DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

Concepts

ABU ABDILLAH MOHAMMAD NASIM

Lecturer, Department of CSE, RMU.
 Differential Calculus
01 Function

Definition: Function, Domain, Range, Inverse function, Odd function, Even Function etc.

02 Limit

Definition of Limit, (𝛿 − 𝜖) definition,

By (𝛿 − 𝜖) definition prove

i. lim (2𝑥 − 2) = 6
𝑥→4

ii. lim (2𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 − 18𝑥 + 29) = 2

𝑥→3
𝑥 2 −4
iii. lim = −4
𝑥→−2 𝑥+2

etc.

Definition of Left-Hand Limit and Right-Hand Limit.

Prove the followings:

1
𝑥 2 sin
𝑥
i. lim =0
𝑥→0 sin 𝑥
sin 𝑥
ii. lim =1
𝑥→𝜋 𝜋−𝑥

iii. lim𝜋(sec 2𝑥 − tan 2𝑥) = 0

𝑥→
4

Find the following limits:

1−cos 𝑥
i. lim 𝑥
𝑥→0
1 1
ii. lim ( − tan 𝑥)
𝑥→0 sin 𝑥
𝑥(cos 𝑥+cos 2𝑥)
iii. lim sin 𝑥
𝑥→0
2 cos 𝑥−sin 2𝑥
iv. lim𝜋 1+cos 2𝑥
𝑥→
4

etc.

L’Hopital’s rule: Prove the followings

𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥 −2𝑥
i. lim =2
𝑥→0 𝑥−sin 𝑥
𝑎 𝑥 −1−𝑥 ln 𝑎 1
ii. lim 𝑥2
= 2 (ln 𝑎)2
𝑥→0
𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥 −2 ln(1+𝑥)
iii. lim 𝑥 sin 𝑥
=0
𝑥→0
 3 tan 𝑥−3𝑥−𝑥 3 2
iv. lim 𝑥5
=5
𝑥→0

v. lim (sin 𝑥)𝑥 = 1

𝑥→0
2𝑥 1
vi. lim (cos 𝑥)cot =
𝑥→0 √𝑒

03 Continuity
Definition of continuous function.
Questions:
𝜋
i. Discuss the discontinuity of tan 𝑥 at 𝑥 = .
2

ii. The function 𝑓 is defined as follows:

−𝑥 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 ≤ 0
𝑓(𝑥) = { 𝑥 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 0 < 𝑥 < 1
2−𝑥 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 ≥ 1
show that it is continuous at 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 1 .
iii. Discuss the continuity of the following functions at the points indicated:
𝑥 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 0 < 𝑥 < 1
a. 𝑓(𝑥) = { − 𝑥
2 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2 at 𝑥 = 2
1
𝑥 − 2 𝑥2 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 0 < 𝑥 < 1
tan2 𝑥
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 ≠ 0
b. 𝑓(𝑥) = { 23𝑥 at 𝑥 = 0
3
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 0

𝑥2 + 𝑥 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 0 ≤ 𝑥 < 1
c. 𝑓(𝑥) = { 2 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 1 at 𝑥 = 1
2𝑥 3 − 𝑥 + 1 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 1 < 𝑥 < 2
iv. The function 𝑓 is defined as follows:
𝜋
−2 sin 𝑥 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 − 𝜋 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ −
2
𝜋 𝜋
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎 sin 𝑥 + 𝑏 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 − < 𝑥 <
2 2
𝜋
{ cos 𝑥 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝜋
2
if 𝑓(𝑥) is continuous in the interval −𝜋 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝜋 , find the values of 𝑎 and 𝑏 .
04 Differentiability
Define derivative of a function. Define differentiable function, define Left-Hand Derivative and
Right-Hand Derivative.

05 Differentiation
Find, from the definition of differentiation (or first principle), derivatives (or differential
coefficients) of the following functions:
i. 𝑒𝑥
ii. sin 𝑥
iii. cos 𝑥
iv. √𝑥
etc.

Find the derivatives of the following functions with respect to 𝒙:

𝑥 𝑥
i. 𝑒𝑥 xi. 𝑒𝑒
ii. 𝑒 tan 𝑥 xii. tan ln sin 𝑒 𝑥 2
−1 𝑥
iii. 𝑒 sin xiii. 𝑥𝑥
𝑥

iv. log sin 𝑥 sec 𝑥 1−𝑥2

xiv. cos −1 1+𝑥2
v. cos 2𝑥 cos 3𝑥
2𝑥
vi. sin 2𝑥 cos 𝑥 xv. sin−1
1+𝑥2
−1
vii. tan √𝑥 2𝑥
xvi. tan−1 1+𝑥2
viii. tan sin−1 𝑥 𝑥
xvii. tan−1
√1−𝑥2
𝑥 2 +4
ix. 𝑥 3 √𝑥 2 +3

1+𝑥
x. √
1−𝑥

𝑑𝑦
Find from the followings:
𝑑𝑥

i. 𝑥 = 𝑦 ln(𝑥𝑦) v. 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑦𝑥
ii. 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑦 vi. 𝑥𝑦𝑦𝑥 = 1
iii. (cos 𝑥)𝑦 = (sin 𝑦)𝑥 vii. 𝑒 𝑥𝑦 − 4𝑥𝑦 = 2
iv. ln(𝑥𝑦) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2

1 𝑑𝑦 1
If 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 1 , show that 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 .
𝑥+ 1 2− 1
𝑥+ 𝑥+ 1
1
𝑥+ 𝑥+
𝑥+𝑡𝑜 ∞ 𝑥+𝑡𝑜 ∞
06 Successive differentiation

State and prove Leibnitz’s theorem.

Find the followings:

𝑑𝑛 𝑑𝑛
i. sin 𝑥 iv. 𝑥𝑛
𝑑𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 𝑛
𝑑𝑛 𝑑𝑛
ii. cos 𝑥 v. 𝑒 𝑚𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 𝑛
𝑑𝑛 𝑑𝑛
iii. ln 𝑥 vi. log 𝑎 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 𝑛

Answer the followings:

i. If 𝑦 = cos(𝑚 sin−1 𝑥) , show that

a. (1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑦2 − 𝑥 𝑦1 + 𝑚2 𝑦 = 0
b. (1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑦𝑛+2 − (2𝑛 + 1)𝑥 𝑦𝑛+1 + (𝑚2 − 𝑛2 )𝑦𝑛 = 0
−1 𝑥
ii. If 𝑦 = 𝑒 cos , show that
(1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑦2 − 𝑥 𝑦1 − 𝑦 = 0
iii. If 𝑦 = (sin−1 𝑥 )2 , show that
a. (1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑦2 − 𝑥 𝑦1 − 2 = 0
b. (1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑦𝑛+2 − (2𝑛 + 1)𝑥 𝑦𝑛+1 − 𝑛2 𝑦𝑛 = 0
etc.
07 Expansion of function
Find the expansion of the following functions:
i. sin 𝑥
ii. cos 𝑥
iii. 𝑒𝑥
iv. ln(1 + 𝑥)
v.
08 Maxima and Minima
i. Find for what values of 𝑥, the following expression is maximum and minimum respectively:
2𝑥 3 − 21𝑥 2 + 36𝑥 − 20.
ii. Examine 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 24𝑥 − 12 for maximum or minimum values.
iii. Examine whether 𝑥1/𝑥 possesses a maximum or a minimum and determine the same.
iv. Find the maximum and the minimum values of 𝑢 where
4 36
𝑢=𝑥+ and 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 2.
𝑦

v. Show that of all rectangles of given area, the square has the smallest perimeter.
 vi. Show that of all rectangles of given perimeter, the square has the largest area.
vii.
09 Partial differentiation
i. State and prove Euler’s theorem on homogeneous function.
𝑥 3 +𝑦 3 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
ii. If 𝑢 = tan−1 , then show that 𝑥 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 = sin 2𝑢.
𝑥−𝑦

iii. Verify Euler’s theorem for the function 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2.

iv.
10 Tangent and Normal
i. Define tangent and normal.
ii. Define angle of intersection of two curves.
𝑥2 𝑦2
iii. Find the equation of tangent at the point (𝑥, 𝑦) on the curve 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 = 1.

iv. Find the equation of tangent at the point 𝜃 on the curve𝑥 = 𝑎 cos 𝜃 , 𝑦 = 𝑏 sin 𝜃.
v. Find the equation of tangent at the point (1, −1) on the curve
𝑥 3 + 𝑥𝑦 2 − 3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 5𝑦 + 2 = 0.
vi. Show that the normal at the point 𝜃 = 𝜋/4 on the curve
𝑥 = 3 cos 𝜃 − cos3 𝜃,
𝑦 = 3 sin 𝜃 − sin3 𝜃

passes through the origin.

vii.