A mixture of a saturated hydrocarbon and N2 is burned in 𝑎𝑡 𝑑𝑒𝑤 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡, 𝑃𝑎𝑠 = 𝑃𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟

excess air supplied at 25°C, 740 torrs with 90% relative

humidity. An orsat analysis of the stack gas shows 7.6% CO2 , 𝑎𝑡 53.46°𝐶, 𝑃𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟 = 0.144 𝑎𝑡𝑚
2.28% CO, 1.14% H, 6.03% O2 , and 82.95% N2 with a dew 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒
point of 53.46°C. The stack gases leave at 300°C, 765 mmHg 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟 =
𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒
with a volume ratio of 2.049 𝑚3 wet stack gas⁄m3 wet air.
Calculate: 0.144 𝑎𝑡𝑚
= = 0.1431
765 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔
a. formula of the hydrocarbon 760 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔
b. mol % analysis of the fuel
𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡
c. % excess air = 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟
× 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑒𝑡 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑐𝑘 𝑔𝑎𝑠
= (0.1431)(43.867 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠) = 6.2756 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠
a. formula of the hydrocarbon
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑒𝑡 𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 1 𝑚3
1 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔 1 𝑎𝑡𝑚
740 𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑟 ( )( ) = 0.9736 𝑎𝑡𝑚 𝑇 = 25°𝐶 = 298𝐾
1 𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑟 760 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔
𝑃𝑎 101325 𝑃𝑎
𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 ℎ𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 90% = 𝑃 = 0.9736 𝑎𝑡𝑚 ( ) = 98658.55 𝑃𝑎
𝑃𝑎𝑠 1 𝑎𝑡𝑚

𝑃𝑎 = 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑃𝑉 (1 𝑚3 )(98658.55 𝑃𝑎)

𝑛= =
𝑅𝑇 𝑃𝑎 ∙ 𝑚3
𝑃𝑎𝑠 = 𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 (8.314 ) (298𝐾 )
𝐾 ∙ 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑎𝑡 25°𝐶, 𝑃𝑎𝑠 (𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑦’𝑠) = 0.0313 𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 39.8207 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑒𝑡 𝑎𝑖𝑟
𝑃𝑎 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 0.02893
0.9 = ; 𝑃𝑎 = 0.02817 𝑎𝑡𝑚
0.0313 𝑎𝑡𝑚
𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑖𝑟
𝑃𝑎
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑖𝑟 = = 0.02893(39.8207 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠) = 1.1521 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠
𝑃
0.02817 𝑎𝑡𝑚 𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
= = 0.02893
0.9736 𝑎𝑡𝑚
= 6.2756 𝑚𝑜𝑙 − 1.1521 𝑚𝑜𝑙 = 5.1235 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠
𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 21% 𝑂2 , 79% 𝑁2
1
2𝐻 + 𝑂2 → 𝐻2 𝑂
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑂2 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑖𝑟 = (1 − 0.02893)(0.21) 2
= 0.2039 𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐻 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 = 5.1235(1) = 5.1235 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠

𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑁2 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑖𝑟 = (1 − 0.02893)(0.79) 𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡

= 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑐𝑘 𝑔𝑎𝑠
= 0.7671 − 𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑐𝑘
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑒𝑡 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑐𝑘 𝑔𝑎𝑠 = 2.049 𝑚3 = 43.867 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 − 6.2756 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 = 37.5914 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠
𝑇 = 300°𝐶 = 573𝐾 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑜𝑟𝑠𝑎𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑠, 𝑚𝑜𝑙% 𝐻2 = 1.14%
1 𝑎𝑡𝑚 101325 𝑃𝑎 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐻2 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑐𝑘 𝑔𝑎𝑠
𝑃 = 765 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔 ( )( )
760 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔 1 𝑎𝑡𝑚
= 37.5914 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠(0.0114) = 0.4285 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠
= 101991.61 𝑃𝑎
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐻 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 0.4285 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠(2) = 0.8571 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠
𝑃𝑉
𝑃𝑉 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇 ≫ 𝑛 = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐻 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑅𝑇
(101991.61 𝑃𝑎)(2.049𝑚3 ) = 5.1235 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 + 0.8571 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 = 5.9806 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠
𝑛=
𝑃𝑎 ∙ 𝑚3
(8.314 ) (573𝐾) Since hydrocarbon is saturated, only single bonds are
𝐾 ∙ 𝑚𝑜𝑙
present; each carbon attaches to 3 hydrogen atoms.
𝑛 = 43.867𝑚𝑜𝑙 ≫ 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑒𝑡 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑐𝑘 𝑔𝑎𝑠 5.9806 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠
𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡 = = 1.9935 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠
𝑇𝑑𝑝 = 53.46°𝐶 3
𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝐶1.9935 𝐻5.9806
 = 𝐶2 𝐻6 A fuel containing 75% ethane (𝐶2 𝐻6 ) and 25% propane
(𝐶3 𝐻8 ) is burned with dry air. All the 𝐻2 burns to 𝐻2 𝑂 and
b. mol % analysis of fuel the 𝐶𝑂2 to 𝐶𝑂 ratio is 10:1. 15% excess air is supplied.
Calculate:
C 1.9935 25%
H 5.9806 75% a. moles stack gas⁄100 moles fuel
7.9741 100% b. orsat analysis of stack gas
c. complete analysis of stack gas
Dry gas analysis
d. 𝑚3 dry air at 28°C, 765mmHg/kgmole fuel
𝑁2 82.95 31.1821
𝑂2 6.03 2.2667
𝐶𝑂 2.28 0.8571 basis: 100 kmol fuel
𝐶𝑂2 7.60 2.8569
𝐻2 1.14 0.4285 n C H
100.00 37.5914 𝐶2 𝐻6 75 150 450
𝐶3 𝐻8 25 75 200
100 225 650
c. % excess air
𝐶 + 𝑂2 → 𝐶𝑂2 650
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑂2 = 225 + = 387.5
1 4
𝐶 + 𝑂2 → 𝐶𝑂
2 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑂2 = (387.5)(0.15) = 58.125
1
2𝐻 + 𝑂2 → 𝐻2 𝑂 𝑂2 𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 387.5 + 58.125 = 445.625
2
79
𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑂2 𝑓𝑜𝑟 2.8569 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝑂2 𝑁2 𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 445.625 ( ) = 1676.4
21
= 2.8569 𝑚𝑜𝑙(1) = 2.8569 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 10
𝐶𝑂2 = 225 ( ) = 204.55
𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑂2 𝑓𝑜𝑟 0.8571 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝑂 11

0.8571 𝑚𝑜𝑙 1
= = 0.4285 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝐶𝑂 = 225 ( ) = 20.45
2 11
650
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 5.9806 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝐻2 𝑂 = = 325
2
𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑂2 𝑓𝑜𝑟 5.9806 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻
20.45
𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑂2 = 58.125 + ( ) = 68.35
5.9806 𝑚𝑜𝑙(0.5) 2
= = 1.4952 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠
2 a. moles stack gas⁄100 moles fuel
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑂2 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑
𝐶𝑂2 204.55
= 1.4952 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 + 0.4285 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 + 2.8569 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝐶𝑂 20.45
𝑁2 1676.40
= 4.7806 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠
𝑂2 68.35
𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑂2 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑐𝑘 𝑔𝑎𝑠 = 2.2667 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝐻2 𝑂 325.00
2294.75
𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑂2
𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 % = (100)
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑂2
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑐𝑘 𝑔𝑎𝑠⁄100 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙 = 22.9475 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠
2.2667 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠
= (100) = 0.474158
4.7806 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 b. orsat analysis of stack gas
= 47.426% 𝐶𝑂2 204.55 10.38%
𝐶𝑂 20.45 1.04%
𝑁2 1676.40 85.11%
𝑂2 68.35 3.47%
1969.75 100.00%
c. complete analysis of stack gas

𝐶𝑂2 204.55 8.91%

𝐶𝑂 20.45 0.89%
𝑁2 1676.40 73.05%
𝑂2 68.35 2.98%
𝐻2 𝑂 325.00 14.16%
2294.75 100.00%

d. 𝑚3 dry air at 28°C, 765mmHg/kgmole fuel

760 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔 301 𝐾
(1676.4 𝑚𝑜𝑙 + 445.625 𝑚𝑜𝑙)(22.4 𝑚3 ) (
765 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔) (273 𝐾 )
100
= 520.66 𝑚3