Sts Reviewer
Sts Reviewer
Sts Reviewer
gold
STS 1 • The Americas
The Challenge of Science o ca 8500 North Americans make stone arrowheads
o ca 8000 The Folson people living on eastern side of
- challenged man what to take in and believe and how he the Rocky Mountains develop sophisticated tools.
would view himself and others. o ca 6000 Pottery is made in South America.
- Science and technology affected the way man sees o ca 2500 People in the Arctic makes flint tools.
himself and also the way he lives. o ca 1750 Peruvians build a long canal to irrigate their
- Different inventions and innovations have come crops.
through the years that many of man’s daily activities o ca 1200 Fishermen in Peru makes rafts and boats
have been improved and altered. from reeds.
o ca 1200 Olmec sculptors carve figurines and giant
The Effects of Science and Technology to the Society human heads
• Positive Effects • Asia and Oceania
o great help in the economic growth of any o ca 11,000 The earliest-known clay pots are made in
progressing nation Japan.
o improved man’s way of life o ca 5200 People in Iran make wine.
• Negative Effects o ca 4000 Bronze is first made in Thailand.
o Pollution o ca 3500 the plow is invented in both China and
o Imbalance in the ecosystem Mesopotamia.
o Creation of different destructive devices in their o ca 3000 Boats in China are equipped with anchors.
pursuit for riches and power o ca 2950 A lunar calendar is developed in China.
o ca 2500 Clay pipes are used as drains in Pakistan.
SCIENCE o ca 2500 Chinese doctors begin using acupuncture.
o ca 2296 Chinese astronomers record the sighting of
- the investigation of the physical world in which a comet.
experiments are rendered o ca 1361 Chinese astronomers record a solar eclipse.
- a knowledge involving general truths and general laws o ca 1000 The Chinese begin writing on bamboo or
that is taken from a systematized study paper made from bark.
Four Characteristics of Science o ca 1000 The Hindu calendar of 360 days is
introduced in India.
1. Focuses on the Natural World o ca 850 The Chinese use natural gas for lighting.
2. Goes through experiments • Africa and the Middle East
3. Relies on Evidence o ca 1,000,000 Homo erectus uses stone tools.
4. Passes through scientific community o ca 1,000,000 Homo erectus begin chipping flakes
off stone to sharpen for tools.
o ca 1,000,000 Homo erectus use antlers to create
tools for cutting &drilling.
o Ca 15,000 in Africa, bone harpoons(barbed spears)
are used for fishing.
o ca 10,000 People in Palestine build houses from
STS 2
sun- dried bricks.
Science and Technology in Different Periods o ca 7500 Clay tokens are used for record keeping in
Mesopotamia.
ANCIENT PERIOD o ca 600 The world’s first known city is built by the
people of Catal Huyuk in Anatolia (modern Turkey).
- Used stones as tools with flint
o ca 6000 The world’s first known city is built in
- Breaking the flint made sharp edges that could be used
Anatolia.
for carving wood, hunting, or harvesting food.
o ca 4236 Ancient Egyptians devise a 365-day
- Arctic peoples of the early aboriginal Thule culture
calendar.
made many kinds of tools from stone, bone, ivory, and
o ca 3500 The wheel is invented in Mesopotamia.
antler. It is developed based around the hunting of
o ca 3100 Egyptians begin using hieroglyphics.
whales, seals, walrus, and caribou, as well as fishing
o ca 3000 The Sumerians introduce a 360-day
- One Thule technological innovation was the use of
calendar.
harpoon heads
o ca 3000 Egyptians dam the Gawari River.
- capture fire from natural resources such as wild fires by
o ca 2630 Egyptians begin building pyramids.
rubbing two sticks or concentrating the sun’s heat
o ca 2600 Mesopotamians make glass.
Development of S&T During the Ancient Period o ca 2300 Babylonian astronomers study comets.
o ca 2300 The earliest known maps are produced in
• Europe Mesopotamia.
o Ca 750,000 fire is used by Homo erectus o ca 2000 Babylonian mathematics introduce a
o ca 45,000 Stone-headed spears are used positional number system.
o ca 20,000 The wooden bow and arrow are used in o ca 1800 Mesopotamian mathematicians discover
Spain and Saharan Africa. People in Southern the “Pythagorean Theorem.
Europe use sewing needles made from bone. o ca 1750 Babylonian astronomers compile lists of
o ca 2000 The Minoans build palaces in Crete. planets and stars.
o ca 1000 Ironworking is introduced in Greece. o ca 1550 Egyptians are using about 700 drugs and
medications.
o ca 1350 the symptoms of leprosy are described in and created unimaginable possibilities for manipulation
Egyptian text. and control on the other
o ca 1200 The Egyptians dig a canal to join the Nile
River to the Red Sea. • Nicolaus Copernicus
o Ca 1000 The Phoenicians develop alphabet. o a Polish Mathematician and Astronomer
o ca 900 Farmers in Mesopotamia use an irrigation o Presented the theory of heliocentric
system to water crops. o His book was banned by the Catholic church
• Galileo Galilei
o Persecuted because of his scientific experiments
MEDIEVAL PERIOD (500 – 1400) o Improved the telescope, discovered new celestial
bodies and found support for a heliocentric solar
- Also known as a “Dark Age” system
- One of the creative periods in the history of human o Early Telescopes – Dutch optician probably
- Start of the first industrial revolution designed it first but Galileo turned it rigorously on
- Period of readjustment – society was concerned only the heavens in the early 17th century.
with keeping peace and empire building than nurturing o Galileo uses refracting telescope (top) with a convex
centers of learning. lens at the front and a concave lens at the viewing
• Charlemagne – medieval emperor who tried to establish a end.
scholastic tradition and the later Middle Ages saw o 18th century refracting telescope (middle) produced
advancements in the philosophy of science and the images that were blurred because of the different
refinement of the scientific method indexes of its combined
• Scholasticism – acted as the nucleus for the Renaissance o He conducted as well motion experiments on
and the Enlightenment pendulums and failing objects that paved the way
o Time for discovering great new inventions in for Newton’s discoveries about gravity
science and technology
o INVENTIONS:
▪ Vertical Windmill INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
▪ Spectacles - The phenomenal process in the transfer of doing work
▪ Mechanical Clocks by human hands and feet to the use of machines
▪ Greatly improved water mills - Began in Great Britain and spread across Europe,
▪ Building techniques (Gothic style America, and Asia from 1760 to 1840
three-field-crop rotation) - Major setbacks were:
• Astrolabe – an ancient instrument that measures the o Skilled workers were set aside because
positions of heavenly bodies. operation of new machines were used
o Hipparchus used an astrolabe in the 1st Century bc. - Three (3) important technologies that formed
o Popularly used as well by navigators until the foundation of the first Industrial Revolution
sextant was invented in the 18th century. 1. Iron Production
• Sandglass – used to mark the passage of minutes and hours 2. Steam Engine – use to run machines
o Generally called hourglasses because an hour was 3. Textiles
their standard setting, almost any period of time - Henry Maudslay & Joseph Whitworth developed and
could be set by altering the amount of sand or the refined machine tools
size of the central opening - Greatest inventions during this period:
• Early Printing Press – was invented by Johannes o Steam boat – invented by Rober Fulton that
Gutenberg around 1450 used one of the James Watt’s engines
o This has made the mass publication and circulation o Light Bulb – invented by Thomas Edison
of literature possible. o Telephone – by Alexander Graham Bell
o First steam - powered by locomotive
- Invention of the Steam Engine – around 1700 led the
RENAISSANCE
Industrial Revolution
- Period of rebirth as age of preparation for the 17 th o Inventors has made many machines that uses
century scientific development and achievements steam engines such as locomotives,
- Technology of printing books and other documents – steamboats, and all kinds of factory machines
helped the rapid spread of knowledge and information - Steam Locomotives
as well as preservation of culture o Engine no. 44, a Baldwin 2-8-0 steam
o Wood printing and papermaking originated locomotive engine built in 1921
from China o Works on the Georgetown Loop Railroad and
o Connects the period of Middle Ages to formerly ran in Central America
modern history o Diesel-electric locomotives began to replace
o Printing with movable type – is one of the steam locomotives in the 1930s to 1940s
biggest discoveries in the whole human - Early Agricultural Machinery
history o Seed Drill invented by Jethro Tull was an
o Has been triggered by the demand for perfect important development as was the-
reproductions of text and the renewed focus o Cast-Iron Plough patented by Robert
on studying them Ransome in 1803
o Bibles, secular books, printed music were o These inventions have helped fuel the
made in larger amount to reach more people immense increase of farm productivity in
- Communication revolution greatly made an impact in Britain’s Agricultural Revolution, which both
human opportunities for enlightenment and pleasure stimulated and benefited from the Industrial
Revolution.
- Henry Ford devised a system of mass production for the
Model T in 1908
19th CENTURY - Invention of Artificial Intelligence (AI)
- Witness the rise of the modern industry from 1801-1900
- Second industrial revolution • Men Behind Apple Computer
- Inventions of electricity, steel, petroleum products o Apple Computer cofounder Steven Jobs, left, CEO
riseup John Sculley, center, and cofounder Stephen
- Age of machine tools Wozniak, right, are shown at the 1984 debut of the
- Great Progress in Science: Apple IIc computer, which was introduced in the
o John Dalton (1976-1844) same year as the revolutionary Macintosh computer.
▪ published his atomic theory in 1803 o The three had played crucial roles in
▪ Studied color blind developing and marketing computers that are
o Demetri Mendeleev (1834 – 1907) easy to learn and use
▪ Formulated periodic table • Pentium Microprocessor
o Herman von Helmholtz (1834 – 1907) o The Pentium microprocessor (shown at 2.5X
▪ Formulated law of Conservation of magnification) is manufactured by the Intel
Energy in 1847 Corporation
▪ Invented the ophthalmoscope o contains more than three million transistors and is
o James Clerk Maxwell (1831 – 1879) used as the central processing unit in a variety of
▪ Showed that light is an personal computers
electromagnetic wave in 1873 and
was proved by Heinrich Hertz (1857
– 1894) in 1888
o Henri Becquerel 91852 – 1908)
▪ Discovered radioactivity in 1896
o Marie Curie (1867 – 1934) and Pierre Curie
91859 – 1906)
▪ Discovered radium in 1898 STS 3
o Joseph Thomson
▪ Discovered the electron in 1897 Science, Technology, and Society: Philippine History
o Hans Christian Oersted • Ferdinand Marcos
▪ Discovered that electric current in a - Elected as the president of Philippines in 1965
wire caused a nearby compass - In 1972, he imposed martial law and seized dictatorial
needle to move in 1819 powers
o Michael Faraday (1791 – 1867) - massive four-day protest known as the People Power
▪ Showed that a magnet can produce Movement forced him from office in 1986 and restored
electricity and in 1831 he invented
democracy in the Philippines.
the dynamo
o Samuel Morse
• THE PHILIPPINES
▪ Invented the electric telegraph in
- A Third World country
1837
- Science and Technology will determine the socio-
o Karl Benz & Gottlieb Daimler
economic growth of the country.
▪ Made the first cars in 1885 and 1886
- The continuous development in the field of science and
technology could make a different history for our
- The steamship revolutionized travelling at sea
country
o Used to take several weeks to cross the
-
Atlantic (1815)
o In 1838, a steamship, Sirius, made the HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF SCIENCE AND
journey across the Atlantic in 19 days TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES
o At the end of the 19th century the steam
turbine was used on ships. • Pre-Spanish Period
- Few written information with regards to its society,
culture, and technology
- Relied on archeological findings to trace the beginning
20th CENTURY
of how the Filipinos lived with the use of science and
- Rise of electronic computing and jet engine technology
- Radio and telephone enriched greatly - modern man from Asian mainland first came over land
- Mobile phones became affordable on across narrow channels to live in Batangas and
- Technology has become more scientific and the natural Palawan about 4800 B.C
sciences more technological - made simple tools and weapons of stone flakes and later
- Creation of personal computer developed skills like sawing and polishing stones
- Computer has become the dominant tool in the global - Little is known of the early human settlement of the
economy Philippines. Scientific evidence remains inconclusive.
- Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak introduced Apple in 1976 It is generally accepted that the first significant human
- In 1969 internet was created for defense research settlement occurred sometime during the most recent
known as ARPANet or Advanced Research Project ice age, the Pleistocene Epoch. At that time sea levels
Agency Network were lower, creating land bridges that connected the
- World Wide Web (WWW) was created in 1989 Southeast Asian mainland to some of the present-day
islands of the Malay Archipelago, south of the
Philippine Islands. Historians theorize that Paleolithic - When Suez Canal was built, visiting each other
hunters from the mainland may have followed herds of countries for Europeans and Filipinos was made
wild animals across these land bridges, later finding possible and was probably influenced by the rapid
their way to the Philippine Islands. development of scientific ideals brought by the Age of
- During 3000 B.C., they Enlightenment.
o Learned to produce adzes ornament of
seashells pottery • American Period and Post-Commonwealth Era
▪ Adz – woodworking tool: a tool - During American period the progress of science and
similar to an ax, with an arched technology has continued under their rule.
blasé set at right angles to the - The establishment of Bureau of Government
handle; use for trimming and Laboratories was made in July 1, 1901 by the Philippine
shaping wood commission.
- During 2000 B.C., they learned how to use: - Purpose : To study the tropical diseases and
o Porcelains laboratory projects in the country
o Metal as their tools (metal age – 3rd century - BUREAU OF SCIENCE GOVERNMENT 1905
B.C. to 11th century A.D. o Replaced the Bureau of Government
- During iron age, Filipinos were Laboratories
o Involved in ore mining such as copper, gold, o Became the primary center of the country
bronze, and iron - NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL OF THE
o Engaged into weaving, ship building, mining PHILIPPINES
and farming o Was established on December 08, 1933
▪ Finest products of engineering is the o Science was inclined towards agriculture,
BANAUE RICE TERRACES food processing, forestry, medicine and
o They built refined plank-built warship called pharmacy
caracoa that is well suited for inter-island - Institute of Science 1946 – replaced the Bureau of
trade Science
- Roman Ship - In 1950, US Economic Survey reported the problems of
o designed for commerce or war featured the Philippines:
distinctive square sails 1. Lack of basic information
o Long banks of oars propelled the ships 2. No support
swiftly through the water. Warships often had 3. Minimal budget
additional protective coverings to shield the 4. Low compensation
crew from fire and missiles. - During the time of Carlos P. Garcia in 1958, the
o Locales from Butuan- were trading with Philippine Congress passed the bill entitled “ The
Champa (Vietnam) from Ma-I (Mindoro) Science Act of 1958” which goal is to establish the
with China National Science Development Board.”
o Before the Spaniards came, Filipinos were
already aware of activities and practices • Marcos Era
related to science and technology. - Science was given importance
▪ learned the curative values of plants - As amended in 1973 in the Philippine Constitution in
and able to extract the medicine out terms of national development, priority shall be given
of it had an alphabet, counting in advancement of science and technology
methods, weights and - In his SONA, Marcos declared that there is a need for
▪ measuring system, calendar based science in public school and with the help of
on the period of the moon Department of Education in partnership with the
National Science Development Board.
• Spanish Colonial Period - Aim: TO PROVIDE SCIENCE-TEACHING
- Spaniards introduced formal education and scientific EQUIPMENT FOR THE PERIOD OF FOUR (4)
institution YEARS
- Parish schools were established teaching religion, - In 1968, Technology was recognized as the top reason
reading and writing, arithmetic & music in economic development.
- established colleges and universities, University of Sto. - Extra funds was given to support projects in applied
Tomas – the oldest university in Asia science and science education.
- Medicine was prioritized during the Spanish - In 1969, large amount of war damage fund was allotted
colonization to private universities to encourage them to create
- Spaniards’ contributions: courses on science curriculum. teaching equipment
1. in the field of engineering by constructing: - Teaching equipment is crucial to the science
a. government establishments development program.
b. Churches - Marcos declared Presidential Decree No. 49, series of
c. Roads 1972 as a support for promoting the scientific research
d. Bridges and invention.
e. forts - establishment of PAGASA which function is to give
2. Biology was highlighted during this period. environmental protection and to utilize scientific
3. Galleon trade made a big impact in the economic knowledge to ensure the safety of the nation.
growth of the Philippines. - Establishment of the National Academy of Science and
- Spaniards gave priority to the galleon trade due to its Technology in 1976 to have scientists who are experts
potential to make huge profits. in science and technology.
- Agriculture and industrial development were not given - In 1986, Marcos established campuses of Philippine
focus and were neglected during this time. Science High School in Visayas and Mindanao to
encourage the youth in these areas to choose a career in b. Discovered the wobbling of the earth
science and technology. 4. Claudius Ptolemy (85 – 165 A.D., Greek) – used
- AIM: TO TAP THE POTENTIAL STUDENTS ON Hipparchus observations to develop the Ptolemaic
THE SAID AREAS. System which describes the earth as the center of
- Purpose: To give incentives and rewards to people who the universe with the sun, moon, planets and stars
made an impact and was influential in the field of revolving around it in a circular orbit.
Science and Technology 5. Nicolaus Copernicus (1473 – 1543, Polish) –
- JOSEPH ESTRADA was the president concluded that the sun and not the earth is the
o Internet age was pushed for the advancement center of the universe.
of schools and industry. 6. Galileo Galilei (1564 – 1642, Italian) – supported
- GLORIA M. ARROYO was the president Copernican model of the universe.
- SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY REACHED ITS 7. Johannes Kepler (1571 – 1630, German)
GOLDEN AGE. formulated the Three Laws of Planetary Motion
• Darwinian Revolution
• Fifth Republic 1. Charles Robert Darwin (1809-1882) – biologist
- CORAZON C. AQUINO was the president famously known for his works on evolution and
o She replaced National Science and the process of natural selection.
Technology with Department of Science and 2. Adam Sedgwick & John Henslow – help brought
Technology, giving science and technology a back Darwin’s interest to biology & geology
seat in the cabinet 3. Lamarck’s three biological laws: rejected by
- FIDEL RAMOS was the president Darwin
o Republic Act No. 8439 in 1997 was o Three Biological Laws
approved, entitled “Magna Carta for Science ▪ environmental influence on organ
and Technology” development
o RA 9367 – the “biofuels” act; it promotes the ▪ change in body structure based on use and
development and usage of biofuels disuse of parts, and
throughout the country ▪ the inheritance of acquired characteristics.
- BENIGNO AQUINO was the president o Darwin’s faith was altered after five-year mapping
o Four scientists were given honor for giving expedition with the British Army in 1831 headed by
huge contributions in the scientific field that Vice-Admiral Robert Fitzroy(1805- 1865) of the
geared towards the advancement of science ship named H.M.S. Beagle.
and technology of the country. o Observations made by Darwin – laid the foundation
to develop his theory of evolution and natural
selection
1. on diversity of organisms, fossils
2. comparison to South American organisms
3. comparison among the organisms in Galapagos
Islands
4. adaptation
o GALAPAGOS ISLANDS
▪ It is in the Pacific Ocean are a province of
STS 4: THE ENLIGHTENMENT IN THE 17TH CENTURY Ecuador
▪ were created by volcanic activity and feature
• Paradigm shift high inland craters
o Radical Change: a radical change in somebody’s o WILDLIFE AT GALAPAGOS ISLANDS
basic assumptions about or approach to something. ▪ Finch - British scientist Charles Darwin’s
• The Age of Enlightenment studies of finches in the Galápagos Islands
o During the period in Europe in the 18th century many laid the groundwork for his theory of natural
writers and thinkers began to question established selection.
beliefs. ▪ His finding that each island was home to a
• Copernican Revolution similar yet distinct species of finch helped
▪ Fact: The earth is not the center of the solar convince him of the gradual nature of
system, a result of science revolution evolution
▪ Mathematics was the common tool used by o EVOLUTION
ancient astronomers to explain the motion of ▪ Occurs by means of natural selection
celestial bodies ▪ Reasons why NATURAL SELECTION
o Remarkable contributions of ancient astronomers to might occur:
the development from geocentric to heliocentric • OVERPRODUCTION AND
model of the universe VARIATION - Some species produce
1. Aristotle (384 – 322 B.C., Greek) – proved that many offspring but not all will
the earth is spherical Earth was at the center of the survive; It means that not all of the
universe – sun, planets, and stars were located in offspring do not have the
sphere that revolved around the earth. characteristics to survive in the
2. Aristarchus (310 – 230 B.C., Greek) – the first to environment.
propose the idea that the sun was the center of the • COMPETITION AND SELECTION
universe. – may or may not be direct but the idea
3. Hipparchus (190 – 120 B.C., Greek) – considered is always on the survival of organism.
to be the greatest astronomers of ancient times.
a. Measured earth’s distance to the moon
o Survivors reproduce and o Guglielmo Marconi – proved the feasibility
transfer their characteristics to of radio communications, i.e. sending and
their offspring receiving of radio signal
• ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE - The 2. Second Modern Information Revolution
organism will change to adapt to the o Early generation computers were made
environment. available to everyone.
• Freudian Revolution o Early generation computers were made
o Sigmund Freud (1856 – 1939) explained how available to everyone.
human mind works and cure its mild mental illness o Early generation computers were made
(Psychoanalysis) available to everyone.
o Main goal: To make unconscious conscious o Early generation computers were made
o He developed: available to everyone.
1. topographical model of the mind 3. THIRD Modern Information Revolution
2. Structural model of the mind o Knowledge Revolution- about the
o TOPOGRAPHICAL MODEL OF THE MIND development of communication-related
▪ Three Regions of the Mind: technologies that improved society.
1. Conscious Mind - consist of thoughts • MESOAMERICA PERIOD (1200 B.C., - 3rd CENTURY
that focus on the present state of the A.D.)
mind. - Mesoamerica comes the Greek word mesos meaning
2. Preconscious mind – consists of what “in the middle”
can be retrieved from the memory - Different Periods of Civilization:
3. Subconscious mind – consists of 1. OLMECS(1500 B.C.-400B.C.)
primitive desires, wishes or impulse o The top of the society are priests and nobles
which is mediated by the preconscious who lived in ceremonial centers.
mind. o Normal people are living in farming villages
o FREUD compares the mind to an iceberg around the elites.
▪ Antarctic Iceberg o Carved Colossal heads from volcanic rocks
• Are free-floating chunks of glaciers, as portraits of rulers
particularly common in the polar ▪ Olmec Stone Carving - Carved from
regions. stone quarried in the far-away
• these ice formations pose a twofold Tuxtla Mountains, this giant male
problem for navigators: Icebergs may head is characteristic of the Olmec
be 90 percent bigger than they appear work found at the ancient city of La
from the surface, and it is impossible Venta in Tabasco State, Mexico. The
to map their presence because they are Olmecs, who inhabited
constantly moving Mesoamerica between 1500 and
▪ The tip above the water represents 600 bc, were the first in the region
consciousness, and the vast region below the to use stone for sculpture and
surface symbolizes the unconscious mind architecture.
▪ Of Freud’s three basic personality ▪ Olmec Altar Relief, Villahermosa -
structures—id, ego, and superego—only the The image carved in relief on this
id is totally unconscious. ancient Olmec stone altar shows a
o Structural Model of the Mind man carrying a child in his arms.
▪ Division of the Preconscious Mind The altar is now in an open-air
• Ego – drives a socially acceptable way museum—Parque de la Venta—in
to satisfy the conscious and Villahermosa, Mexico, devoted to
unconscious mind. Olmec sculpture. The Olmec
• Id- comprises Eros, the life or survival developed one of the earliest major
instinct of man or destructive instinct civilizations in Mesoamerica.
of man. ▪ Olmec Figure - noted especially for
• Super-ego – the part of the mind that its colossal stone sculptures,
acts as a conscience to the ego, especially of human heads. This
developing moral standards and rules statue of a male figure wearing a
through contact with parents and cape, belt, and elaborate headdress
society is known as the Governor.
Discovered at La Venta, a major
• INFORMATION AGE (1970 – PRESENT) Olmec center on the Gulf of
- COMMUNICATION one of the most important tools in Mexico, it is now displayed at an
understanding society. open-air museum in Villahermosa,
Mexico.
- the act or process of using words, sounds, signs, or
o Invented calendar and carved hieroglyphic
behaviors to express or exchange information or to
writing into stone.
express ideas, thoughts, feelings, etc., to someone else.
o The mother culture of Mesoamerica
- Alberts & Papp – divided information revolution into
2. MAYANS(300 B.C. - 900A.D.
three.
o Developed methods of farming such as
1. First Modern Information Revolution
shifting agriculture and raised bed farming.
o invention of telegraph by Samuel Morse
▪ Organized into city-state without
Alexander Graham Bell –patented the first
political unity but bounded
telephone.
economically.
o Developed numbering system including ▪ In 1166, Al Idrisi produced very
place value and the concept of zero. accurate maps including a world
o Developed hieroglyphic(picture writing map that has continents, mountains,
system: a writing system that uses symbols or rivers and famous cities.
pictures to denote objects, concepts, or ▪ Al-Muqdishi, a geographer,
sounds, originally and especially in the produced an accurate colored map.
writing system of ancient Egypt (takes a o Medical Contributions
singular verb) ▪ Arabs made use of cadaver to study
▪ form of writing that were used for and understand its anatomy and
recording astronomical physiology.
observations, rituals and religious ▪ Abu –Ali al-Husayn ibn-Abdallah
matter but was burnt during the Ibn-Sina or Avicenna(ca.970-1037)
invasion of Spanish conquerors. – wrote an encyclopedia of medical
o Developed a solar calendar with 365 days and knowledge
ritual calendar with 260 days. • was translated into Latin and was used as a textbook
3. AZTECS (12th – 15th CENTURY) in Europe up to 17th century.
o Built chinampas or “floating gardens” to ▪ Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn
plant crops Zakariyya al-Razi(854-925 CE)
▪ Aztec Chinampas spearheaded the construction of the
To produce enough food to support Islamic Bimaristans (hospital)
their population, the Aztec
constructed chinampas, or raised
garden beds, in swampland and AFRICAN REVOLUTION
shallow water. The Aztec capital of - Remarkable Contributions of Africans
Tenochtitlán was built on an island - Africans made use of the first method of counting
in the middle of Lake Texcoco - The modern concepts of mathematics that is globally
(which later dried up and is now the accepted and used today in high schools was first
site of Mexico City), limiting the developed in Africa.
amount of available dry farmland. - Used advanced techniques for furnace that made it fuel
This 16th-century painting depicts
efficient which was 200 to 4000 C hotter compared to
farmers making a chinampa by
16000C furnace used by the Romans.
laying cut sod on top of a frame of
- Created the building of Zimbabwe and the 11
wood and reeds.
interconnected rock-hewn churches of Lalibela in
o Built empire which has a ruler with his
Ethiopia which are considered as wonders of the world.
council consisting of nobles, priest, and
- Observations on Sirius A and B by Dogon people
military leaders.
o Sirius – the brightest star in the sky
o Developed a solar calendar with 365 days and
- Cushitic people used their knowledge of stars and
ritual calendar with 260 days.
constellations to calculate and establish an accurate
o Believed that illness is a punishment from
calendar.
gods but still uses herbs and medicine for
- Pioneered the installation of false teeth, filling of dental
treatment.
cavities, broken bone setting, bone traction,
4. Middle EAst (17th Century
vaccination, brain surgery, skin grafting, and autopsy.
o Middle East –a geographic location that
- Pioneer – the first person to do something
extends from Egypt to Afghanistan where
o Teeth with Dental Caries
Islam arose.
o The term dental caries refers to the
o Islam is a religion of right actions, rules, and
destruction, or necrosis, of teeth usually by
laws that began in the 17th century.
bacterial action resulting in a condition
▪ follows the teachings of
commonly known as tooth decay. Cavities
Muhammad
have been filled on the rear teeth to prevent
▪ Muhammad – was believed by
further tooth damage.
Muslims as the messenger of God.
- Made use of plants like the bark of the
▪ Islam – is an Arabic word meaning
- Salix capensis as a source of aspirin, Kaopectate as
“submission to God”
source of treating diarrhea and
o Islamic Rules are symbolized by five
- Rauwolfia vomitoria as source of reserpine for
obligatory acts or the five pillars of Islam.
hypertension and snakebite.
1. Witness (Shahada)
- Built boats in varying sizes with the largest that can
2. Worship (Salat)
carry a load of 80 tons.
3. Fasting ( Sawm)
4. Tithing ( Zakat)
5. Pilgrimage (Haji)
o Qur’an – holy book of Islam
o Islam as a religion plays an important role in
Arab ways of living and in advancement of
science.
o Contribution to Geography\
▪ Salat prayers require knowledge in
geography to know the direction of
STS 5
the Qublah, i.e., the direction that
should be faced when Muslims pray.
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AND NATION o Development – implies specific scope values
BUILDING with to which strategies for securing selective
changes are inverted and against which
- Historical development in science and its application change-flows in decision structures and in the
showed the rapid pace of changes. production and distribution of values are
- In the beginning of the 20th century, the progress has constantly evaluated.
been closely linked with technological advancement. o from a policy-oriented perspective, not all
- Development is always associated with technology and change is development; changes
technology happens when there is advancement in incompatible with human dignity can be
science.’ characterized as retrogressions or as “dis
- Development is required in every individual to every developmental”
nation in all aspects. o Key Drivers of Development
- It is a requirement that science and technology goes ▪ Science
hand and hand to make development happen and nation ▪ Technology
building possible. o Key Elements – are reinforced through
- Difficult questions on how to use science and technological and scientific insurgencies
technology most effectively for addressing not only the ▪ Health
human but the society, have been introduced. ▪ Education
The Concept of Nation Building ▪ Infrastructure
o development in science and technology
- Nation is a group or race of people who shared history, greatly affects the:
traditions, and culture, sometimes religion and usually ▪ Conditions of People - their way to
language live, connect, communicate and
- Generally, people of a specific nation share a common transact, with profound effects on
national identity. economic development
1. Race or ethnicity ▪ It is imperative that every state
2. Loyalty to a set of political ideas and should invest in equipping their
institutions people towards as emerging national
3. The linkage of citizenship or nationality society.
- State is more properly the governmental apparatus by o Essential Instrument in Building a Nation
which a nation rules itself. (Fagoyinbo, 2013 p. 411) ▪ Promoting scientific and
- Aspects to consider in achieving a strong nation technological advances
according to Prof. Gambari(2008) ▪ On the other hand: The rise of
1. building a political entity (territory, science and technology could be
rules, norms, principles and common the fall of other related aspects for
citizenship) it could be a potential contributor to
2. building institutions (symbolizes the dehumanization of man and to
political entity bureaucracy, an economy, the degradation of his environment.
the judiciary, universities, a civil service,
Science and Technology in Nation Building: Global
and civil society organizations)
Perspective
3. building a common sense of purpose, a
sense of shared destiny, a collective - On the other hand: The rise of science and technology
imagination of belonging could be the fall of other related aspects for it could be
a potential contributor to the dehumanization of man
Aim of a Welfare-Centered Development
and to the degradation of his environment.
Adress the basic needs of the people to be free from: - What are being offered by the introduction of modern
gadgets?
1. Poverty o Convenience
2. Inequality o Simplicity
3. Unemployment o Easiness in everyday living
4. Competing for resources and power either internally - The absence of modern equipment, in all sectors and
or in the international system or any other field, the advancement and benefits that
being experienced today would not have been
possible. (Pujari,2016)
- In a global perspective, moving on with the flow of
modernity determines the nation’s capability to sustain
its people lives.
Development in Relation to Nation Building o This is the influence of science and
technology for the development of a
1. Improvement of humankind or social engineering nation.
of emerging national societies (McMichael)
2. Decision processes and decision outcome Basis For Categorizing Countries
(Reisman 2008)
1. Economy
- Important distinguishing feature of development 2. Application of science and technology
1. Changes a. Countries that have a strong base in science
2. Dynamism in the Society and technology are the ones that developed
faster.
- Reisman (2008) explained that:
ECONOMIC SITUATION
ECONOMIC SITUATION
• Development – measured by increases in Gross include beef and dairy cattle, hogs, barley,
National Product (GNP) and or the Gross Domestic canola, flaxseed, hay, and mustard seed.
Product (GDP) • Osaka, Japan
• Global Economic Situation – basis for determining the o Two women walk along the landscaped banks
classification of countries of a canal in Ōsaka, Japan. Ōsaka, on
• UN/DESA, UNCTAD, Five (5) United Nations southern Honshū Island, is a major port and a
Regional Commissions, ESCAP – launched the WESP center for finance and transportation. It has
o UN/DESA – United Nations Department of been nicknamed the Venice of Japan because
Economic and Social Affirs of its numerous canals and rivers.
o UNCTAD – United Nations Conference on • Tokyo, Japan
Trade and Development o Mount Fuji rises behind the skyline of Tokyo,
o ESCAP – Economic and Social Commission the capital and largest city of Japan. Tokyo
for Asia Pacific serves as Japan’s financial, industrial,
o WESP – World Economic Situation and commercial, educational, and cultural center.
Prospects It is the most populated metropolitan area in
▪ Provides annual reports on world the world.
economic trends in different • Pont du Gard-France
dimensions o Not far from the southern French city of
▪ Serves as basis for classifying Nîmes, the three-tiered Pont du Gard spans
countries around the world as to: the Gard, a river. The Roman aqueduct, built
1. Developed economies. in 19 bc, was part of a 60-kilometer-long (37-
2. Economies in transition; mile-long) network that carried water from
and nearby mountains to Nîmes. Having survived
3. Developing economies more than 2,000 years, the Pont du Gard still
o Many nations continuously strive to attain the towers over the river.
“developed” category which motivates them • Walled City of Carcassonne
to strengthen their own economic o Walls surrounding the ancient French city of
dimensions. Carcassonne, known as the Cité, have helped
o WESP report 2018 stated that an “improved preserve one of the most beautiful European
global economic situation” offer the best fortifications. Some towers and ramparts date
chance for countries to address “longer-term from the 5th century, when Visigoths overran
issues” which hinders development. what was then a Roman settlement. The
▪ Low carbon economic growth newer business district, Ville Basse, spreads
▪ Reducing inequalities at the base.
▪ Economic diversification and • Wertheim Germany
eliminating deep-rooted barriers. o The town of Wertheim sits at the confluence
(United Nations, 2018) of the Tauber and Main rivers near Frankfurt,
o Major developed economies: Germany. Many of the buildings date from
▪ Canada the 12th and 13th centuries. A well-
▪ Japan established glass industry and beautiful
▪ France medieval buildings attract many tourists to
▪ Germany the area.
▪ Italy
▪ United Kingdom
▪ United States
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY APPLICATION
o Developing Countries - Certain criteria must be considered in evaluating the
▪ Africa competency of a country in science.
▪ Asia - Parameters involving management of scientific
▪ Latin America knowledge and implementation of this knowledge are
▪ Caribbean given focus.
• Prince Edward Island's Shore - Scientific American is an American magazine.
o Prince Edward Island, bordered by the Gulf o published its Global Science Scoreboard
of Saint Lawrence and the Northumberland which serves as the basis for ranking the
Strait, was claimed for France by explorer performances of various countries in the field
Jacques Cartier during a voyage across the of science.
Atlantic in 1534. The island was settled by
Europeans soon afterward. Despite the SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY FOR THE
maritime setting, agriculture developed as the ADVANCEMENT OF DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
island's economic focus. Heavy reliance on - Science and technology plays important role in social
potato crops led to its nickname, Spud Island. and economic progress.
• Canada's Golden Waves of Grain - Benchmarking and learning best practices from
o A large portion of southern Saskatchewan is developed nations to eventually produce localized
covered with wheat fields, such as this one in science and technology programs is the importance
the Qu’Appelle river valley east of Regina. realized by developing countries.
Saskatchewan contributes about half of - Former Senator Edgardo J. Angara
Canada's total production of wheat, and it is o stressed that “investments on research and
the province's leading agricultural product. development (R&D) and education”, related
Other sources of farm income in the area to the “emerging trends” in various field of
applied sciences, evidently considers “ o This mandate necessitates the assurance of
Science and Technology Innovation(STI) as a implementing efforts in utilizing science and
driving force behind the success of the Asian technology as a tool for advancing the
neighboring countries”. capability and capacity of the nation for the
welfare and condition of its people.
FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO THE ECONOMIC o The Philippine government agencies play
SUCCESSES OF THE ASIA COUNTRIES significant role, in sustaining and promoting
1. government investment in public goods and services science and technology for the progress of the
such as roads, clean water, health and education country.
2. Support for small and medium-scale enterprises THE DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE AND
3. Support for higher education institutions, science and TECHNOLOGY
engineering sectors, and industry and trade
associations Department of Science and Technology (DOST)
4. Inter-institutional linkages between universities,
industries, government agencies and non-government - The primary science and technology body in the
organizations country responsible for:
5. Good governance o Providing central direction, leadership and
- It is recognized that nations and communities who aim coordination of all scientific and
for a good standing in the world economy must either technological activities and
possess or seek to acquire a home-grown, self- o Of formulating policies, programs and
generating capability in science and technology. projects to support national development