12th Botany em Reduced Syllabus Guide

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BIO-BOTANY &
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BOTANY
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(Short version and Long version)
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Exam
th Public
12 Standard
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Strictly as per the Reduced (Prioritised) Syllabus released on

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13th August, 2021 (G.O.(Ms).No126)

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 Sura’s Model question paper is given based on the reduced syllabus, with answers.
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Salient Features
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Complete Solutions to Textbook Exercises.

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Govt. Model Question Paper - 2019 (Govt. MQP-2019), Quarterly Exam - 2019 (QY-2019)
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and Half Yearly Exam - 2019 (HY-2019) are incorporated in the appropriate sections.
NEET based Questions with Answers are also given.

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Contents
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UnIt VI : RepRodUCtIon In plants
Chapter 1 Asexual and Sexual Reproduction in Plants 1-17
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UnIt VII : GenetICs
Chapter 2 Classical Genetics 18-26
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Chapter 3 Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance 27-45
UnIt VIII : BIoteChnoloGy

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Chapter 4 Principles and Processes of Biotechnology 46-56
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UnIt IX : plant eColoGy

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Chapter 6 Principles of Ecology 64-76
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Chapter 7 Ecosystem 77-85

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Chapter 8 Environmental Issues 86-92

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UnIt X : eConoMIC Botany
Chapter 9 Plant Breeding 93-100

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Chapter 10 Economically Useful Plants and Entrepreneurial Botany 101-109

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Practical 110-125
NEET Based Questions and Answers 126-130
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Sura’s Model Question Paper, based on Reduced Syllabus, with answers. 131-146
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Strictly as per the Reduced (Prioritised) Syllabus released on 13th August, 2021 (G.O.(Ms).No126)
Class: 12 Subject: Bio - Botany (Theory)
CHAPTER CONTENT
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Chapter 1 : 1.1 Asexual reproduction 1.4.3 Pollination
Asexual and Sexual 1.2 Vegetative Reproduction 1.6 Post fertilization and events
Reproduction in Plants 1.2.1 Natural Methods 1.7 Apomixis
1.4 Pre-fertilization structure and events 1.8 Polyembryony
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1.4.1 Male reproductive part-Androecium 1.9 Parthenocarpy
1.4.2 Female reproductive part- Gynoecium
Chapter 2 : 2.1 Heredity and variation 2.4 Intragenic interactions
Classical Genetics 2.2 Mendelism 2.4.1 Incomplete dominance – No blending of genes
2.2.3 Terminology related to Mendelism 2.4.2 Codominance (1 : 2 : 1)
2.3 Monohybrid cross 2.4.3 Lethal genes
2.3.4 Dihybrid cross 2.4.4 Pleiotropy – A single gene affects multiple traits
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2.3.5 The Dihybrid test cross 2.5 Intergenic interactions
Chapter 3 : 3.2 Linkage 3.3.3 Importance of Crossing Over
Chromosomal Basis of 3.2.1 Coupling and repulsion theory 3.3.4 Recombination
Inheritance 3.2.2 kinds of Linkage 3.3.5 Genetic Mapping
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3.2.3 Linkage Groups 3.4 Multiple alleles
3.3 Crossing Over 3.5.1 Types of mutation
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3.3.1 Mechanism of Crossing Over 3.5.3 Chromosomal mutations

Chapter 4 : 4.2. Methods of Biotechnology 4.6.2 Antibiotic resistant markers
Principles and Processes of 4.2.1 Fermentation 4.6.4 Molecular Techniques - Isolation of Genetic
Bio-technology 4.2.2 Single cell Protein Material and Gel Electrophoresis
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4.3 Advancements in Modern Biotechnology 4.6.5 Nucleic Acid Hybridation
4.4 Tools for Genetic Engineering 4.6.6 Bioassay for Target Gene Effect
4.4.1 Restriction Endonuclease 4.6.7 Genome Sequencing and Plant Genome
4.4.2 DNA Ligase Projects
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4.4.4
4.5
4.5.1
Alkaline Phosphatase
Vectors
Methods of Gene Transfer
Direct or Vectorless Gene transfer
4.6.8
4.6.10
4.7.2
4.7.3
Evolutionary pattern assessed using DNA
RNA Interference (RNAi)
Herbicide Tolerant - Basta
Insect resistance - Bt Crops
4.5.2 Indirect or vector-Mediated Gene transfer 4.7.7 Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB)
4.6 Screening for Recombinants 4.7.11 Bioremediation
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4.6.1 Insertional Inactivation - Blue White Colony 4.7.13 Bioprospecting
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Selection Method 4.8 Applications of Biotechnology

Chapter 5 : 5.1 Basic concepts of Tissue Culture 5.4. Applications of Plant Tissue Culture
Plant Tissue Culture 5.2 Plant Tissue Culture 5.4.2 Artificial Seed
5.2.2 Technique involved in PTC 5.5.2 Cryopreservation
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5.2.3 Types of plant Tissue culture 5. 7. Future of Biotechnology

Chapter 6 : 6.1 Ecology 6.2.2 Edaphic factors
Principles of Ecology 6.1.1 Definitions of ecology 6.2.3 Topographic factors
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6.1.2 Ecological hierarchy 6.2.4 Biotic factors

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6.1.4 Habitat & Niche 6.3 Ecological adaptations – Hydrophytes,

6.1.5 Ecological equivalents Xerophytes Mesophytes
6.2.1 Climatic Factors
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6.2.b Temperature
6.2.c Water
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Chapter 7 : Ecosystem 7.2.1 Photosynthetically Active Radiation 7.2.10 Types of ecosystem

7.2.3. Concepts of trophic level in an Ecosystem 7.3 Plant succession
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7.2.4 Energy flow 7.3.1. Characteristics of Ecological succession

7.2.5 Food chain 7.3.2. Types of succession
7.2.6. Food web 7.3.3 Classification of plant succession
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7.2.7 Ecological pyramids 7.3.4 Significance of plant succession

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7.2.9 Biogeo Chemical cycle carbon cycle &phosphorous

cycle
Chapter 8 : 8.1 Green house effect and Global warming 8.4 Afforestation
Environmental Issues 8.1.4 Ozone Depletion 8.5 Alien species
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8.1.5 Effects of Ozone depletion 8.7 Carbon capture and storage

8.2 Forestry 8.9 Environmental impact assessment
8.3 Deforestation 8.10 GIS
Chapter 9 : 9.4 Organic agriculture 9.6 Conventional plant breeding methods

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Plant Breeding 9.4.1 Biofertilizers 9.6.1 Plant introduction

9.5 Plant breeding 9.6.3 Hybridization
9.5.1 Objectives of Plant Breeding 9.6.4 Heterosis
9.7 Modern Plant breeding
Chapter 10 : 10.1.3 Minor Millet 10.10 Medicinal plants
Economically useful plants 10.2 Spices and Condiments 10.11 Entrepreneurial Botany
10.4 Timber 10.11.1 Organic Farming
10.9. Traditional system of Medicine
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Strictly as per the Reduced (Prioritised) Syllabus released on 13th August, 2021 (G.O.(Ms).No126)
Class: 12 Subject: Botany (Theory)
CHAPTER CONTENT
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Chapter 1 : 1.1 Asexual reproduction 1.4.3 Pollination
Asexual and Sexual 1.2 Vegetative Reproduction 1.6 Post fertilization structure and events
Reproduction in Plants 1.2.1 Natural Methods 1.7 Apomixis
1.4 Pre-fertilization structure and events 1.8 Polyembryony
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1.4.1 Male reproductive part-Androecium 1.9 Parthenocarpy
1.4.2 Female reproductive part- Gynoecium
Chapter 2 : 2.1 Heredity and variation 2.3.4 Dihybrid cross
Classical Genetics 2.2 Mendelism 2.3.5 The Dihybrid test cross
2.2.2 Mendel’s experiments on pea plant 2.4 Intragenic gene interactions
2.2.3 Terminology related to mendelism 2.4.1 Incomplete dominance – No blending of genes
2.3 Monohybrid cross 2.4.2 Codominance (1 : 2 : 1)
2.3.1 Mendel Analytical and empirical approach 2.4.3 Lethal genes
2.3.2 Test cross 2.4.4 Pleiotropy – A single gene affects multiple traits
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2.3.3 Back cross 2.5 Intergenic interactions
Chapter 3 : 3.2 Linkage 3.6 DNA Metabolism in plants
Chromosomal Basis of 3.2.1 Coupling and repulsion theory 3.6.1 Eukaryotic DNA replication
Inheritance 3.2.2 Kinds of Linkage 3.6.2 Taylors experiment
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3.2.3 Linkage & Groups 3.7 Protein synthesis in plants
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3.3.1 Mechanism of Crossing Over 3.7.1 Transcription

3.3.3 Recombination 3.7.2 RNA splicing in plants
3.3.4 Genetic Mapping 3.7.3 Translation
3.4 Multiple alleles 3.7.4 Alternative splicing in plants
3.4.1 Characteristic of multiple alleles 3.7.5 RNA Editing
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3.4.2 Self-sterility in Nicotiana 3.7.6 Jumping Genes
Chapter 4 : 4.2 Methods of Biotechnology 4.6.2 Antibiotic resistant markers
Principles and 4.2.1 Fermentation 4.6.3 Replica plating technique
Processes 4.2.2 Single cell Protein 4.6.4 Molecular Techniques - Isolation of Genetic
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of Biotechnology 4.3
4.3.1
4.4
4.4.1
Advancements in Modern Biotechnology
Genetic Engineering
Tools - Genetic Engineering
Restriction Endonuclease
4.6.5
4.6.6
4.6.7
Material and Gel Electrophoresis
Nucleic Acid Hybridation
Bioassay for Target Gene Effect
Genome Sequencing and Plant Genome Projects
4.4.2 DNA Ligase 4.6.8 Evolutionary pattern Assessed using DNA
4.4.3 Alkaline Phosphatase 4.6.9 Genome editing and CRISPR - Cas9
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4.4.4 Vectors 4.6.10 RNA Interference (RNAi)
4.5 Methods of Gene Transfer 4.7.2 Herbicide tolerant – Basta
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4.5.1 Direct or Vectorless Gene transfer 4.7.3 Insect Resistance – BT Crop

4.5.2 Indirect or vector-Mediated Gene transfer 4.7.7 Polyhydroxybutyrate – PHB
4.6 Screening for Recombinants 4.7.11 Bioremediation
4.6.1 Insertional Inactivation - Blue White Colony Method 4.7.13 Bioprospecting
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4.8 Applications of Biotechnology

Chapter 5 : 5.1 Basic concepts of Tissue Culture 5.4 Applications of Plant Tissue Culture
Plant Tissue Culture 5.2 Plant Tissue Culture 5.4.2 Artificial Seed
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5.2.2 Technique involved in PTC 5.5 Conservation of plant

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5.2.3 Types of plant Tissue culture 5.5.2 Cryopreservation

5.7 Future of Biotechnology
Chapter 6 : 6.1 Ecology 6.2.c Water
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Principles of Ecology 6.1.1 Definitions of ecology 6.2.2 Edaphic factors

6.1.2 Ecological hierarchy 6.2.3 Topographic factors
6.1.4 Habitat and Niche 6.2.4 Biotic factors
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6.1.5 Ecological equivalents 6.3 Ecological adaptations: Hydrophytes, Xerophytes

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6.2.1 Climatic Factors Mesophytes

6.2.b Temperature
Chapter 7 : 7.2.1 Photosynthetically Active Radiation 7.2.10 Types of ecosystem
Ecosystem 7.2.3. Concepts of tropic level in an Ecosystem 7.3 Plant succession
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7.2.4 Energy Flow 7.3.1 Causes of succession

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7.2.5 Food chain 7.3.2 Charateristics of Ecological succession

7.2.6 Food web 7.3.3 Types of succession
7.2.7 Ecological pyramids 7.3.4 Process of succession
7.2.9 Biogeo Chemical cycle carbon cycle & phosphorous 7.3.5 Classification of plant succession
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cycle 7.3.6 Significance of plant succession

Chapter 8 : 8.1 Green house effect and Global warming 8.7.1 IUCN
Environmental Issues 8.1.4 Ozone Depletion 8.7.2 Endemic centres and Endemic plants
8.1.5 Effects of Ozone depletion 8.8 Carbon capture and storage
8.3 Deforestation 8.10 Sewage disposal
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8.4 Afforestation 8.12 GIS

8.7 Conservation
Chapter 9 : 9.5 Organic Agriculture 9.7.1 Plant Introduction
Plant Breeding 9.5.1 Biofertilizer 9.7.3 Hybridization
9.6 Plant breeding 9.7.4 Heterosis
9.6.1 Objectives of Plant Breeding 9.10 Seed Storage
9.7 Conventional plant breeding 9.10.2 Methods of Seed Storage
Chapter 10 : 10.1.3 Minor Millet 10.11 Entrepreneurial Botany
Economically useful 10.2 Spices and Condiments 10.11.1 Mushroom Culture
plants 10.4 Timber 10.11.3 Sea weed liquid fertilizer
10.9 Traditional - Medicine 10.11.4 Organic farming
10.10 Medicinal plants
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UNIT VI : Reproduction in Plants
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Chapter 1
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AsexuAl And sexuAl
RepRoduction in plAnts
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Concept Map
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REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS
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Asexual Reproduction Vegetative Reproduction Sexual Reproduction
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Androecium
Flowers
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Natural Methods Artificial Methods

Gynoecium
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Root Conventional Modern

methods methods Self-
Pollination
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Stem Pollination
Micropropagation
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Cross
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Leaf Pollination
Fertilization
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Cutting Grafting Layering

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Bud grafting Mound Seed

layering
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Approach
grafting Air layering
Tongue
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grafting
Crown
grafting
Wedge
grafting

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Sura’s ➠ XII Std - Bio-Botany & Botany
MuSt know definitionS
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Polyembryony : Occurrence of more than one embryo in a seed.
Chapter-1
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Amphimixis : Method of reproduction which involves fertilization.
Apomixis : Method of reproduction which does not involve fertilization.
Endosperm : A triploid nutritive tissue that nourishes the developing embryo.
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Microsporogenesis : Stages involved in formation of haploid microspores from diploid microspore
mother cells.
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Embryo sac : Oval sac-like structure found in the nucellus of the ovule and acts as female
gametophyte.
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Megasporogenesis : The process of development of a megaspore from a megaspore mother cell.
Pollination : Transfer of pollen from anther to stigma.

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Self pollination : Transfer of pollen from anther to stigma of the same flower.
Cross pollination : Transfer of pollen from anther of a flower to the stigma of another flower on the
same plant or different plant of the same species.
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Double fertilization : One sperm fuses with the egg to form the diploid zygote and another sperm fuses
with the secondary nucleus to form primary endosperm nucleus which is triploid.
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This is called double fertilization.
Triple fusion : Fusion of sperm with diploid secondary nucleus to form triploid endosperm
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nucleus.
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Radicle : Embryonic root is called radicle.

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Plumule : Embryonic shoot is called plumule.

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Apospory : The process of embryo sac formation from diploid cells of nucellus as a result of
mitosis.
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Budding : A method of asexual reproduction where small outgrowth (Bud) from a parent
cell are produced.
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Callus : Undifferentiated mass of cells obtained through tissue culture.
Clone : Genetically identical individuals.

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Endothecium : A single layer of hygroscopic, radially elongated cells found below the epidermis
of anther which helps in dehiscence of anther.
Fertilization : The act of fusion of male and female gamete
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Grafting : Conventional method of reproduction where stock and scion are joined to
produce new plant.
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Horticulture : Branch of plant science that deals with the art of growing fruits, vegetables, flowers
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and ornamental plants.
Asexual and Sexual Reproduction in Plants

Nucellus : The diploid tissue found on the inner part of ovule next to the integuments.
Pollenkitt : A sticky covering found on the surface of the pollen that helps to attract insects.
Regeneration : Ability of organisms to replace or restore the lost parts.
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Sporopollenin : Pollen wall material derived from carotenoids and is resistant to physical and
biological decomposition.
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Tapetum : Nutritive tissue for the developing sporogenous tissue.
Transmitting tissue : A single layer of glandular canal cells lining the inner part of style.
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terMinologieS & exaMpleS
Conidia : Aspergillus and Stolon : Mentha and Fragaria
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Penicillium
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Offset : Pistia and Eicchornia

Budding : Yeast and Hydrilla
Sucker : Chrysanthemum
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Fragmentation : Spirogyra
Bulbil : Diascorea and Agave
Gemma : Marchantia
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Epiphyllous Bud : Bryophyllum

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Regeneration : Planaria
Root Cutting : Malus
Binary Fission : Bacteria
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Buds in Roots : Murraya, Dalbergia and Stem Cutting : Hibiscus, Bougainvillea

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Millingtonia and Moringa

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Leaf Cutting : Begonia and Bryophyllum

Tuberous Roots : Ipomoea batatus and
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Dahlia Grafting : Citrus, Mango, Apple

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Rhizome : Musa paradisiaca, Layering : Ixora and Jasminum

Zingiber officinale and Pollinium : Calotropis
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curcuma longa Compound Pollen : Drosera and Drymis

Corm : Amorphophallus and grain
Colocasia
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Pollen-10 : Myosotis
Tuber : Solanum tuberosum micrometer
Bulb : Allium cepa and Lilium Pollen-200 : Cucurbitaceae and
micrometer Nyctaginaceae
Runner : Centella asiatica
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Orthotropous : Piperaceae and Epihydrophily : Vallisneria spiralis and
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Ovule Polygonaceae Elodea
Anatropous Ovule : Dicot and Monocot Hypohydrophily : Zostera marina,
Chapter-1
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Ceratophyllum
Hemianatropous : Primulaceae
Ovule Ornithophily : Erythrina, Bombax,
Syzygium, Bignonia and
Campylotropous : Leguminosae
Strelitzia
Ovule
Perianth (Fleshy : Jack fruit
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Amphitropous : Alismataceae
Ovule and Edible)
Circinotropous : Cactaceae Funiculus - fleshy : Myristica and
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Ovule structure Pithecellobium
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Monosporic : Polygonum Nuclear : Coccinia, Capsella and

megaspore Endosperm Arachis
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Bisporic : Allium Cellular : Adoxa, Helianthus and
Megaspore Endosperm Scoparia
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Tetrasporic
Megaspore
: Peperomia Helobial
Endosperm
: Hydrilla and Vallisneria
Cleistogamous : Commelina, Viola and Ruminate : Myristica

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flowers Oxalis Endosperm
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Homogamy : Mirabilis jalaba, Endospermous : Wheat, Maize, Barley and

Catharanthus roseus Seed Sunflower
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Monoecious : Coconut and Bitter Non- : Bean, Mango, and

flower gourd Endospermous Cucurbits.
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Seed
Dioecious flower : Borassus and Carica
Bulbil : Fritillaria imperialis
papaya
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Protandry : Helianthus and

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Adventive : Citrus and Mangifera

Clerodendrum
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Embryony
Protogyny : Scrophularia nodosa and Diplospory : Eupatorium and Aerva
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Aristolochia bracteata
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Apospory : Hieracium and

Distyly : Primula Parthenium
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Tristyly : Lythrum Parthenocarpic : Banana, Grapes and

fruits Papaya
Self sterility : Abutilon and Passiflora
Anemophily : Grasses, Sugarcane, Genetic : Citrus and cucurbita
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Bamboo, Coconut, Palm parthenocarpy

and Maize Environmental : Pear
Hydrophily : Vallisneria and Hydrilla parthenocarpy
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Evaluation
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1. Choose the correct statements from the 7. Match the following

following. I. External Fertilization – (i) Pollen grain
(a) Gametes are involved in asexual reproduction. II. Androecium – (ii) anther wall
(b) Bacteria reproduce asexually by budding. III. Male gametophyte – (iii) algae
IV. Primary parietal layer – (iv) Stamens
a
(c) Conidia formation is a method of sexual
reproduction. (a) I – iv II – i III – ii IV – iii
(d) Yeast reproduce by budding. (b) I – iii II – iv III – i IV – ii
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[Ans. (d) Yeast reproduce by budding] (c) I – iii II – iv III – ii IV – i
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(d) I – iii II- i III – iv IV – ii

2. An eminent Indian embryologist is
[Ans. (b) I – iii, II – iv, III – i, IV – ii]
(a) S.R. Kashyap (b) P. Maheswari
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8. Identify the incorrect pair.
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(c) M. S. Swaminathan (d) K. C. Mehta (a) Sporopollenin – Exine of pollen grain
[Ans. (b) P. Maheshwari] (b) Tapetum – Nutritive tissue for developing
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3.
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Identify the correctly matched pair
(a) Tuber – Allium cepa
(c) Nucellus
microspores.
– Nutritive tissue for developing
embryo.
(b) Sucker – Pistia (d) Obturator – directs the pollen tube into
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(c) Rhizome – Musa micropyle
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(d) Stolon – Zingiber [Ans. (c) Nucellus – Nutritive tissue for

[Ans. (c) Rhizome - Musa] developing embryo]
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4. Pollen tube was discovered by 9. Assertion : Sporopollenin preserves pollen

in fossil deposits.
(a) J. G. Kolreuter (b) G. B. Amici
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Reason : Sporopollenin is resistant to

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(c) E. Strasburger (d) E. Hanning

physical and biological decomposition.
[Ans. (b) G. B. Amici]
(a) assertion is true; reason is false
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5. Size of pollen grain in Myosotis (b) assertion is false; reason is true

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[Govt.MQP-2019] (c) Both assertion and reason are not true

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(a) 10 micrometer (d) Both assertion and reason are true

(b) 20 micrometer [Ans. (d) Both assertion and reason are true]
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(c) 200 micrometer

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10. Choose the correct statement(s) about

(d) 2000 micrometer tenuinucellate ovule ________.
[Ans. (a) 10 micrometer] (a) Sporogenous cell is hypodermal
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(b) Ovules have fairy large nucellus

6. First cell of male gametophyte in angiosperm
(c) Sporogenous cell is epidermal
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(d) Ovules have single layer of nucellus tissue
(a) Microspore
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[Ans. (a) Sporogenous cell is hypodermal &

(b) Megapore (d) Ovules have single layer of nucellus tissue]
(c) Nucleus
11. Which of the following represent megagametophyte?
(d) Primary Endosperm Nucleus (a) Ovule (b) Embryo sac
[Ans. (a) Microspore] (c) Nucellus (d) Endosperm
[Ans. (b) Embryo sac]
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12. In Haplopappus gracilis, number of chromosomes in 20. What is reproduction?
cells of nucellus is 4. What will be the chromosome
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Ans. (i) Reproduction is a vital process for the existence
number in primary endosperm cell? of a species.
(a) 8 (b) 12 (ii) It brings suitable changes through variation
Chapter-1
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(c) 6 (d) 2 [Ans. (b) 12] in the off springs for their survival on Earth.
13. Transmitting tissue is found in ________. (iii) Plant reproduction is important for all other
(a) Micropylar region of ovule organisms.
(b) Pollen tube wall 21. Mention the contribution of Hofmeister towards
(c) Stylar region of gynoecium Embryology.
a
(d) Integument Ans. In the year of 1848, Hofmeister described the
[Ans. (c) Stylar region of gynoecium] structure of pollen tetrad.
22. List out two sub-aerial stem modifications with
ksik
14. The scar left by funiculus in the seed is
K
(a) tegmen (b) radicle example.

(c) epicotyl (d) hilum Ans. (i) Runner – Centella asiatica
[Ans. (d) hilum] (ii) Stolon – Fragaria and Mentha.
A
v
15. A plant called X possesses small flower with 23. What are clones?
reduced perianth and versatile anther. The Ans. The individuals formed by asexual reproduction
LV
oaol probable agent for pollination would be

(a) water (b) air [QY-2019]
are morphologically and genetically identical
are called clones.
24. A detached leaf of Bryophyllum produces new
(c) butterflies (d) beetles
[Ans. (b) air] plants. How?
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Ans. (i) Bryophyllum can be reproduced by vegetative
IK
16. Consider the following statement(s) propagation by using piece of its stem or
(i) In Protandrous flowers pistil matures earlier. leaves.
(ii) In Protogynous flowers pistil matures earlier. (ii) The leaves of a Bryophyllum plant have special
wa
(iii) Herkogamy is noticed in unisexual flower. buds with notches called epiphyllous buds in
(iv) Distyly is present in Primula. their margins which may get detached from
A
wur
(a) (i) and (ii) are correct the leaves, fall to the ground and then grow
(b) (ii) and (iv) are correct to produce a new plant.
(c) (ii) and (iii) are correct
D
25. “Tissue culture is the best method for propagating

(d) (i) and (iv) are correct rare and endangered plant species”- Discuss.
//w.s
[Ans. (b) (ii) and (iv) are correct] Ans. Micropropagation is one of the best method for
A
17. Coelorhiza is found in propagating rare and endangered plant.

(a) Paddy (b) Bean The regeneration of a whole plant can be done from
s: w
single cell, tissue or small pieces of vegetative structures

L
(c) Pea (d) Tridax

[Ans. (a) Paddy] through tissue culture is called micropropagation.
It’s a best method because,
18. Parthenocarpic fruits lack
tp w
(i) Plants with desired characteristics can be

(a) Endocarp (b) Epicarp
multiplied in a short duration.
(c) Mesocarp (d) Seed
(ii) Plants produced are genetically identical.
[Ans. (d) Seed]
ht w
(iii) It can be carried out in any season.

19. In majority of plants, pollen is liberated at (iv) Plants which do not produce viable seeds
(a) 1 celled stage (b) 2 celled stage and seeds that are difficult to germinate can
(c) 3 celled stage (d) 4 celled stage be propagated by tissue culture.
[Ans. (b) 2 celled stage] (v) Thus this method is ideal to propagate rare
and endangered plants.
6
in
26. What is Cantharophily? Thus the endosperm tissue is different in Angiosperms
and gymnosperm.
o m l.
Ans. The cross pollination of flowers by beetles is called
cantharophily. The beetles feed the pollen or on 30. Define the term Diplospory.
some of the juicy tissues of the flowers. Ans. A diploid embryo sac is formed from megaspore
.c da
27. List any two strategy adopted by bisexual flowers mother cell without a regular meiotic division. It

to prevent self-pollination. is a type of apomixis.
Example: Eupatorium and Aerva.
Ans. Two types of strategies adopted by bisexual flowers
to prevent self-pollination. 31. What is polyembryony? How it can commercially
exploited?
a
(1) Maturation of stamens and stigmas:
Ans. Occurrence of more than one embryo in a seed
Dichogamy: Anthers and stigmas mature at
is called polyembryony.
different times in bisexual flowers.
ksik
Commercial application:
(i) Protandry: Stamens mature earlier
K
(i) The nucellar tissue in Citrus are found better

than stigmas. Examples: Helianthus
clones for Orchards.
and Clerodendrum.
(ii) Embryos from polyembryony are virus free.
A
v
(ii) Protogyny: Stigmas mature earlier than
stamens. Examples: Scrophularia nodosa Hint: ORCHARDS - A piece of enclosed land
and Aristolochia bracteata. planted with fruit trees.
LV
oaol
(2) Arrangement of stamens and stigmas:
Herkogamy: Essential organs like stamens
32. Why does the zygote divides only after the division
of Primary endosperm cell?
and stigmas arranged in a such way that self- Ans. (i) Zygote requires nourishment during its
.bk
pollination becomes impossible. development.
IK
Example: Gloriosa superba: Style is reflexed (ii) As mature, fertilized embryo sac offers very
away from the stamen. little nourishment to the zygote, the primary
Hibiscus: Stigmas far above the stamen. endosperm cell (PEC) divides and generates
wa
the endosperm tissue which nourishes the

28. What is endothelium? zygote. Hence the zygote always divides after
A
wur
Ans. (i) It is otherwise known as integumentary division of Primary Endosperm Cell (PEC).
tapetum.
33. What is mellitophily?
(ii) In some species, the inner layer of integument
D
may become specialized to perform nutritive Ans. (i) Pollination of flowers by bees is known as
mellitophily.
//w.s
function for the embryosac and is called

endothelium. (ii) It is a type of cross-pollination by biotic
A
Example : Asteraceae. agencies like bees.

s: w
29. ‘The endosperm of angiosperm is different 34. ‘Endothecium is associated with dehiscence of
L
from gymnosperm’. Do you agree. Justify your anther’ Justify the statement.
answer. [Govt.MQP-2019] Ans. (i) Endothecium is a single layer of radially
elongated cells below the epidermis of anther
tp w
Ans. Yes I agree.

wall.
Endosperm of Endosperm of
(ii) The inner tangential wall develops bands or
Angiosperm Gymnosperm
thickenings of a cellulose.
ht w
1. It is formed after It is formed before (iii) The cells at the junction of two sporangia
fertilization. fertilization. of an anther lobe lacks thickening and this
2. It is a triploid tissue. It is a haploid tissue. region is called stomium.
3. The function is It acts as the female (iv) Stomium along with the hygroscopic nature
to nourish the gametophyte and later of endothecium helps in the dehiscence of
developing embryo. acts as nutritive tissue. anther at maturity.
7
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35. List out the functions of Tapetum. Thrum-eyed or short style, small stigmatic
papillae, long stamens and large pollen
o m l.
Ans. (i) It supplies nutrition to the developing
microspores. grains. Example: Primula.
(ii) It contributes sporopollenin through ubisch (ii) The stigma of the Thrum-eyed flowers
Chapter-1
.c da
bodies pollen wall formation. and the anther of the pin lie in same
(iii) The pollenkitt material is contributed by level to bring out pollination.
tapetal cells and is later transferred to the (iii) Similarly the anther of Thrum-eyed and
pollen surface. stigma of pin ones is found in same height.
(iv) Exine proteins responsible for ‘rejection This helps in effective pollination.
a
reaction’ of the stigma are present in exine (b) Tristyly:
and derived from tapetal cells. (i) The plant produces three kinds of flowers,
with respect to the length of the style
ksik
36. Write short note on Pollen kitt. (OR)
and stamens.
K
What is Pollenkit? [HY-2019]

(ii) Here, the pollen from flowers of one
Ans. (i) It is a oily layer forming a thick viscous coating
type can pollinate only the other
pollen surface.
two types but not their own type.
A
v
(ii) The pollenkitt material is contributed by tapetal
Example : Lythrum.
cells and made of carotenoids or flavonoids.
(Orange or Yellow). 39. Enumerate the characteristic features of
LV
oaol (iii) It attracts insects and protects damage from

UV radiation.
Entomophilous flowers.
Ans. (i) Flowers are generally large or if small, they
are aggregated in dense inflorescence.
37. Distinguish Tenuinucellate and Crassinucellate Examples: Asteraceae flowers.
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ovules.
IK
(ii) Flowers are brightly coloured to attract insects.

Ans. Examples: Poinsettia and Bougainvillea.
Tenuinucellate type Crassinucellate type (iii) Flowers are scented and produce nectar.
wa
1. Sporogenous cell Ovules with (iv) Flowers with no secretion of nectar, the pollen
is hypodermal sub-hypodermal is consumed as food or used in building up
A
wur
with a single layer sporogenous cell of its hive by honey bees. Pollen and Nectar
of nucellar tissue are the floral rewards for the visitors.
around in the ovule. (v) Flowers pollinated by flies and beetles produce
D
2. Ovules have very Ovules have fairly foul odour to attract insects.
//w.s
small nucellus. large nucellus. (vi) Juicy cells are pierced and the contents are
A
sucked by the insects.

Note: These two types of ovules are differentiated
based on the position of the sporogenous cell. 40. Discuss the steps involved in Microsporogenesis.
s: w
Ans. Formation of haploid microspores from diploid

38. Write short note on heterostyly.
microspore mother cell through meiosis is called
Ans. It is a contrivance of cross-pollination. Some plants
Microsporogenesis.
produce two or three different forms of flowers that
tp w
(i) The primary sporogeneous cells undergo

are different in their length of stamens and style.
mitotic to form sporogenous tissue.
Pollination will take place only between organs
of the same length. (ii) The last generation of sporogenous tissue
ht w
(a) Distyly: functions as microspore mother cells.

(iii) Each microspore mother cell divides meiotically
(i) The plant produces two forms of flowers,
Pin or long style, long stigmatic papillae, to form a tetrad of four haploid microspores
short stamens and small pollen grains; (microspore tetrad).
8
in
(iv) Arrangement of microspore tetrad tetrahedral, (x) Large, oval, sac-like structure in the nucellus
decussate, linear, T shaped or isobilateral
o m l.
toward the micropylar end called embryo
manner are 4 haploid microspore. sac or female gametophyte.
(v) Microspores separate from one another and
(xi) It develops from the functional megaspore
.c da
remain free in the anther locule and develop
formed within the nucellus.

into pollen grains.
(vi) In some plants, all the microspores in a (xii) In some species (unitegmic tenuinucellate),
microsporangium remain held together the inner layer of the integument may perform
called pollinium. the nutritive function for the embryo sac and
a
Example: Calotropis, Compound pollen grains is called as endothelium or integumentary
are found in Drosera and Drymis. tapetum Example : Asteraceae.
41. With a suitable diagram explain the structure Two types of ovule based on the position of
ksik
of an ovule.
K
[Govt.MQP-2019] the sporogenous cell.

Ans. (i) Ovule is also called megasporangium. (a) Tenuinucellate type:
(ii) A mature ovule consists of a stalk and a body.
1. Sporogenous cell is hypodermal with
A
v
Stalk or funiculus is present at the base and
attaches the ovule to the placenta. a single layer of nucellar tissue around
(iii) The point of attachment of funicle to the
it.
LV
oaol
body of the ovule is known as hilum.
(iv) In an inverted ovule, the funicle is adnate to
2. It has very small nucellus.
(b) Crassinucellate type:
the body of the ovule forming a ridge called 1. Ovules with subhypodermal sporogenous
raphe.
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cell.
IK
Chalazal end 2. It has fairly large nucellus.

Integument (xiii) Group of cells at the base of the ovule between
Raphe
wa
the chalaza and embryo sac is called hypostase.

Nucellus
(xiv) Thick-walled cells found above the micropylar
A
wur
Embryo sac end above the embryo sac is called epistase.

Hilum
Micropyle 42. What is Endosperm? Explain the types.

D
Funicle Ans. The primary endosperm nucleus (PEN) divides

//w.s
Vascular supply after fertilization into an endosperm. The primary

endosperm nucleus is the result of triple fusion
A
Structure of ovule
(two polar nuclei and one sperm nucleus) and thus
(v) Body of the ovule is made up of central mass
has 3n number of chromosomes. It is a nutritive
s: w
of parenchymatous tissue called nucellus,

L
tissue and regulatory structure that nourishes the

has large reserve food materials.
developing embryo.
(vi) Nucellus is enveloped by one or two protective Depending upon the mode of development, 3 types
tp w
coverings called integuments. of endosperm are recognized in angiosperms. They

(vii) Integuments encloses the nucellus completely are:
but forms a pore at the top called micropyle. (1) Nuclear endosperm:
ht w
(viii) Ovule with one or two integuments are said (i) Primary endosperm nucleus (PEN) divides
to be unitegmic or bitegmic ovules. into two without any wall formation.
(ix) The basal region of the body of the ovule (ii) The subsequent division of these two nuclei are
where the nucellus, the integument and the free nuclear so that the endosperm consists of
funicle merge is called as chalaza. only free nuclei and cytoplasm around them.
9
in
(iii) The nuclei may either remain free or may 4. The seeds may or Most of the monocot
become separate by walls in later stages.
o m l.
may not possess members possess
Example: Coccinia, Capsella and Arachis. endosperm. They are endospermic seeds.
(2) Cellular endosperm: known respectively
Chapter-1
.c da
(i) Primary endosperm nucleus (PEN) divides as the endospermic
into 2 nuclei followed by a wall formation. or non-endospermic
Further divisions are also followed by walls. seeds.
Example: Adoxa, Helianthus and Scoparia. 5. The two cotyledons The embryo is found
(3) Helobial endosperm: enclose the in the cotyledon.
a
embryonic axis in
(i) Primary endosperm nucleus (PEN) moves
between them.
towards the base of the embryo sac and divides
6. In the endospermic The endosperm
ksik
into two nuclei.
seed, the endosperm is found above
K
(ii) These 2 nuclei are separated by a wall to

form a large micropylar chamber and a small encloses the embryo. the embryo. The
chalazal chamber. endosperm and the
A
embryo are separated
v
(iii) The nucleus of the micropylar chamber
by the epithelium.
undergoes several free nuclear divisions
whereas that of the chalazal chamber may 7. The embryonic root The radicle is
LV
oaol or may not divide.

Example: Hydrilla and Vallisneria.
and shoot are not
covered by sheaths.
protected by a sheath
called coleorhiza and
plumule is protected
Endospermous and Non-endospermous seeds:
by coleoptile.
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(i) Seeds without endosperms are called non-
IK
endospermous or eg- albuminous seeds. 44. Give a detailed account on parthenocarpy. Add
Examples: Pea, Groundnut and Beans. a note on its significance.
(ii) Seeds with endosperms are called Ans. Parthenocarpy:
wa
endospermous or albuminous seeds. (i) Fruit like structures develop from the ovary
Example: Paddy, Coconut and Castor. without the act of fertilization. Such fruits
A
wur
(iii) Ruminate endosperm: are called parthenocarpic fruits.

The endosperm with irregularity and unevenness (ii) Many commercial fruits are made seedless.
D
in its surface forms ruminate endosperm. Example: Banana, Grapes and Papaya.
Example: Areca catechu. (iii) Nitsch in 1963, classified parthenocarpy into:
//w.s
(a) Genetic parthenocarpy:

A
43. Differentiate the structure of Dicot and Parthenocarpy arises due to hybridization
Monocot seed. or mutation.
s: w
Ans.
L
Example: Citrus and Cucurbita.

Dicot seed Monocot seed (b) Environmental parthenocarpy:
1. The seed coat is The seed coat is Environmental conditions like frost, fog, low
tp w
distinct from the fruit fused with the temperature, high temperature etc., induce
coat or pericarp pericarp. parthenocarpy.
2. The seed encloses two The seed encloses Example: low temperature for 3-19 hours
ht w
cotyledons. only a single induces parthenocarpy in Pear.

cotyledon. (c) Chemically induced parthenocarpy:
3. The seed coat is The seed coat is Application of growth promoting substances like
differentiated into unilayered and is Auxins and Gibberellins induces parthenocarpy.
outer testa and inner inseparable from the
tegmen. pericarp.
10
in
Significance:
o m l.
(i) Have great significance in horticulture.
(ii) Have great commercial importance.
(iii) Used for the preparation of jams, jellies, sauces, fruit drinks etc.
.c da
(iv) High proportion of edible part is available due to the absence of seeds.

Botany Long Version Questions (for pure science group)
a
27. How do Dioscorea reproduce vegetatively?
long vErsion Evaluation Ans. Dioscorea reproduces vegetatively by means of
ksik
Q.No. 1 to 10 Refer Evaluation. bulbils.
K
28. Refer Evaluation Q.No. 24

11. The correct order of haploid, diploid and triploid
structure is fertilized embryosac is 29. Write short notes on approach grafting.
A
v
(a) Synergid, zygote and PEN Ans. (i) Both the scion and stock
(b) Synergid, antipodal and polar nuclei remain rooted.
LV
oaol
(c) Antipodal, synergid and PEN
(d) Synergid, polar nuclei and zygote
(ii) Stock is grown in a pot and
brought close to the scion.
(iii) Both of them should have
[Ans. (a) Synergid, zygote and PEN]
the same thickness.
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(iv) A small slice is cut from both Approach
IK
13. Refer Evaluation Q.No. 12 and the cut surfaces are brought grafting
14. Refer Evaluation Q.No. 13 near and tied together and
15. Refer Evaluation Q.No.14 held by a tape.
wa
(v) After 1-4 weeks the tip of the stock and base
16. Refer Evaluation Q.No.15
of the scion are cut off and detached and
A

wur
grown in a separate pot.

18. Ruminate endosperm is found in 30. Refer Evaluation Q.No. 25
D
(a) Cocos (b) Areca 31. Highlight the milestones from the history of
(c) Vallisneria (d) Arachis
//w.s
plant embryology.
[Ans. (b) Areca]
A
Ans. 1682 - Nehemiah Grew mentioned stamens

19. Refer Evaluation Q.No.17 as the male organ of a flower.
s: w
1694 - R.J. Camerarius described the structure

L
20. Caruncle develops from

of a flower, anther, pollen and ovule.
(a) funicle (b) nucellus
1761 - J.G. Kolreuter gave a detailed account on
(c) integument (d) embryo sac the importance of insects in pollination.
tp w
[Ans. (c) integument] 1824 - G.B. Amici discovered the pollen tube.
21. Refer Evaluation Q.No. 18 1848 - Hofmeister described the structure of
pollen tetrad.
ht w

1870 - Hanstein described the development
23. Refer Evaluation Q.No. 20 of embryo in Capsella and Alisma
24. Refer Evaluation Q.No. 21 1878 - E.Strasburger reported polyembryony.
25. Refer Evaluation Q.No. 22 1884 - E. Strasburger discovered the process
26. Refer Evaluation Q.No. 23 of Syngamy.
11
in
1898 - S.G. Nawaschin and L. Guignard Parthenocarpy Apomixis
discovered Double fertilization.
o m l.
1904 - E. Hanning initiated embryo culture. 1. Formation of fruit Method of
from the ovary reproduction which
1950 - D.A. Johansen proposed classification without the act of does not involve
Chapter-1
.c da
for embryo development. fertilization. union of male and
1964 - S. Guha and S.C. Maheswari raised female gemetes.
haploids from Datura pollen grains.
2. Formation of fruits Formation of seeds
1991 - E.S. Coen and E. M. Meyerowitz proposed without fertilization. without fertilization.
the ABC model to describe the genetics
3. Ovary becomes fruit Megaspore mother
a
of initiation and development of floral
without fertilization, cell does not undergo
parts.
thus fruits are mieosis or cell from
2015 - K.V. Krishnamurthy summarized the
ksik
seedless. the nucellus develops
K
molecular aspects of pre and post into the embryo.

fertilization reproductive development
in flowering plants. 41. Refer Evaluation Q.No. 32
A
v
32. Differentiate secretory and invasive tapetum.
43. Give examples for Helobial endosperm.
Ans.
LV
oaol Secretory tapetum

(parietal/glandular/
Invasive tapetum
(periplasmodial)
Ans. Hydrilla and Vallisneria.
cellular) 45. Refer Evaluation Q.No. 35
1. The tapetum retains The cells loose their
.bk
IK
the original position inner tangential and

47. Give short notes on types of ovules.
and cellular integrity radial walls.
Ans. Types of Ovules:
2. It nourishes The protoplast of
wa
Ovules are classified into six main types based

the developing all tapetal cells
on the orientation, form and position of the
microspores. coalesces to form a
A
micropyle with respect to funicle and chalaza.

wur
periplasmodium.
D

//w.s

A
36. Name the cell which divides to form male

nuclei.
(a) Orthotropous (b) Anatropous (c) Hemianatropous
s: w
Ans. Generative cells of Microspore.

L

tp w

40. Do you think parthenocarpy and apomixis are
different process. Justify?
ht w
(d) Campylotropous (e) Amphitropous (f) Circinotropous

Ans. Yes. Parthenocarpy and apomixis are different
(a) Orthotropous:
processes.
(i) Micropyle is at the distal end.
(ii) Micropyle the funicle and the chalaza lie in
one straight vertical line.
Examples: Piperaceae, Polygonaceae
12
in
(b) Anatropous:
o m l.
(i) Body of the ovule inverted so that the micropyle Pistil
Anther Pollen gets dusted
on the body of
and funiculus come to lie very close to each the insect
other.
.c da
(i) (ii)
Eg: Dicots and monocots.

(c) Hemianatropous: Pollen gets
Stigma transferred
(i) Body is transverse. to the stigma
(ii) It is right angles to the funicle.

(iii) (iv)
Example: Primulaceae.
a
(d) Campylotropous: Pollination in Salvia - Lever mechanism
(i) Body is curved at micropylar end (viii) The fertile part of the stamen to descend and
ksik
(ii) More or less bean shaped. strike at the back of the bee.
K
(iii) Embryo sac is slightly curved. (ix) The pollen gets deposited on the back of the
(iv) All the three, hilum, micropyle and chalaza are bee. When it visits another flower, the pollen
A
adjacent to one another, with the micropyle gets rubbed on stigma and completes the
v
oriented towards the placenta. pollination in Salvia.
Example: Leguminosae.
LV
oaol
There are two more types of ovules they are:
(e) Amphitropous:
(i) The distance between hilum and chalaza is less. 54. Refer Evaluation Q.No. 42
(ii) The curvature of the ovule leads to horse-
.bk
shoe shaped nucellus.
IK
Example: some Alismataceae. 56. Explain the development of a Dicot embryo.

(f) Circinotropous: Funiculus is very long and Ans. Development of Dicot embryo:
wa
surrounds the ovule. Example: Cactaceae. Development of Dicot embryo (Capsella bursa-
48. Refer Evaluation Q.No. 37 pastoris) is of Onagrad or crucifer type. The embryo
A
develops at micropylar end of embryo sac.

wur

(i) The Zygote divides into upper or terminal
50. Refer Evaluation Q.No. 39 cell and lower or basal cell.
D
51. Explain the pollination mechanism in Salvia. (ii) The basal cell divides transversely and the
//w.s
Ans. Pollination in Salvia (Lever mechanism): terminal cell divides vertically to form a 4
celled proembryo.
A
(i) Salvia is adapted for Bee pollination.

(ii) The flower is protandrous and the corolla is (iii) A second vertical division right angle to the
first one takes place in terminal cell forming
s: w
bilabiate with 2 stamens.

L
(iii) A lever mechanism helps in pollination.

a 4 celled stage called quadrant.
(iv) Transverse division in the quadrant results
(iv) Each anther has an upper fertile lobe and lower
in 8 cells arranged in 2 tiers of 4 each called
tp w
sterile lobe separated by a long connective

which helps the anthers to swing freely. octant stage.
(v) When a bee visits a flower, it sits on the lower (v) Upper tier of 4 cells of the octant is called
lip which acts as a platform. epibasal or anterior octant and the lower tier
ht w
(vi) It enters the flower to suck the nectar by

of 4 cells constitute hypobasal or posterior
pushing its head into the corolla. octants.
(vii) During the entry of the bee into the flower (vi) A periclinal division in the octants results in
the body strikes against the sterile end of the the formation of 16 celled stage with 8 cells
connective. in the outer and 8 in the inner.
13
in
(vii) The outer 8 cells represent the dermatogen
and undergoes anticlinal division to produce PTA Question & Answers
o m l.
epidermis.
(viii) The inner 8 cells divide by vertical and ChoosE thE CorrECt answErs 1 mark
Chapter-1
.c da
transverse division to form outer layer of
periblem which give rise to cortex and a 1. Which one of the following is not an advantage
central region of pleurome which forms of micro propagation? [PTA-1]
stele. During the development, the 2 cells (a) Plants produced are genetically identical
of the basal cell undergoes several transverse (b) Endangered plants can be propagated
division to form a 6 to 10 celled suspensor.
a
(c) Sometimes undesirable genetical changes
(ix) The embryo at this stage become globular
and the suspensor helps to push the embryo occur
ksik
deep into the endosperm. (d) Disease free plants can be produced
K
(x) The uppermost cell of the suspensor enlarge [Ans. (c) Sometimes undesirable genetical
to form a haustorium. The lowermost cell of changes occur]
the suspensor is called hypophysis.
A
v
(xi) A transverse division and two vertical 2. Which one of the following statements is not
division right angle to each other of true regarding sporopollenin? [PTA-2]
LV
oaol (xii)
hypophysis results in the formation of
8 cells.
The eight cells are arranged in two tiers of
(a) Sporopollenin is contributed by both pollen
cytoplasm and tapetum
(b) It helps the pollen to withstand against strong
4 cells each. The upper tier give rise to root acid
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cap and epidermis.
(c) Sporopollenin is derived from phycobilins
IK
(xiii) At this stage, embryo appears heart shaped,

cell divisions in the hypocotyl and cotyledon (d) It helps pollen during long period preservation
regions of the embryo results in elongation. in fossil deposits.
wa
[Ans. (c) Sporopollenin is derived from

(xiv) Further development results in curved horse
shoe shaped embryo in the embryo sac. The phycobilins]
A
wur
mature embryo has a radicle, hypocotyl, two 3. In a male gametophyte, the chromosomal
cotyledons and a plumule. number of generative nucleus is (A) and tube
D
nucleus is (B). [PTA-4]

Embryonal mass
Hypophysis
(a) (A) – (n) (B) – (2n)
//w.s
Terminal cell
(b) (A) – (2n) (B) – (n)
A
Suspensor Endosperm
Basal cell
Embryonal mass (c) (A) – (2n) (B) – (2n)
Hypophysis
Suspensor
(d) (A) – (n) (B) – (n)
s: w
[Ans. (d) (A) – (n) (B) – (n)]

L
(a) (b) (c) (d)

Zygote 2- celled proembryo 4 celled proembryo Globular embryo (e)
4. Which one of the following is a dioecious

Cotyledon
plant? [PTA-5]
tp w
Embryonal mass
Hypophysis
Hypophysis (a) Coconut (b) Bitter gourd
(c) Pea plant (d) Date palm
Radicle
[Ans. (d) Date palm]
ht w
Suspensor Root cap

Suspensor
5. Eyes of potato are referred to [PTA-6]
(f) Heart shaped embryo (g) Mature embryo (h) Mature embryo in a see (a) adventitious roots
Development of Dicot embryo (Capsella bursa-pastoris)
(b) axillary buds
57. Refer Evaluation Q.No. 44 (c) terminal buds
58. Refer Evaluation Q.No. 45 (d) intercalary buds [Ans. (b) axillary buds]
14
in
vEry short answErs 2 marks 5. Write any two difference between male
o m l.
gametophyte and female gametophyte. [PTA-6]
1. Differentiate bisporic megaspore development Ans.
from tetrasporic development. [PTA-1]
Male gametophyte Female gametophyte
.c da
Ans.

1. Microspore Megaspore
Bisporic megaspore Tetrasporic produces the male prouces the female
development development gametophyte. gametophyte.
1. Of the four All the four 2. It produces male It produces female
megaspores formed, megaspores are gametes. gametes.
a
two are involved involved in Embryo
in Embryo sac sac formation. short answErs 3 marks
ksik
formation.
K
2. Example: Allium. Example: Peperomia. 1. Differentiate heterostyly from herkogamy.

Ans. [PTA-2]
2. Draw this diagram and label the parts. [PTA-3]
A
Heterostyly Herkogamy
v
Plants produce two In bisexual flowers the
or three different essential organs, the
LV
Ans. oaol Plumule

forms of flowers
that are different
in their length of
stamens and stigmas,
are arranged in such a
way that self-pollination
Cotyledon
stamens and style. becomes impossible.
.bk
Pollination will take Eg: Gloriosa superba, the
IK
Testa place only between style is reflexed away from

organs of the same the stamens and in Hibiscus
Radicle
length. the stigmas project far
wa
3. Redraw the diagram and label the parts. Eg: Primula above the stamens.
long answErs 5 marks
A
wur
2 celled proembryo 1. A reproduction without the involvement of male

and female gametes is called apomixis. Give an
D
Ans. [PTA-4] outline of the method. [PTA-2]

//w.s
Terminal cell Ans. Recurrent apomixis: It includes vegetative

A
Basal cell reproduction and agamospermy

Non recurrent apomixis: Haploid embryo sac
s: w
developed after meiosis, develops into a embryo

L
2- celled proembryo
without fertilization.
The outline classification of Recurrent apomixis
4. Write the practical application of activation of is given below.
tp w
nucellar tissue. [PTA-5] Recurrent Apomixis

Ans. Practical applications:
(i) The seedlings formed from the nucellar tissue
ht w
in Citrus are found better clones for Orchards. Vegetative Agamospermy

(ii) Embryos are virus free. Reproduction
Adventive embryony
Diplospory
Apospory
15
in
Vegetative reproduction: Plants propagate by any 3. Describe the structure of dicot seed. [PTA-5]
part other than seeds
o m l.
Ans. Structure of a Cicer seed as an example for Dicot
Bulbils – Fritillaria imperialis; seed:
Bulbs – Allium; Runner – Mentha arvensis; Sucker (i) The mature seeds are attached to the fruit
Chapter-1
.c da
- Chrysanthemum. wall by a stalk called funiculus.
Agamospermy: It refers to processes by which (ii) The funiculus disappears leaving a scar called
Embryos are formed by eliminating meiosis and hilum. Below the hilum a small pore called
syngamy. micropyle is present.
Adventive embryony: (iii) It facilitates entry of oxygen and water into
An Embryo arises directly from the diploid sporophytic the seeds during germination. Each seed has
a
cells either from nucellus or integument. It is also a thick outer covering called seed coat.
called sporophytic budding because gametophytic
(iv) The seed coat is developed from integuments
phase is completely absent. Adventive embryos are
ksik
of the ovule.
found in Citrus and Mangifera
K
(v) The outer coat is called testa and is hard whereas

Diplospory (Generative apospory): A diploid
embryo sac is formed from megaspore mother the inner coat is thin, membranous and is
cell without a regular meiotic division Examples. called tegmen.
A
v
Eupatorium and Aerva. (vi) In Pea plant, the tegmen and testa are fused.
Apospory: Megaspore mother cell undergoes the (vii) Two cotyledons laterally attached to the
embryonic axis are present. It stores the food
LV
oaol normal meiosis and four megaspores formed gradually

disappear. A nucellar cell becomes activated and
develops into a diploid embryo sac. This type of
materials in pea whereas in other seeds like
castor the endosperm contains reserve food
apospory is also called somatic apospory. Examples: and the cotyledons are thin.
Hieracium and Parthenium. (viii) The portion of embryonal axis projecting
.bk
2. Enumerate the characteristic features of anemophilous beyond the cotyledons is called radicle or
IK
plants. [PTA-3] embryonic root. The other end of the axis

Ans. Anemophilous plants have the following characteristic called embryonic shoot is the plumule.
features:
wa
(ix) Embryonal axis above the level of cotyledon

(i) The flowers are produced in pendulous, is called epicotyl whereas the cylindrical
catkin-like or spike inflorescence. region between the level of cotyledon is
A
wur
(ii) The axis of inflorescence elongates so that called hypocotyl.

the flowers are brought well above the leaves. (x) The epicotyl terminates in plumule whereas
D
(iii) The perianth is absent or highly reduced. the hypocotyl ends in radicle.
(iv) The flowers are small, inconspicuous, colourless,
//w.s
not scented, do not secrete nectar.

A
(v) The stamens are numerous, filaments are Government exam Questions
long, exerted and versatile.
s: w
(vi) Anthers produce enormous quantities of

L
pollen grains are minute, light and dry so Bio-Botany (Short version)
that they can be carried to long distances ChoosE thE CorrECt answErs 1 mark
by wind.
tp w
(vii) In some plants anthers burst violently 1. Match the following [QY-2019]
andrelease the pollen into the air.
Example: Urtica. Column-A Column - B
ht w
(viii) Stigmas are comparatively large, protruding,

i Syngenesious A Pollen grain
sometimes branched and feathery, adapted
to catch the pollen grains. Generally single ii Androecium B Anther wall
ovule is present. iii Male gametophyte C Asteraceae
(ix) Plant produces flowers before the new leaves
iv Primary Parietal D Stamens
appear, so the pollen can be carried without
hindrance of leaves. Layer
16
in
i ii iii iv 2. Draw and label the structure of Embryo sac.
(a) D A B C
o m l.
Ans. [HY-2019]
(b) C D A B Filiform apparatus
(c) C D B A Synergids
.c da
(d) C A D B Egg apparatus

[Ans. (b) i-C, ii-D, iii-A, iv-B] Egg
Polar nucleus
2. Identify the type of embryo state
[HY-2019]
(a) Zygote
a
(b) Globular embryo
Antipodal cell
(c) Mature embryo
Structure of Embryo sac
ksik
(d) 4 celled embryo
K
[Ans. (b) Globular embryo]

short answErs 3 marks
A
v
vEry short answErs 2 marks 1. Draw and lable the T.S. of mature anther.
Ans. [QY-2019]
1.
LV
What is the process of micropropagation?

oaol Connective
[QY-2019] Epidermis
Ans. (i) The regeneration of a whole plant from Endothecium
Middle layer
single cell, tissue or small pieces of Tapetum
.bk
vegetative structures through tissue culture Stomium
IK
Pollen grain
is called micropropagation.
(ii) This is one of the modern methods used to
wa
propagate plants.
A
•••
wur
D
//w.s
A
s: w
L
tp w
ht w
17
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oaol Edit i o n 2 0 21-22

Strictly as per the Reduced (Prioritised) Syllabus released on

13th August, 2021 (G.O.(Ms).No126)

Complete Solutions to Textbook Exercises.

NEET based Questions with Answers are also given.

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Chapter 1 Asexual and Sexual Reproduction in Plants 1-17

Chapter 2 Classical Genetics 18-26

Chapter 3 Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance 27-45

UnIt VIII : BIoteChnoloGy

oaol Chapter 5 Plant Tissue Culture 57-63

UnIt IX : plant eColoGy

Chapter 7 Ecosystem 77-85

Chapter 8 Environmental Issues 86-92

UnIt X : eConoMIC Botany

Chapter 9 Plant Breeding 93-100

Chapter 10 Economically Useful Plants and Entrepreneurial Botany 101-109

Class: 12 Subject: Bio - Botany (Theory)

3.3.1 Mechanism of Crossing Over 3.5.3 Chromosomal mutations

Selection Method 4.8 Applications of Biotechnology

5.2.3 Types of plant Tissue culture 5. 7. Future of Biotechnology

6.1.2 Ecological hierarchy 6.2.4 Biotic factors

6.1.4 Habitat & Niche 6.3 Ecological adaptations – Hydrophytes,

Chapter 7 : Ecosystem 7.2.1 Photosynthetically Active Radiation 7.2.10 Types of ecosystem

7.2.4 Energy flow 7.3.1. Characteristics of Ecological succession

7.2.7 Ecological pyramids 7.3.4 Significance of plant succession

7.2.9 Biogeo Chemical cycle carbon cycle &phosphorous

8.1.5 Effects of Ozone depletion 8.7 Carbon capture and storage

Chapter 9 : 9.4 Organic agriculture 9.6 Conventional plant breeding methods

Plant Breeding 9.4.1 Biofertilizers 9.6.1 Plant introduction

Class: 12 Subject: Botany (Theory)

3.3.1 Mechanism of Crossing Over 3.7.1 Transcription

4.5.1 Direct or Vectorless Gene transfer 4.7.3 Insect Resistance – BT Crop

4.8 Applications of Biotechnology

5.2.2 Technique involved in PTC 5.5 Conservation of plant

5.2.3 Types of plant Tissue culture 5.5.2 Cryopreservation

Principles of Ecology 6.1.1 Definitions of ecology 6.2.2 Edaphic factors

6.1.5 Ecological equivalents 6.3 Ecological adaptations: Hydrophytes, Xerophytes

6.2.1 Climatic Factors Mesophytes

7.2.4 Energy Flow 7.3.1 Causes of succession

7.2.5 Food chain 7.3.2 Charateristics of Ecological succession

cycle 7.3.6 Significance of plant succession

8.4 Afforestation 8.12 GIS

Natural Methods Artificial Methods

Root Conventional Modern

Cutting Grafting Layering