Disaster Resistant Architecture

Disaster Resistant Architecture

ARCH351

Mouli Majumdar
23.08.2022
 Disaster Resistant Architecture
P resentation overview:

• Brief introduction to different types of natural disaster

• Occurrence of disaster in different climatic and geographical regions,

• Hazard map of India(earthquake, flood and cyclone) Disaster Vulnerability (BMTPC’s Vulnerability Atlas of India)

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 Disaster Resistant Architecture
Natu ral Disaster

Disaster: a serious disruption of the functioning of a society, causing widespread human, material, or environmental
losses which exceed the ability of the affected society to cope using only its own resources. Disasters are often
classified according to their speed of onset (sudden or slow) or according to their cause (natural or man-made).

Natural Disaster

• Caused by earth’s natural processes

• Leads to environmental degradation , loss of life and economic damage

• Usually preceded by a natural hazard

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Types of Natural Disaster

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Geological :

• Caused by geological processes like shift in tectonic plates.

• Examples include earthquake and volcanic eruptions

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Meteorological :

• Caused by meteorological / weather phenomenon.

• Related to temperature and wind

• Examples include heatwaves, cold waves , hurricanes ,typhoons.

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Hydrological:

• Caused by water/ hydrological phenomenon.

• Examples include flood, droughts.

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Biological:

• Caused by biological processes.

• Examples include infectious diseases, pandemic.

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Hazard v/s Disaster

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Hazard versus Disaster:

Disaster = Natural/Manmade Hazard + vulnerability of the community exposed

Risk = Probability of Hazard x Degree of Vulnerability.

• Risky or dangerous to the affected people

• Potential to disrupt the living condition of the people

• Based on severity of the hazards can be classified as disasters.

• Severity and damage depends upon the resilience of the people and infrastructure availability

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Natural versus Manmade versus Man Accelerated:

• Inadequate building norms

• Marginalization and inequality

• Overexploitation of resources

• Extreme urban sprawl

• Climate change

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Use of Vulnerability Atlas :

(a) preventive actions like hazard resistant construction, retrofitting and upgrading of existing buildings,

(b) mitigating the intensity and extent of the disaster,

(c) warning system installation and drills for its use,

(d) instituting a hierarchical structure for preparedness down to the village level,

(e) training of manpower in various tasks in the emergency

(f) implementation of land zoning regulations in flood plains and coastal areas, and building byelaws with disaster

resistant features in various towns and cities, etc.

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 Disaster Resistant Architecture
P resentation overview:

• Hazard map of India(earthquake, flood and cyclone) Disaster Vulnerability (BMTPC’s Vulnerability Atlas of India)

• Earthquake damages and types

• cyclone damages and types

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Hazard Maps of India

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House types, the hazard intensities and the damage risk levels :

• 87% area of the district lies in seismic intensity (Zone III) and 100% area in the 50 & 55 m/s wind velocity zone.
Also 48.4% of its area is flood prone.

• According to 2011 census, there are 421,530 housing units in the district, 58.1% of which are of category A
(very weak type), 36.5% of category B (moderate strength) and only 1.40% of category C (the strong types).

• Also 4% houses are of other materials such as bamboo, thatch, grass, leaves. The risk of damage from
earthquakes to Category A houses is ‘medium’, and to Category B (36.5% of total) it is ‘low’.

• The example district lies in the cyclone prone coastal area and have very high risk to 62.9% [57.9%(Cat.A1) +
1.0%(Cat.C2) + 4.0%(Cat.X)] housing units,

Hence the life and property of this population living in the district is at great cyclone risk. The district has also great
risk of flooding, storm surges & tsunami. Hence serious attention has to be paid to the district from cyclone,
tsunami & storm surge disaster prevention, mitigation and preparedness points of view

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House types, the hazard intensities and the damage risk levels :

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Earthquake risks :
There are four zones based on expected maximum wind speeds in the area. Zone I has the lowest risk and Zone IV has the highest.

Zone II:
Kachcha Buildings: About 50% will have fine cracks and about 5% moderate cracks.
Semi Pucca Buildings: About 25% will have fine cracks.
Pucca Buildings: No damage..

Zone III :
Kachcha Buildings: About 75% will have large cracks and 5% will have collapsed portions.
Semi Pucca Buildings : About 75% will have large cracks.
Pucca Buildings: About 75% will have small cracks, and 5% will have large cracks.

Zone IV :
Kachcha Buildings: About 75% will have collapsed portions.
Semi Pucca Buildings: About 75% will have large cracks, about 5% will have collapsed portions.
Pucca Buildings: About 75% will have small cracks, and about 5% will have large cracks..

Zone V :
Kachcha Buildings: About 75% will collapse fully.
Semi Pucca Buildings: About 50% will have collapsed portions and about 5% may collapse fully.
Pucca Buildings: About 50% will have large cracks, and about 5% will have collapsed portions

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Cyclone risks :
There are four zones based on expected maximum wind speeds in the area. Zone I has the lowest risk and Zone IV has the highest.

• Low Damage Risk

Wind Speed up to 33m/s
Well-built Semi-Pucca Buildings:
Very little damage.
Loose corrugated galvanized iron (CGI) & fibre cement sheets and clay tiles fly off.

• Moderate Damage Risk

Wind Speed 39 to 44m/s
Kachcha and Semi-Pucca Buildings:
Moderate damage.
Loose roofing clay tiles fly off; some roof sheets fixed to purlins also fly off.

• High Damage Risk

Wind Speed 47m/s
Kachcha and Semi Pucca Buildings:
Heavy damage
Boundary Walls: Overturn
Industrial Buildings: Walls fail, whole roofs may fly off.

• Very High Damage Risk

Wind Speed 50 to 55 m/s
Similar to Zone III but the damage is more widespread as in a severe cyclone.

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Ear thquake Damages and types

Earthquake makes the building and its parts bend, elongate, compress and twist. Various walls move in different
directions. This causes tension in the walls and at the junction of various parts of the building. If the strength is not
adequate then the damage occurs. Since mortar makes a significant contribution to the strength of masonry, the
weaker the mortar, more sever is the damage.

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Ear thquake Damages and types

Vertical Crack at the Corner

Cause: Corner is weak and not able to take tension between two walls.

Vertical Crack away from corner

Cause: Wall is not able to withstand tension caused by its bending.

Diagonal Crack
Cause: The wall is not able to withstand tension resulting from elongation
in diagonal direction.

Diagonal Crack at the corner of the Window and the door

Cause: Wall with openings is weak against tension in diagonal direction.

Horizontal Crack at the base of Gable Wall

Cause: Gable wall is unable to resist tension at its base caused by its back
and forth shaking(bending).

Crack under a beam

Cause: Wall is unable to resist splitting tension due to concentrated load
from the beam during earthquake.

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Ear thquake Damages and types

Wall bulged
Cause: In thick stone walls its outer and inner wythes
(faces) are not interlocked adequately, and with shaking
their separation begins, resulting in to bulging.

Wall with one face fallen and other intact (Delamination)

Cause: In thick stone walls its outer and inner wythes
(faces) are not interlocked adequately, and with shaking
one face separates and collapses.

Wall going out of plumb

With both corners cracked wall loses its supports at
ends. Any further shaking makes it tilt and go out of plumb

Wall with small portion at top having collapsed

Cause: Weak Wall without adequate roof anchoring is not
able to withstand tension caused by back and forth bending.

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Ear thquake Damages and types

Cracked Masonry Column

Cause: The masonry column is not able to withstand tension
resulting from its bending caused by the horizontal push from the roof
supported on it.

Collapse of a part of the slab

Cause: Portion of support wall collapses, depriving support to a part of
slab, resulting in the collapse of that part.

Slab sliding from its position

Cause: The weak joint between slab and wall is not able to withstand
the horizontal force exerted by the slab on the wall.

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Cyc lone Damages and types

The wind at very high speed creates pressure on some parts of the building and suction on the other. As a result the building and
its parts bend and elongate. If the strength is not adequate then all this causes Cracks, parts of wall collapse, uplifting of roof,
uplifting of projecting shades etc. The wall facing wind is subjected to pressure. All other walls are subjected to suction. Different
parts of roof are subjected to different amount of suction.

Eave level roof projection and Window Shades Lifted

up Roof Corner at Gable Wall Getting Lifted up
Cause: The weak anchoring of the outer edge of roof and of Cause: The weak anchoring of roof purlins and roofing on top of
window shade are inadequate to resist the upward push by gable wall is inadequate to resist uplift caused by wind. If wind is
wind. If wind is stronger, then this can lead to blowing off of stronger, then this can lead to blowing off of the whole roof.
the whole roof.
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Cyc lone Damages and types

Severe Cracking / Collapse of Wall

Cause: Prolonged flooding and heavy rain cause the wetting of wall and mortar.
This reduces the bearing capacity of mud mortar and clay wall, and so the wall
is not able to support the roof. This results in severe cracking and even collapse.

Settlement in Foundation
Cause: Foundation is not able to support the wall load because of reduction in
load bearing capacity of foundation soil due to rise in water table. This causes
severe cracking in walls and in some cases, part of the building settles down.

Scouring of Wall Base

Cause: Fast moving water erodes the foundation of the wall or erodes the wall
mortar. This weakens the structure resulting into large holes or cracks or
collapse of walls.

Rain Damage
Cause: Sustained rain for many hours causes erosion of mortar, or foundation
resulting in cracking or even collapse of walls.

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Assignment

Disaster resilient vernacular architecture techniques

2 slides each , 4-5 groups

• KOTI BANAL Uttarkashi , Uttarakhand

• BHUNGA Kutch, Gujrat

• BAMBOO HOUSES , Assam

• TAQ and DHAJJI DIWARI , Kashmir

• CHUTTILLU , Vishakhapatnam

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