waste
TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - an up-thrust for knowledge rs Introduction to Internet of Things
winmoteh ngs
Disadvantages of loT
of pri dd security : As all the household appliances, industria
1, Loss of privacy ans :
chinery, public sector services like water supply and transport and many other
machinery,
information is available on jt
Internet, a lot of int
devices all are connected to the
This information is prone to attack by hackers.
flexibility of an IoT system
2 Flexibility : Many are concerned about the fle» to
integrate easily with another.
3. Complexity : The IoT is a diverse and complex network. Any failure or bugs in
the software or hardware will have serious consequences. Even power failure can
cause a lot of inconvenience.
4. Compatibility : Currently, there is no international standard of compatibility for
the tagging and monitoring equipment.
5. Save time and money.
Applications of loT
1. Home : Buildings where people live, It controls home and security systems.
2. Offices : Energy management and security in office buildings; improved
productivity, including for mobile employees. af
5, Factories : Places with repetitive work routines, including hospitals and farms;
operating efficiencies, optimizing equipment use and inventory.
4. Vehicles Vehicles including cars, trucks, ships, aircraft, and trains;
condition-based maintenance, usage-based design, pre-sales analytics
5. Cities : Public spaces and infrastructure in urban settings; adaptive traffic control
‘smart meters, environmental monitoring, resource management, A
6. Worksites :
javniain oe
It is custom production environments like mining, oil and ga
Construction: operating efficiencies, predicive maintenance, health and safety.
ee
TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - an upnrust for knowledge Internet of Things 1-9 Introduction to Internet of Things
i ee i OUssteh
f ant A eces
od \ iF
°
Securty
Policy matars Industints
Fig. 1.1.3
EEA 2m and loT
Machine to Machine (M2M) communication is the communication among the
physical things which do not need human intervention.
M2M communication is a form of data communication that involves one or more
entities that do not necessarily require human interaction or intervention in the
Process of communication. M2M is also named as Machine Type Communication
(MTC) in 3GPP.
M2M communication could be carried over mobile networks (e.g. GSM-GPRS,
CDMA EVDO networks). In the M2M communication, the role of mobile network
is largely confined to serve as a transport network.
M2M is only a subset of IoT. IoT is a more encompassing phenomenon because it
also includes Human-to-Machine communication (H2M).
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), Location-Based Services (LBS),
Lab-on-a-Chip (LOC), sensors, Augmented Reality (AR), robotics and vehicle
telematics, which are some of the technology innovations that employ both M2M
and H2M communications.
TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - an up-thrust for knowledge =
Intemet of Things 1-10 __Introduction to Internet of Th
Reasons for shifting from M2M to IoT
It supports multiple application with multiple device.
It is information and service centric.
. It supports open market place.
. IoT uses Horizontal enabler approach.
ope
It requires generic commodity devices.
Used in B2B and B2C.
Key features of M2M :
1. Low Mobility : M2M Devices do not move and if moves only within a certain
area.
2. Time Controlled : data can be sent or receive only at certain pre-defined time
periods.
3. Time Tolerant : Sometimes data transfer can be delayed.
4. Packet Switched : Network operator to provide packet switched service
5. Online small Data Transmissions : Devices frequently send or receive small
amounts of data.
6. Low Power Consumption : To improve the ability of the system to efficiently
service M2M applications.
7. Location Specific Trigger : Intending to trigger M2M device in a particular area
eg. wake up the device.
Six Pillars of M2M :
© The six pillars of M2M are as follows :
1. Remote monitoring is a generic term most often representing supervisory
control, data acquisition and automation of industrial assets.
2. RFID is a data-collection technology that uses electronic tags for storing data.
a
3. A sensor network monitors physical or environmental conditions, with sensot
nodes acting cooperatively to form/maintain the network.
4. The term smart service refers to the process of networking equipment and
monitoring it at a customer's site so that it can be maintained and
more effectively.
5. Telematics to the integration of telecommunications and infomatics, but mo
often it refers to tracking, navigation and entertainment applications
vehicles.
6. Telemetry is usually associated with industrial, medical and wildlife-tracki"é
applications that transmit small amounts of vehicles data.
TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - an up-thrust for knowledge Internet of Things 5 it Introduction to Internet of Things
EEA] Architecture and Components of M2M
«Fig, 1.2.1 shows M2M architecture,
1 M2M Gateway
Satelite
Machine
M2M Domain
Network Domain Application Domain
Fig. 1.2.1 : M2M architecture
* The system components of an M2M solution are as follows :
- M2M Device : A device that runs application(s) using M2M capabilities and
network domain functions. An M2M device is either connected straight to an
access network or interfaced to M2M gateways via an M2M area network.
M2M area network : A M2M area network provides connectivity between M2M
devices and M2M gateways. Examples of M2M area betworks include : Personal
area network technologies such as IEEE 802.15, SRD, UWB, Zigbee, Bluetooth, ete
or local networks such as PLC, M-BUS, Wireless M-BUS.
3. M2M gateways : Equipments using M2M capabilities to ensure M2M devices
interworking and interconnection to the network and application domain. The
M2M gateway may also run M2M applications.
4. M2M applications server : Applications that run the service logic and use service
capal accessible via open interfaces.
5. M2M application : The application component of the solution is a realization of
the highly specific monitor and control process, The application is further
integrated into the overall business process system of the enterprise,
TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - an up-thrust for knowledge Introduction to Intemet of
Intemet of Things 1-12 2 Thing
Fig, 1.2.2 shows generic M2M solution.
Backend
(Datacentre, cloud)
Network core
M2M gateways
M2M devices
Manufacturer A Bluetooth, Z-wave, Zigbee Manufacturer B
Fig. 1.2.2 Generic M2M solution
+ A number of sub-sets of users of M2M services can be identified : Consumers in
the home, business users and facility managers, city governments, logistic
businesses, energy providers and more,
TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - an up-thrust for knowledge
| Inteet of Things 1-13 Introduction to Internet of Things
BEX Difference between Mi M2M and toT
Machine-to-Machine Internet of Things 1
|
4
| Te support single application with single device. It support multiple sree with multiple
| device. ‘
| Ris tomuniaton, and device centric, | Itis infomation and service centric.
|_ Tt support elosed business operations,
It support open market place.
|
7
eee ener i
OneM2M Architecture
* Goal of this architecture is to create a common service layer, which can be readily
embedded I field devices to allow communication with application servers
+ Fig 13.1 shows OneM2M architecture. OneM2M architecture consists of application
layer, services layer and network layer.
=
Fig. 1.3.1 : OneM2M architecture
1. Application layer : Comprises oneM2M application and related business and
operational logic.
2. Services layer : Consists of OneM2M service function that enables oneM2M
applications.
. Network layer : It provides transport, connectivity and services functions,
»
TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - an up-thrust for knowiedge Introduction {0 Internet of Thin
— mere Thay
loT World Forum Standardized Architecture
[WF) Si ize hitecture.
* Fig 1.3.2 shows IoT World Forum (loTWF) Standardized Architecture
Cconter
® cotiavoration and proc
tern, Basse proceso)
ee
lation
© apr’ Raye, Conta
Lt
Non - eal
Data t
5 avetrction aia at Non re
a= roomie |
| Pecan Ete
® baa accumulation es
(Storage) { {
Lt
vent (@ comput Detain Real
SS [Om gonotrayisssretematn| ten Se
Q 5
