Open navigation menu
Close suggestions
Search
Search
en
Change Language
Upload
Sign in
Sign in
Download free for days
0 ratings
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
198 views
11 pages
INSEM Paper Solution
Uploaded by
rishtaneja7
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content,
claim it here
.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
Download
Save
Save INSEM Paper Solution For Later
0%
0% found this document useful, undefined
0%
, undefined
Embed
Share
Print
Report
0 ratings
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
198 views
11 pages
INSEM Paper Solution
Uploaded by
rishtaneja7
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content,
claim it here
.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
Carousel Previous
Carousel Next
Download
Save
Save INSEM Paper Solution For Later
0%
0% found this document useful, undefined
0%
, undefined
Embed
Share
Print
Report
Download now
Download
You are on page 1
/ 11
Search
Fullscreen
Department of Computer Engineering Academic Year : 2022-25 (Semester |) Model Answer InSem Q-1 (a) Define the term: Color Depth, Scan Conversion, Refresh Rate, Pixel 4 Marks Color Depth: tis determined by the number of bits assigned to hold values, Lbit= 2 colors, Abit 16 colors 8 bite 256 colors 416 bit« 30 approx.( 32768) 24 bit « 16 million color 32 bit latest true color The display adapter stores value in a memory for every point on the screen, Scan Conversion : The process of represerting a continuous graphical objects as a collection of discrete pixels by identifying their locations end setting them On is called sean conversion . The process of determining which pixels will provide the best apptoximation to the desired tine is properly known as rasterization, Combined with the process of rendering the picture in scan line oider it is known as scan conversion, Refresh rate: Speed by which a particular point on the screen getting printed. Initially VGA > 60 Hz., due to flickring effect, it uses 70 Hz. Frequency. User can set the refresh rate by making use of driver of a particular display adapter, ‘Scan Conversion: Pixel: in computer graphics, pictures or graphics objects or each screen point represented a5 a collection of discrete picture elements which are called a5 pixels. It is also referred to as a pel, as it is a smallest addressable screen element. It is the smallest piece of screen, which we can control by setting the intensity and color. Each pixel on the graphics display does not represent the mathematical point but the region which theoretically can contain an infinite number of points.Q-4 (b) Differentiate between Random Scan and Raster Scan. 6 Marks ‘Base of Difference | Raster Scan System Random Scan System Hlectron Beam | The electron beam is swept across the | The electron beam is directed only to the screen, one row at a time, from top to | parts of screen where a picture is to be bottom. drawn, Resolution Tes resolition Te poor because faster | is resolution Ts good because this system system in contrast. produces zigzag | produces smooth lines drawings because lines that are plotted as discrete point | CRT beam directly follows the line path. sets, Picture Definition | Picture definition is Hored as set of | Picture definition le stored as a set of ine intensity values for all screen points, | drawing instructions in a display file called pixels ina refresh buffer area Realistic Display | The capability of this stom to store | These systems are designed for Tine intensity values for pixel makes it well | drawing and can't display realistic shaded suited for the realistic display of scenes | scenes. contain shadow and color pattern, Draw an image | Screen polntalphels are used to draw | Mathematical functions are used to draw ‘an image. animage. Q-2 (a) Define the term: Resolution, Aspect Ratio, Frame Buffer, Refresh Rate 4 Marks Resolution: It refers to the maximum number of dots or points that can be displayed on the screen without overlap on the Cathode Ray Tube (CRT). It is expressed as the number of points per centimeter that can be plotted horizontally and vertically. Resolution depends ‘on the type of phosphor, the intensity to be displayed and the focusing and deflection systems used in the CRT. The most commonly used four resolutions today are: 640 480, 1024 = 768, 800 = 600, 1280 = 1024. Aspect Ratio: This number gives the ratio of vertical points to horizontal points necessary to produce equal-length line in both directions on the screen, Sometimes itis also referred. to as the ratio of horizontal to vertical points. An aspect ratio of 5/6 means that a vertical line plotted with 5 points has the same length as a horizontal line plotted with 6 points. eg, aspect ratio of 12° « 16" display is 12/16 = 3/4. Frame Buffer: special area of memory is dedicated to graphics only, and picture definition is stored in this memory area which is called frame buffer or refresh buffer. This memory area holds the set of intensity values for all the screen points and the stored intensity value are then retrieved from this frame buffer and painted on the screen one row at a time to display pictureQ-2 (b)Compare DDA Line Drawing Algorithm with DA Line Drawing Algorithm . 6 Marks Vector Generation Algorithm/ Bresenhamé Line Algorithm DDALine Algorithm © it uses Floating point © it uses only integer addition, arithmetic subtraction and multiplication by 2 © Due to ‘floating point | © is quicker than arithmetic and wunding vector generation algorithm function ittakes more time. Less efficient More efficient © Where speed is important this | © Hardware Implementation is algorithm need «tothe not required. implemented in hardware Q-3 (a) Write a short note on “Handling Keyboard inputs with GLUT. 6 Marks glutKeyboardFunc sets the keyboard callback for the cusrent window. Function : void glutKeyboardFunc(void (‘func)(unsigned char key, int x, int y)); Description '* glutkeyboardFunc sets the keyboard callback for the current window. When a user types into the window, each key press generating an ASCII character will generate a keyboard callback. * The key callback parameter is the generated ASCII character. The state of modifier keys such as Shift cannot be determined directly; their only effect will be on the returned ASCII data, * The x and y callback parameters indicate the mouse location in window relative coordinates when the key was pressed. * During @ keyboard callback, glutGetModifiers may be called to determine the state of modifier keys when the keystroke generating the callback occurred. KeyDownEvent : A KeyDownEvent is sent each time you press a key on the keyboard, The key pressed contains the keyCode property for thet event. If that key press has text input associated with it, additional events are sent for each character of text input. The character property contains the character for those events. KeyUpEvent: 4 KeyUpEvent is sent when you release a key on the keyboard, The keyCode property for that event contains the key being released. KeyDownEvent has additional events sent when a keystroke has an associated text input.Q-3 (b) Explain the Significance of error term in Bresenham’s circle Drawing Algorithm. Explain its mathematical derivation . 6 Marks + It considers the eight-way symmetry of the circle to generate it + Itplots 4/8th part of circle, i. from 90"to 45° as shown in figure. + As circle is drawn from 90'to 45° the x moves in positive direction and y moves in negative direction. + Toachieve best approximation to the true circle select those pixels in the raster that fall the least distance from the true circle + can be found by applying either of the two options: ‘+ Increment in positive x direction by one unit or remain y as itis, + Increment in positive x direction and negative y direction by one unit. + Consider P (xy) as a last scan converted pixel. +The next to choose pixel A or pixel B + The closer pixel amongst these two can be determined as follows: fcircle(xy)=e + This function determines a circle with radius r around the origin in the following way For point A the equation of crele will be 8) =Aety) = Gerth? For point B the equation of circle will be FB) -FoeyrLy,-1) = (xr Pry, tye We are going to choose the point A or point B which is nearer to the expected circle. So the decision variable dis calculated by making the sum of function. s=fA)1), £(A) is always positive and f(B) is negative + If variable will cantain either -ve value or 0 then A pointis closer to circle Point A when d
=0 d =f(A)+f(B) 4 (6) (yt) AY) -F * Put initial value (xO,yO) is (O,r) + FA)=FO% +L. n) = (#1)? (Yo)*-? + 1)24(r) 21? #8) = (x, #4, y, 2) = (xot1)?4(yo-1)?-17 + 1)2+(r-1)2-re 2r d= 14+2-2r d=3-2r Casel: d
=0 Previous point is B Next point will be either D or E. F(D)=f04,42, Yoo) = (x2) Hy)? FE) 42,y-2) = (AP Hy 2 d=f(C)+(0) = (6gt2P Hyp DP Hey Py 2? d=d+4(x,-y,) 410 Q-4 (a) Describe OpenGL architecture with block diagram in detail. 6 Marks linet Mode _ Geometric Pipeline The fist stage provides an efficient means for approximating curve and surface geometry by evaluating polynomial functions of input values. The next stage operates on geometric primitives described by vertices: points, tine segments, and polygons. In this stage vertices are transformed and lit, and primitives are clipped to a viewing volume in preparation for the next stage, rasterization. The rasterizer produces a series of framebuffer addresses and values using a ‘two-dimensional description of a point, line segment, or polygon. Each fragment produced is fed ta the next stage that performs operations on dividual fragments before they finally alter the framebuffer.© These operations include conditional updates into the framebuffer based on incoming and previously stored depth values (to effect depth buffering), blending of incoming fragment colors with stored colors, a5 well as mast operations on fragment values © Finally, pixel rectangles and bitmaps bypass the vertex processing portion of the pipeline to send a block of fragments directly through rasterization to the individual fragment operations, eventually causing a block of pixels to be written to the framebutfer. ‘© Values may also be read back from the framebuffer or copied from one portion of the framebuffer to another. These transfers may include some type of decoding or encoding, 1g and other logical (Q-4 (b) Explain Bresenham Circle drawing algorithm in detall. 6 Marks + Itconsiders the eight-way symmetry of the clrcle to generate It. + It plots 1/8th part of circle, Le. from 90°to 45° as shown in figure. As circle is drawn from 90°to 45° the x moves in positive direction and y moves in negative direction. plot.) plot (y,-3) plot(s,-1} pltea-y) phtey-9) plot ya) and potex) Step 1. Accept radius & centre coordinatorsfrom user & plot first point on circumference of circle (y)=(0.) Step 2. Calculate initial value of decision parameter s-3-2r Step 3. By octant symmetric property plot pixels until x
You might also like
GE8072 - Foundation Skills in Integrated Product Development (Ripped From Amazon Kindle Ebooks by Sai Seena)
PDF
No ratings yet
GE8072 - Foundation Skills in Integrated Product Development (Ripped From Amazon Kindle Ebooks by Sai Seena)
140 pages
CSH Lab Manual
PDF
No ratings yet
CSH Lab Manual
83 pages
VTT Lab Manual Final 2-4-58 APEC
PDF
No ratings yet
VTT Lab Manual Final 2-4-58 APEC
54 pages
Computer-graphics-Samit Bhattacharya-Department of Computer Science Engineering-Oxford Press-2015 e
PDF
No ratings yet
Computer-graphics-Samit Bhattacharya-Department of Computer Science Engineering-Oxford Press-2015 e
180 pages
TS PGECET CSE and IT Syllabus & Scheme of Examination
PDF
No ratings yet
TS PGECET CSE and IT Syllabus & Scheme of Examination
2 pages
Microprocessor Imp
PDF
No ratings yet
Microprocessor Imp
56 pages
21CS63 - CG&FIP Course Material
PDF
No ratings yet
21CS63 - CG&FIP Course Material
151 pages
Bangladesh University of Business & Technology (BUBT) : Department of Computer Science and Engineering
PDF
100% (1)
Bangladesh University of Business & Technology (BUBT) : Department of Computer Science and Engineering
2 pages
React Cheat Sheet
PDF
No ratings yet
React Cheat Sheet
14 pages
Architecture of Raster and Random Scan Display Devices
PDF
No ratings yet
Architecture of Raster and Random Scan Display Devices
4 pages
(SMS) Sunstar Scanner CSE-IsE - System Modelling and Simulation
PDF
No ratings yet
(SMS) Sunstar Scanner CSE-IsE - System Modelling and Simulation
25 pages
GXESL208 IT Workshop Worksheet 250305 085447
PDF
No ratings yet
GXESL208 IT Workshop Worksheet 250305 085447
50 pages
Computer Graphics Class Notes
PDF
No ratings yet
Computer Graphics Class Notes
60 pages
IA Shaikh EP2
PDF
No ratings yet
IA Shaikh EP2
173 pages
21MAT11 Calculus Differential Equations 2022 Model Question Paper 1
PDF
No ratings yet
21MAT11 Calculus Differential Equations 2022 Model Question Paper 1
4 pages
DM Endsem Decode
PDF
No ratings yet
DM Endsem Decode
219 pages
CG Decode
PDF
100% (1)
CG Decode
93 pages
RMK Group 21cs905 CV Unit 5
PDF
No ratings yet
RMK Group 21cs905 CV Unit 5
101 pages
Solid Area Scan Conversion
PDF
100% (2)
Solid Area Scan Conversion
38 pages
CG End-Sem
PDF
No ratings yet
CG End-Sem
61 pages
Complete CG Project PDF
PDF
No ratings yet
Complete CG Project PDF
32 pages
17MAT31 Imp Problems PDF
PDF
No ratings yet
17MAT31 Imp Problems PDF
9 pages
East West Institute of Technology: Department of Computer Science and Engineering
PDF
No ratings yet
East West Institute of Technology: Department of Computer Science and Engineering
78 pages
Vivekananda: Lecture Notes On
PDF
No ratings yet
Vivekananda: Lecture Notes On
135 pages
Computer Graphics - Hidden Surface Elimination
PDF
100% (1)
Computer Graphics - Hidden Surface Elimination
68 pages
Breadth First Search and Iterative Depth First Search: Practical 1
PDF
No ratings yet
Breadth First Search and Iterative Depth First Search: Practical 1
21 pages
Graphics Computer Graphics
PDF
0% (1)
Graphics Computer Graphics
39 pages
SE Organizer 5thsem
PDF
No ratings yet
SE Organizer 5thsem
73 pages
Practical File of Computer Graphics (BTCS-504)
PDF
No ratings yet
Practical File of Computer Graphics (BTCS-504)
11 pages
Compiler Design Lab Manual Final
PDF
No ratings yet
Compiler Design Lab Manual Final
54 pages
Decode (DM) Unit 2
PDF
No ratings yet
Decode (DM) Unit 2
26 pages
COMPUTER GRAPHICS & Multimedia Syllabus
PDF
No ratings yet
COMPUTER GRAPHICS & Multimedia Syllabus
3 pages
Points, Lines, Circles and Ellipses As Primitives, Conversion Algorithms For Primitives
PDF
No ratings yet
Points, Lines, Circles and Ellipses As Primitives, Conversion Algorithms For Primitives
26 pages
BE LP5 Manual 23-24
PDF
No ratings yet
BE LP5 Manual 23-24
67 pages
Number System in Deld
PDF
100% (1)
Number System in Deld
283 pages
FFCS Academic Regulations - Version 210
PDF
No ratings yet
FFCS Academic Regulations - Version 210
45 pages
MPMC Aakash
PDF
No ratings yet
MPMC Aakash
18 pages
Opengl Project
PDF
81% (21)
Opengl Project
52 pages
CG Unit 1 To 4
PDF
0% (1)
CG Unit 1 To 4
85 pages
21CS34 SIMP Questions - 21SCHEME: Module-1 (Study Any 5 Questions)
PDF
No ratings yet
21CS34 SIMP Questions - 21SCHEME: Module-1 (Study Any 5 Questions)
4 pages
Eit Practical File (8719139)
PDF
No ratings yet
Eit Practical File (8719139)
54 pages
CG Theory Assignment
PDF
No ratings yet
CG Theory Assignment
22 pages
DDA & BRESENHAMS, Circle (Mid Point Approch)
PDF
No ratings yet
DDA & BRESENHAMS, Circle (Mid Point Approch)
36 pages
B.Tech 6th Sem G Scheme
PDF
No ratings yet
B.Tech 6th Sem G Scheme
3 pages
Lecture Notes in Applied Machine Learning 1
PDF
No ratings yet
Lecture Notes in Applied Machine Learning 1
3 pages
Lab Manual: Subject
PDF
No ratings yet
Lab Manual: Subject
48 pages
SPPU SE Computer Engineering 2015 Pattern Course Syllabus
PDF
No ratings yet
SPPU SE Computer Engineering 2015 Pattern Course Syllabus
69 pages
6CS4-21 Digital Image Processing LAB PLAN 2022-23
PDF
No ratings yet
6CS4-21 Digital Image Processing LAB PLAN 2022-23
2 pages
2 S Complement
PDF
No ratings yet
2 S Complement
4 pages
ST 2
PDF
No ratings yet
ST 2
46 pages
15csl47 Daa Lab Manual-1
PDF
No ratings yet
15csl47 Daa Lab Manual-1
53 pages
Unit - V Implementation, Testing & Maintenance
PDF
No ratings yet
Unit - V Implementation, Testing & Maintenance
60 pages
CO Unit 1-2
PDF
No ratings yet
CO Unit 1-2
14 pages
ITC Unit 4 Convolution Code
PDF
No ratings yet
ITC Unit 4 Convolution Code
12 pages
Ch7 System Software Tools
PDF
No ratings yet
Ch7 System Software Tools
14 pages
Direct Method For Line Drawing
PDF
No ratings yet
Direct Method For Line Drawing
21 pages
Unit - II Image Transforms
PDF
No ratings yet
Unit - II Image Transforms
60 pages
18CS42 Model Question Paper - 1 With Effect From 2019-20 (CBCS Scheme)
PDF
No ratings yet
18CS42 Model Question Paper - 1 With Effect From 2019-20 (CBCS Scheme)
3 pages
CSE304 Syllabus
PDF
No ratings yet
CSE304 Syllabus
2 pages
Explain Following Terms: Prepare These Questions. It Will Help You To Solve Terminal Paper
PDF
No ratings yet
Explain Following Terms: Prepare These Questions. It Will Help You To Solve Terminal Paper
12 pages