CAT Quant

Concepts & Formulae

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Table of Contents

1. Numbers …............................................................................................................. 1

2. Arithmetic
2.1 Percentage & Interest .................................................................................. 5
2.2 Ratio & Proportion ...................................................................................... 6
2.3 Profit & Loss ............................................................................................... 7
2.4 Averages ...................................................................................................... 7
2.5 Mixtures & Alligations …............................................................................ 8
2.6 Time & Speed .............................................................................................. 9
2.7 Time & Work …........................................................................................ 10

3. Algebra
3.1 Linear Equations ....................................................................................... 11
3.2 Quadratic Equations .................................................................................. 11
3.3 Inequalities ................................................................................................ 12
3.4 Functions ................................................................................................... 13
3.5 Logarithm .................................................................................................. 14

4. Modern Maths
4.1 Permutations & Combinations .................................................................. 15
4.2 Probability ................................................................................................. 16
4.3 Sequences & Progressions ........................................................................ 17
4.4 Set Theory ................................................................................................. 18

5. Geometry
5.1 Lines & Triangles ...................................................................................... 19
5.2 Quadrilaterals ............................................................................................ 20
5.3 Circles ........................................................................................................ 21
5.4 Mensuration ............................................................................................... 22
5.5 Trigonometry ............................................................................................. 23
5.6 Coordinate Geometry …............................................................................ 24
Formulae Book

1. Numbers
1.1 Number Theory

1) Sequence of natural numbers is 1, 2, 3, 4, ...

2) Sequence of whole numbers is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, ...

3) Where n is an integer, even numbers are of the form 2n and odd numbers are of the form 2n + 1.

4) Arithmetic Properties of odd and even numbers:

Addition Multiplication
Even + Even = Even Even × Even = Even
Even + Odd = Odd Even × Odd = Even
Odd + Odd = Even Odd × Odd = Odd

5) Algebraic Formulae to Memorise

Expression Expansion

(a + b)n n
C 0 a n b0 + nC 1 a n−1 b 1 + ... + n C n a 0 b n
a n − bn (a – b)(a n – 1 + a n – 2 b + ... + b n−1 )
(a + b)2 a 2 + 2 ab + b 2
(a − b)2 a 2 − 2 ab + b 2
a 2 – b2 (a + b)(a − b)
a 2 + b2 (a + b)2 − 2 ab = (a − b)2 + 2 ab
(a + b)3 a 3 + 3ab(a + b) + b 3 = a 3 + 3 a 2 b + 3 a b 2 + b 3
(a − b)3 a 3 − 3ab(a − b) − b 3 = a 3 − 3 a 2 b + 3 a b 2 − b 3
a 3 + b3 (a + b)(a 2 – ab + b2 ) = (a + b)3 − 3 ab(a + b)
a 3 − b3 (a − b)(a 2 + ab + b 2) = (a − b)3 + 3 ab(a − b)
(a + b + c)2 a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + 2 ab + 2 bc + 2 ca
a 3 + b3 + c3 − 3 abc (a + b + c)(a 2 + b 2 + c 2 – ab – bc − ca)

If a + b + c = 0 ,
3 abc
a 3 + b3 + c3 =
Note that
1) (a n + bn ) is divisible by (a + b) if n is odd.
2) (a n − bn ) is divisible by (a + b) if n is even.

6) Properties of Prime and Composite numbers

(a) Prime Numbers are natural numbers that have exactly 2 factors, 1 and the number itself.
(b) Composite numbers are natural numbers that have more than 2 factors.
(c) 1 is the only natural number that is neither prime nor composite.
(d) 2 is the smallest prime and the only even prime.
(e) All prime numbers except 2 and 5 end with the digits 1, 3, 7 or 9.
(f) There are 15 prime numbers less than 50 and 25 prime numbers less than 100.

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Formulae Book

7) A number is prime if none of the prime numbers less than its square root divides it.

8) Two numbers are coprime if they do not have any common factors.

9) If x and y are integers where y > x, the number of integers between y and x,
Condition Number of Integers
where y and x are both to be included y–x+1
where one of x and y is to be included while y–x
the other is not
where y and x are both to be excluded y–x–1

13) When the numbers are in an Arithmetic Progression, say a1, a2, a3, ..., an, where the difference between
consecutive terms is d, then the number of terms in the sequence
(a – a 1 )
➢ if first and last terms are included is n +1
d
(a – a 1 )
➢ if only 1 of first and last terms is included is n
d
(a n – a 1 )
➢ if first and last terms are excluded is −1
d

1.2 Factors & Remainders

14) For 2 numbers a and b, a × b = HCF(a , b) × LCM (a , b )

HCF of numerators LCM of numerators

15) HCF of fractions = and LCM of fractions =
LCM of denominators HCF of denominators

16) Any number represented in the form a p × bq × c r × ... , where a, b, c, .. are prime numbers has
(p + 1) (q + 1) (r + 1) ... factors.
16.1) For 2 p × b q × c r × ... , where b, c, ... are odd primes, odd number of factors = (q + 1)(r + 1) ... .
16.2) Total Factors – Odd Factors = Even Factors

n
17) If a number x has n factors, then x can be expressed as a product of two natural numbers in ways if
2
(n + 1)
n is even and ways if n is odd.
2
(n
)
18) If a number x has has n factors, then the product of its factors is x 2 .

19) HCF Concepts

(a) Largest number that divides x, y and z to leave remainders a, b and c = HCF[(x – a), (y – b), (z – c)]
(b) Largest number that divides x, y and z to leave the same remainder = HCF[(x – y), (y – z)]

20) LCM Concepts

(a) Numbers leaving the same remainder (r) for set of divisors = k × LCM of divisors + r
(b) Numbers leaving the same difference (d) in remainders and divisors = k × LCM of divisors − d
(c) For all other cases, we express numbers in dq + r format and find the smallest possible solution, say x.
These numbers are of the form k × LCM of divisors + x

21) Successive Division: Once we find the smallest number (say x) that satisfies, other numbers are of the
form k × Product of divisors + x

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Formulae Book

22) Remainder rules

Rem 1 (
a + a 2 + a 3 + ...
d ) a
d ( )a
d
a
( )
= Rem 1 + Rem 2 + Rem 3 + ...
d ()
( )
a 1 × a 2 × a 3 × ...
( ) ( ) () (dq + r)n
( ) ()
n
a a a r
Rem = Rem 1 × Rem 2 × Rem 3 × ... = Rem = Rem
d d d d d d

23) Euler's Totient of n [ϕ(n)] is the number of coprime positive integers less than n.

(
If the prime factors of n are x1, x2, x3, ..., ϕ(n) = n × 1 −
)(
1
x1
× 1−
1
x2 )(
× 1−
1
x3 )
× ...

( d )= 1
ϕ(d )
n
24) Fermat's Theorem: If n and d are coprime integers, then Rem

25) Where k is a constant, the remainder when a polynomial f(x) is divided by (x – k), is f(k).

26) Divisibility Rules

Number Divisibility Rule
2 Last digit divisible by 2
3 Sum of digits divisible by 3
4 Last two digit divisible by 4
5 Last digit is 0 or 5
6 Divisible by 2 and 3
7 Difference between sum of alternate sets of 3 digits is divisible by 7
8 Last three digits divisible by 8
9 Sum of digits divisible by 9
10 Last digit is 0
11 Difference between sum of alternate sets of digits is divisible by 11
12 Divisible by 3 and 4
13 Difference between sum of alternate sets of 3 digits is divisible by 13
14 Divisible by 2 and 7
15 Divisible by 3 and 5
16 Last 4 digits divisible by 16
18 Divisible by 2 and 9
20 Divisible by 4 and 5
24 Divisible by 3 and 8
25 Last 2 digits divisible by 25
32 Last 5 digits divisible by 32
100 Last 2 digits are 0
125 Last 3 digits divisible by 125

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Formulae Book

27) For all composite numbers,

Divisibility Rule: Check for divisibility by each of the prime factors raised to their respective powers.
Remainder Rule: Apply Chinese Remainder theorem.

28) Where p is a prime number, greatest power of p that divides n! is the sum of quotients when n is
successively divided by p.

29) Cyclicity of units digit is

(a) 1 for 0, 1, 5, 6
(b) 2 for 4, 9
(c) 4 for 2, 3, 7, 8

30) Last 2 digits of x n when

x is a Last 2 digits
number that ends in 5 Last 2 digits are 25 or 75
number that ends in 0 Last 2 digits are 00
multiple of 2 but not 4 Last 2 digits of x 40 k + 1 = x + 50
multiple of 4 Last 2 digits of x 40 k + 1 = x
number that ends in 1 Last digit is 1, tens digit is
U (tens digit of x × units digit of n)
number that ends in 3, 7 or 9 Raise it by a power so that the number ends in 1.
Then, apply the above rule for 'number that ends in 1'.

31) Roman Numerals: Following are the symbols used

Symbol I V X L C D M
Value 1 5 10 50 100 500 1000
In the Roman Numeral system,
(a) A lower-valued symbol is subtracted if written to the left of its immediate higher-valued symbol.
(b) If not, the value of the number is added.

32) In a number system of base b,

(a) There are b digits.
(b) The place values to the left of the point are b 0, b 1, b 2, ...
−1
(c) The place values to the right of the point are b , b−2, b−3, ...

33) To convert a number from base b to base 10, we multiply the face values with the respective place
values and add the values.

34) To convert a number from base 10 to base b, successively divide the number by b till we get a quotient
of 0. The remainders from bottom to top are the digits of the number (in base 10) from left to right.

35) Indices Rules

a 0=1 a 1=a 1n = 1 a m× a n = a m+ n am m−n
a −n =
1
n = a
a an

()
n n
(a m )n = a m×n mn (mn ) a n×b n = (ab)n a a m
a =a n
=
b
a n = √a m
n

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Formulae Book

2. Arithmetic
2.1 Percentages & Interest

1 x
1) % = ; 100% = 1 and x% of y = ×y
100 100

2) Where x and y are two numbers,

➢ if x has increased or decreased to y, then x has become y.
➢ if x has increased by y, then x has become x + y.
➢ if x has decreased by y, then x has become x – y.

q– p
3) If the quantity p has now changed to q, percentage change = × 100 %
p

4) If there are successive changes of p%, q% and r% in three stages, the effective percentage change is

((1+
p
100 )(1+
q
100 )(1+
r
100 ) )
− 1 × 100

(p, q and r are integers, wherein a negative value suggests a decrease)

5) Percentage point or percent point is the arithmetic difference of two percentages. If a certain rate of x%
grew by y percentage points, then the rate is now (x + y)%.

6) Where the product of two variables - x and y, is constant,

a a
➢ if x increases by of itself, then y decreases by of itself
b b+ a
a a
➢ if x decreases by of itself, then y increases by of itself
b b− a

Price of goods/stock in year x

7) Where the base year's value is 100, index value in year x = × 100
Price of goods/stock in base year
pnr
8) Simple Interest (SI) =
100

( )
n
r
9) In the case of Compound Interest (CI), the amount A = p 1 +
100

10) Let p be the principal or present value of a loan lent at r% interest rate per annum. If A, B and C are the
repayments made at the end of a, b and c years, wherein the loan is fully repaid, then
A B C
p= + +
( ) ( ) ( )
a b
r r r c
1+ 1+ 1+
100 100 100

11) Where the loan of p, is lent at r% per time period, for n time periods, and e is the EMI amount,
e e e
p= + + ... +
( ) ( ) ( )
1 2
r r r n
1+ 1+ 1+
100 100 100

12) When a certain amount p has grown to an amount A over n years, then Compounded Annual Growth
Rate (CAGR) is the variable r in

( )
n
r
A = p 1+
100

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Formulae Book

2.2 Ratio & Proportion

1) Ratio is the quantitative relationship or comparison of numbers. It indicates the relationship of one
quantity with respect to another.
a
2) A ratio of 2 numbers can be expressed as a fraction in this way ⇒ a : b =
b
a b
3) a : b = ka : kb = :
k k

4) To simplify a ratio with fractions, we multiply the ratio with the LCM of the denominators

a c
5) For ratios with 2 terms, we can cross-multiply the numerators and denominators ⇒ : = ad : bc
b d

a p b p c p d p
6) If = 1, = 2, = 3, = 4 , then
b q1 c q2 d q3 e q4
a : b : c : d : e = p 1 p 2 p 3 p 4 : q 1 p 2 p3 p 4 : q 1 q 2 p3 p 4 : q 1 q 2 q 3 p 4 : q 1 q 2 q 3 q 4

7) The quantities linked through a ratio can be represented using a single variable.

Profit of A Investment of A × Duration of A's Investment

8) For 2 partners A and B, =
Profit of B Investment of B × Duration of B's Investment

9) Where IX is the investment of partner X, DX is the duration of X's investment and P X is the Profit of X, the
ratio of profits of 4 partners A, B, C and D is P A : P B : PC : P D = IA D A : IB D B : IC D C : I D D D

10) Proportion involves equality of ratios that have 2 terms. If a, b, c and d are in proportion, then the
a c
following are different ways to write the same a : b = c : d or a : b :: c : d or =
b d

11) a and d are called extremes, and b and c are called means. The product of extremes equals the product
of means.

12) If three numbers, say a, b and c, are said to be in continued proportion, then a : b :: b : c. Numbers in
continued proportion are in Geometric Progression.

13) Properties of Proportions

a c e p a + qb pc+ qd pe+ q f
13.1 If = = = ... , and p, q, r and s are real numbers , then = = = ...
b d f ra + sb rc + s d re + s f

a c e a + c + e + ...
13.2 If = = = ... = k , then k=
b d f b + d + f + ...

a c e pa qc re pa + qc + r e + ...
13.3 If = = = ... = k , then k = = = = ... =
b d f pb qd rf pb + qd + r f + ...

14) If x directly varies with y, then x ∝ y , x = Ky

1 K
15) If x inversely varies with y, then x ∝ ,x =
y y

1 bd K bd
16) If a ∝ b and a ∝ and a ∝ d , then a ∝ or a =
c c c

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Formulae Book

2.3 Profit & Loss

1) Profit = SP – CP
➢ SP = CP + Profit
➢ CP = SP – Profit

(SP – CP)
2) Profit % =
Profit
CP
× 100 % =
CP
× 100 % =
SP
CP (
− 1 × 100 %)
3) SP = CP + CP ×
p
100
⇒ SP = (
CP × 1 +
p
100 )
4) Where Mark-up % and Discount % are given,
➢ MP = CP (1 + Mark-up %)
➢ SP = MP (1 – Discount %)
➢ SP = CP (1 + Mark up %) (1 – Discount %)

5) Note the following.

➢ Profit/Loss % is a percentage of CP.
➢ Mark-up % is a percentage of CP.
➢ Discount % is a percentage of MP.

( )
2
x x2
6) When Discount and Mark up percentages equal x, SP = CP 1 – 2 . ∴ Loss is %
100 100

7) When SP of two products is the same and one is sold at a profit of x% and the other at a loss of x%, then
x2
the two transactions combined would have resulted in a loss of %
100

8) In questions involving fraudulent trader, who commits fraud while purchasing, write the CP per stated
unit first and then write it as CP per actual unit. The same applies for SP for fraud while selling.

9) Where FC and VC are Fixed Cost and Variable Cost respectively,

Total Cost = FC + VC
Variable Margin = SP per unit – VC per unit
Profit = (Variable Margin × Units Sold) – Fixed Cost

10) Break-even point is when Total Revenue = Total Cost.

Fixed Cost
11) Break-even volume =
Variable Margin

2.4 Averages
n

x 1+ x 2+ x3+ ...+ x n
∑
i=1
xi
1) Simple Average or Arithmetic Mean = x = =
n n
n

∑ (xi − a )
i =1
2) Where a is the Assumed Mean, Simple Average = x = a +
n

3) Average of any group of items always lie between the smallest and the largest values in the group.

7
Formulae Book

4) If each of the terms are added, subtracted, multiplied or by a constant k, then the average also gets added
subtracted, multiplied or divided by k.

(first term + last term)

5) Average of numbers in AP =
2
n

w1 x1 + w2 x 2 + w 3 x 3 + ... + w n x n
∑ wi xi
i=1
6) Weighted Average = x = =
w 1 + w 2 + w3 + ... + w n n

∑
i=1
wi

∑ (xi − a) × w i
i =1
7) Where a is the Assumed Mean, Weighted Average = x = a + n

∑ wi
i=1

1
8) Geometric Mean (GM) = ( x 1 × x 2 × x 3 × .... × x n )n

n
9) Harmonic Mean (HM) =
1 1 1 1
+ + + ... +
x1 x 2 x3 xn

a+ b 2 ab
, GM = √ab and HM =
2
10) For 2 terms, say a and b, AM = . And, GM = AM × HM
2 a+ b

11) For any set of positive real numbers, AM > GM > HM

( ) () ( ) term where n is even

th th th
n+ 1 n n
12) Median = term where n is odd and mean of term and +1
2 2 2

13) For n terms, mode is the term(s) with the maximum number of occurrences.

14) A set of numbers can have only 1 mean and 1 median. However, the set can have one or more modes.

2.5 Mixtures & Alligations

x 1 w 1 + x 2 w 2 + ... + x n w n
1) x A = .
w 1 + w 2 + ... + w n

w1 ( x 2 – x A)
2) =
w 2 ( x A – x 1)

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Formulae Book

3) Where I is the initial quantity of non-replaced liquid,

r% is the replacement percentage,
n is the number of replacements,
F is the final quantity of the non-replaced liquid,

( )
n

( )
n
r Replacement Quantity
F=I × 1– =I× 1–
100 Total Quantity

2.6 Time & Speed

D D
1) When a distance D is covered at a speed of S at time T, then D = S × T , S = and T =
T S

1.1) Distance and Speed have a direct relationship, i.e. D ∝ S

1.2) Distance and Time have a direct relationship, i.e. D ∝ T .
1
1.3) Speed and Time, however, have an inverse relationship, i.e. S ∝ .
T
1 1 1
1.3.1) If ratio of speed is s 1 : s 2 : s 3, then ratio of time taken is : :
s 1 s2 s3

5 18
2) 1 km/hr = m/s and 1 m/s = km/hr
18 5

Total Distance Covered

3) Average Speed =
Total Time Taken

3.1) When Time Taken are equal, then the average speed is the Arithmetic Mean of the Speeds.
3.2) When Distances are equal, then the average speed is the Harmonic Mean of the Speeds.

4) When Distance is constant,

a a
➢ if one of time or speed increases by of itself, then the other decreases by of itself
b b+ a
a a
➢ if one of time or speed decreases by of itself, then the other increases by of itself
b b− a

5) Where S1 and S2 are two speeds with S1 > S2,

Distance D
➢ in opposite directions, Time taken = =
Relative Speed S 1 + S 2
Distance D
➢ in same direction, Time taken = =
Relative Speed S 1 − S 2

6) If a train of length l takes time t to pass an

➢ object of negligible length at a speed s, then l = s × t
➢ object of length l2 at a speed s, then l 1 + l 2 = s × t

7) If a train of length l moving at speed s1 takes time t to pass an

➢ object of negligible length moving at speed s2, moving in opposite direction, then l = ( s1 + s2 ) × t
➢ object of negligible length moving at speed s2, moving in same direction, then l = ( s1 − s2 ) × t

8) If two trains of length l1 and l2 moving at speeds of s1 and s2 respectively, take time t to cross each other
➢ in opposite directions, then l 1 + l 2 = (s1 + s2 ) × t
➢ in same direction with s1 > s2, then l 1 + l 2 = (s1 − s 2 ) × t

9
Formulae Book

9) Two people walking to and fro from two ends of a corridor of length l, when meeting for the nth time,
together cover a distance of (2n – 1)l.

10) Two people running around circular track at speeds of s1 and s2 (s1 > s2) meet for nth time,
nl
➢ when running in opposite directions, time taken =
s1 + s2
nl
➢ when running in same directions, time taken =
s1 – s2

11) Where s is the speed of the boat in still water and a is the speed of the stream, the relative speed while
➢ travelling downstream = s + a.
➢ travelling upstream = s – a.

x+ y x−y
12) Where x and y are downstream and upstream speeds, boat speed = and stream speed =
2 2

Downstream Time Upstream speed

13) =
Upstream Time Downstream speed

14) The angles covered by the minute and hour hand for 1 hour and 1 minute are provided below.
Minute Hand Hour Hand
1 Hour 3600 300
1 Minute 60 0.50

2.7 Time & Work

1) Worker-Days Method: This is used when there are many people in a group who work at the same rate (or
efficiency). Here, we use units such as worker-days, man-hours, etc. For instance, if 20 workers can
complete a work in 5 days, then it means that it takes 20 × 5 = 100 worker-days to complete the work. In
other words, the work can be completed by 1 worker in 100 days or 100 workers in 1 day.

2) Unitary Method: This method is used for solving all other types of questions. Here, we assign the total
work as 1. We use efficiencies to solve the problems. For example, if John can complete a piece of work in
th
1
20 days, then his efficiency is the portion of work he can complete in 1 day, which is of the work.
20

3) Portion of work completed in a day and time taken have a reciprocal relationship. For example, if
th
1
Juliet can complete of the work in 1 day, then she will take 6 days to complete the work.
6

1
4) If the efficiency becomes x times the initial efficiency, then the time taken becomes times the initial
x
time taken.

5) If the ratio of efficiencies of A and B is a : b, then the ratio of time taken by them is b : a

6) In case of leaks which have negative rate of completion, the efficiency is negative.

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Formulae Book

3. Algebra
3.1 Linear Equations

1) A linear equation is an equation containing one or more variables, where the power of each of the
variables in the equation is 1.

2) We need n consistent and independent equations to solve for n variables.

3) Dependent equations have infinite solutions and inconsistent equations have no solutions.

4) Solving 2 Variables

4.1) Subtraction Method

(1) Upon identify a variable to be eliminated, identify the LCM of their coefficients in the 2 equations,
ignoring the positive/negative sign.
(2) We multiply or divide the entire equations by constants such that the LCM becomes the coefficients of
the selected variable.
(3) We now add or subtract the two equations (depending on the sign) to eliminate 1 variable.
(4) We are now left with 1 equation containing only 1 variable. Upon solving this variable, we substitute this
in either of the two equations to find the value of the other variable.

4.2) Substitution Method

(1) In one of the equations, express one variable in terms of the other.
(2) Substitute this in the other equation to get 1 equation with 1 variable.
(3) Solve for this and substitute in either equation to find the other variable.

5) Solving 3 Variables

(1) Follow the elimination approach as detailed above to eliminate 1 variable from 2 pairs of equations, say
equations A and B and equations B and C.
(2) We now have 2 equations with the same 2 variables each.
(3) We solve this as explained under eliminations approach.

3.2 Quadratic Equations

1) A quadratic expression with 1 variable is of the form ax 2 + bx + c , where a ≠ 0.

2) Where α and β are the roots, the quadratic equation formed is ( x−α)(x −β) = 0

−b ± √b − 4 ac
2
2
3) Formula for roots: x = , Discriminant: D = b − 4 ac
2a

Discriminant Nature of Roots

D>0 Two real and distinct roots.
D=0 Two real and equal roots
D<0 Two imaginary roots

2 −b c
4) For f ( x) = ax + bx + c , Sum of roots = α + β = and Product of roots = αβ =
a a

5) Changes to Roots: Where α and β are the roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0, and k is a constant,

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Formulae Book

For the roots The quadratic equation is

(α + k) and (β + k) a(x – k)2 + b(x – k) + c = 0
(α – k) and (β – k) a(x + k)2 + b(x + k) + c = 0

() ()
2
(αk) and (βk) x x
a + b +c =0
k k

() ()
α
k
and
β
k
a(xk)2 + b(xk) + c = 0

(1α ) and ( 1β ) cx2 + bx + a = 0

6) Ratio of Roots: For a quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, if the ratio of roots, i.e., α : β = p : q,
then b2pq = ac(p + q)2

7) Cubic Equation: If α, β and γ are the roots of the equation ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = 0, then
−b c −d
α+β+γ= αβ + βγ + γα = αβγ =
a a a

8) Biquadratic Equation: If α, β, γ and δ are the roots of the equation ax4 + bx3 + cx2 + dx + e = 0,
−b c −d e
α+β+γ+δ= αβ + αγ + αδ + βγ + βδ + γδ = αβγ + αβδ + αγδ + βγδ = αβγδ =
a a a a

9) Descarte's rule: Number of sign changes in f(x) and f(–x) are the maximum number of positive and
negative real roots of a polynomial. These numbers vary by a multiple of 2.
2
(4 ac – b ) −b
10) Minimum or Maximum value of f(x) = at x =
4a 2a

3.3 Inequalities

1) If then Example
a > b, a+k>b+k If x > 5 + y ⇒ x – y > 5
k ∈r a–k>b–k
a – b > 0 or 0 > b – a
⇒ –5 > y – x ⇒ y – x < –5
a > b, ak > bk 2x – 10 > 2 ⇒ x – 5 > 1
k > 0, j < 0 aj < bj a–b b–a
a – b > –2 ⇒ < 1⇒ <1
−2 2
a
Note: a > b cannot be written as > 1 as we do not know if the variable b is negative or positive.
b

2) Solving Linear Inequalities: Move the variable terms to one side and constants to the other side.

3) Solving Higher Order Inequalities:

(a) Move all terms to the LHS of the inequality, so that the RHS equals 0.
(b) Factorise the expression on the LHS.
(c) Ensure the coefficient of x in every factor is positive. Else, multiply the factor by -1 and change the sign.
(d) Equating each factor to 0 will provide the deflection values of x. Plot these on a number line.
(e) The region to the right of the right-most deflection point will be positive. The signs of prior regions
(between deflection points) will be alternating between positive and negative.
(f) Choose the ranges that satisfy the inequality.

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Formulae Book

4) | x | = x, if x > 0; and
= –x, if x < 0

5) Where k is a constant,
if | x | < k, then –k < x < k
if | x | > k, then x < –k or x > k

6) Key properties of modulus involving 2 variables are as follows.

1) | x + y | < | x | + | y |
2) | x + y | > | x | – | y |
3) | x – y | > | x | – | y |

7) Where a and b are positive terms and k is a constant,

If a + b = k, then ab is maximum when a = b and ab is minimum when (a – b) is greatest.
If ab = k, then a + b is maximum when (a – b) is greatest and a + b is minimum when a = b

x y z
8) Where x + y + z = k (a constant), the maximum value of xa yb zc is attained when = = .
a b c

3.4 Functions

1) A function is a relationship, where every input has exactly one output. Functions exist only for One-to-
One and Many-to-One relationships.

2.1) Domain is the set of all possible inputs or x-values.

2.2) Co-domain is the set of possible outputs or values of f(x) that is defined by us.
2.3) Range is the set of outputs that are actually generated for the given inputs or domain. These are the
actual values that f(x) can possible take.

3.1) Onto Functions: Every element in the co-domain is related to at least one value in the domain. In this
case, the co-domain is the range.
3.2) Into Functions: There is at least one element in the co-domain that is not related to a value in the
domain. In this case, while the range is a subset of the co-domain, it has fewer values than the co-domain.

4) Function of 2 Sets: A function defined from Set A to a Set B is one wherein every element in A is related
to exactly one element in B.

5.1) Even Function is one where f ( x) = f (−x) .

5.2) Odd Function is one where f ( x) = − f ( x ).

6.1) Greatest integer function of x, also denoted as [x], returns the greatest integer less than or equal to x.
6.2) Least integer function of x, returns the least integer greater than or equal to x.

7) To find the inverse of a function, please adhere to the following

(a) Replace f(x) with y.
(b) Express x in terms of y.
−1
(c) In thee equation, replace x with f ( x) and y with x.

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Formulae Book

3.5 Logarithm

1) If n = a b, then log a n = b

∞ n
x x 2 x3
x
2) e = ∑
n =0 n !
= 1+ x + +
2 ! 3!
+ ...

3)
S.No. Rule

1 log a x is defined where (i) x and a are real numbers, (ii) x > 0 , (iii) a > 0 and a ≠ 1

2 loga 1 = 0

3 loga a = 1

4 log a + log b = log ab

5
log a – log b = log (ab )
6 log ab = b log a

7 1
log b a =
log a b

8 m
log b a m =
n × log b a
n

9 log b a = log c a × logb c

10 log c a
log b a =
log c b

11 loga x
a = x

4) Characteristic is the integer part, before the decimal point, of a logarithm of a number.
Mantissa is the fractional part, after the decimal point, of a logarithm of a number.

5) If the characteristic of a common logarithm is a positive number, say x, then the number of digits of the
number to the left of the decimal point is x + 1.

6) If the characteristic of a common logarithm is a negative number, say x, then the number of zeroes to the
right of the decimal point and before the first non-zero digit is x – 1.

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Formulae Book

4. Modern Maths
4.1 Permutations & Combinations

1) n ! = 1 × 2 ... × n

n n! n n!
2) P r = and C r =
(n − r)! r !(n − r)!

n!
3) Permutation of n elements where a elements are of one kind, b of another kind, etc. is ways.
a ! b ! c !...

4) Similar to the point above, if in an n-letter word, if 1 letter occurs a times, another letter occurs b times,
n!
etc., then number of different n-letter words that can be formed =
a ! b ! c !...

5) Using Blanks: Identify the number of elements that can occupy each blank and multiply them.

6) While using blanks, address or fill up the blanks which have conditions first. E.g., in digits-related
questions, the first digit from the left will have to be a digit other than zero.

7) As a general rule, multiply when And is used and add when Or is used. (Note: Exceptions exist)

8) If n distinct items can each be assigned in r different ways, then this can be done in r n ways.

9) Slotting: We arrange elements without conditions first and then select the slots and then arrange the rest.

10) Conditional Permutation: One approach is to first select the items and then arrange. The other
approach is to use blanks and apply the conditions.

11) Sum of all n-digit numbers using n distinct non-zero digits = (n – 1)! × sum of digits × (111... n times)

12) Path Movement: Use letters to represent the steps or movements and then permute the letters of the
word.

13) n distinct elements can be circularly arranged in (n−1)! ways

(n−1)!
14) If this circle can be reversed, number of such arrangements is
2

15) In a total of n objects, if r are wrongly assigned,

n
Number of such derangements = n C r × D (r) = C r × r ! × 1 − ( 1
+
1 1
− + ...
1! 2! 3! )
n
Pr
16) C r = nC n−r =
n
r!

n (n + 1) (n − 1)
The greatest value of n C r is r = , when n is even and r = or when, n is odd.
2 2 2
n n n n n
17) C 0 + C 1 + C 2 + ... + C n = 2
n
C 0 + C 2 + C 4 + ... = C 1 + C 3 + nC 5 + ... = 2 n−1
n n n n

When n is odd, n C 0 + n C 1 + n C 2 + ... + nC (n −1)/ 2 = nC (n+ 1 )/ 2 + n C (n+ 3)/2 + ... + nC n = 2 n−1

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Formulae Book

18) Selecting Distinct Elements: If n distinct elements are to be divided into groups with a elements, b
n!
elements, c elements, etc., number of possible selections is
a ! b ! c ! ...

19) Selecting Identical Elements: From n identical elements, the number of ways to make
- 0 or more selections is n + 1 ways; and
- 1 or more selections is n ways.

20) Number of ways n identical items can be divided into r distinct groups is n+ r −1C r −1.

n n+ r −1
21) Number of terms in the expansion of (a 1 + a 2 + ... + a r ) = Cr −1.
2 r n
Number of terms in the expansion of (1 + a + a + ... + a ) is nr – 1.

22) When elements have to be divided into similar groups, then it needs to manually done.
n
23) Maximum Intersection points of n circles of different radii = n(n−1) and n non-concurrent lines = C2

n
24) Maximum lines that can be drawn through 2 or more of non-collinear points = C2
Number of straight lines drawn where through 2 or more of n points where r are collinear = nC2 – rC2 + 1
n
25) Number of triangles drawn from n non-collinear points = C3
n r
Number of triangles drawn from n points, where r points are collinear = C3 − C3

n(n – 3)
26) Number of diagonals of an n-sided polygon =
2
m n
27) From two sets of m parallel lines and n parallel lines, number of parallelograms formed = C 2 × C 2

28) From a larger rectangle with m rows and n columns,

m(m + 1) n(n + 1)
Number of rectangles that can be formed = (1 + 2 + .. + m) (1 + 2 + ... + n) = ×
2 2

Number of squares that can be formed = mn + ( m – 1)(n – 1) + (m – 2)(n – 2) + ...

29) From a larger square with n rows and n columns,

Number of rectangles that can be formed = (
n(n + 1) 2
2 )
n(n + 1)(2 n + 1)
Number of squares that can be formed = n 2 + (n – 1)2 + ... + 1 =
6

4.2 Probability
Number of favourable outcomes n (E)
1) P(E) = =
Total possible outcomes n(S)

2) Basic Properties
(a) 0 < P(E) < 1
(b) P(E) = 1 − P(E)
(c) P(A ∪ B) = P (A) + P(B) − P (A ∩ B)

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Formulae Book

3) Mutually exclusive events are those where only one of them can occur at a time, i.e., P (A ∩ B) = 0

4) Non-mutually exclusive events are those where more than 1 event can occur at a time, i.e. P (A ∩ B) ≠ 0

5) Probability of occurrence of two independent events (A and B) is P(A and B) = P(A) × P(B)
Probability of both A and B not occurring is P(A and B) = (1 − P(A)) × (1 − P(B))

6) Independent Events with 2 outcomes: P(A occurring r times out of a total n ) = nCr [P(A)]r [P(B)]n – r

7) Dependent Events: P(A and B and C and ...) = P(A) × P(B given A) × P (C given A and B) × ...

8) P(A / B) is the Conditional Probability of an event A occurring given that an event B has already
occurred.

P(A ∩ B) n(A ∩ B)
P(A / B) = =
P(B) n(B)

9) Odds for an event is the ratio of favourable to unfavourable cases.

Odds against an event is the ratio of unfavourable to favourable cases.

4.3 Sequences & Progressions

1) Where a and d are the first term and common difference respectively in an AP with n terms,
(a) nth term = a + (n – 1)d
x1 + x n
(b) Average of an AP = Average of First and Last terms =
2
(c) Sum of terms of an AP = Sn = n × (
x1 + xn
2
n
)
= × [2 a + (n – 1) d ]
2
Last Term − First Term xn − x1
(d) Number of terms in an AP = n = + 1= +1
Common Difference d

2) Where a and r are the first term and common ratio respectively in a GP with n terms,
(a) nth term = ar(n – 1)
(b) Geometric Mean of GP = GM of First and Last terms = √x1 × x n = √a × a r (n – 1)=a r(n –1 )/2
n
a (r – 1)
(c) Sum of n terms of a GP = Sn =
(r − 1)
a
(d) If a GP has infinite terms and 0 < r < 1, then Sum of infinite terms of the GP =
(1 − r)

1 1 1 1
3) A sequence x1 , x 2 , x3 , ... , x n is said to be in Harmonic Progression if , , , ... , are in
x1 x 2 x 3 xn
Arithmetic Progression.
1 1 1 1 2 ac
(a) If a, b, c are in HP, then – = – and b =
b a c b a+ c
(b) In an HP, the middle term is the Harmonic Mean.

n(n + 1)
4) Sum of first n natural numbers =
2

n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
5) Sum of squares of first n natural numbers =
6

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Formulae Book

[ ]
2
n(n + 1)
6) Sum of cubes of first n natural numbers =
2

2
7) Sum of first n even numbers = n(n + 1) and Sum of first n odd numbers = n

4.4 Set Theory

1) n(A ∪ B) = n( A) + n(B) − n(A ∩ B)

2) n(A ∪ B ∪ C) = n(A) + n( B) + n(C) – n(A ∩ B) – n (B ∩ C) – n(C ∩ A) + n(A ∩ B ∩ C)

3) Where P, Q and R are the number of elements in exactly 1, exactly 2 and all 3 sets respectively,
(a) n(A ∪ B ∪ C) = P + Q + R
(b) n(A) + n(B) + n(C) = P + 2Q + 3R

4) Where P, Q, R and S are the number of elements in exactly 1, exactly 2, exactly 3 and all 4 sets
respectively,
(a) n(A ∪ B ∪ C ∪ D) = P + Q + R + S
(b) n(A) + n(B) + n(C) + n(D) = P + 2Q + 3R + 4S

5) When number of elements in each set (i.e., n(A), n(B), ...) and that of universal set (i.e., n(U)) are given,
then
1) Maximum number of elements in all sets = Minimum of (n(A), n(B), ...)
2) Minimum number of elements in all sets = U – (n(A) + n(B) + ...)

(Note: n(A) = 100 – n(A), n(B) = 100 – n(B), ...)

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Formulae Book

5. Geometry
5.1 Lines & Triangles

1) Sum of any 2 sides of a triangle is always greater than the third side.

2) Number of triangles with integral sides, where the perimeter p is even = [ ]

p2
48
and p is odd = [
( p + 3)2
48 ]
rounded to the nearest integer.

3) Sum of the interior and exterior angles of a triangle are 1800 and 3600 respectively.

4) Exterior angle of a triangle = Sum of its opposite interior angles

5) Where a is the longest side of a triangle, in a(n)

➢ Acute Angled Triangle, a2 < b2 + c2
➢ Obtuse Angled Triangle, a2 > b2 + c2
➢ Right Angled Triangle, a2 = b2 + c2

6) In Δ ABC, if the altitude AD lies

➢ inside the triangle, then AC2 = AB2 + BC2 − (2 × BD × BC)
➢ outside the triangle, then AC2 = AB2 + BC 2 + (2 × BD × BC)

7) The points where the altitudes meet is called the orthocentre, where the perpendicular bisectors meet is
called the circumcentre, where the angle bisectors meet is called the incentre and medians meet is called
the centroid.

1 1 abc
8) Area of Triangle = b h = √s(s − a)( s − b)(s − c) = a b sin θ = r × s =
2 2 4R

a b c b2 + c2 − a2
9) Sine Rule: = = and Cosine Rule: cos A =
sin A sin B sin C 2 bc

b
11) In an isosceles triangle, Area =
4
√4 a 2 − b2, where a is the length of the equal sides.
12) In an equilateral triangle where a is the length of a side, Area =
√3 a 2 , Height = h = √3 a ,
4 2
1 a 2 a
Inradius = × h = , Circumradius: × h =
3 2 √3 3 √3
13) In Right-angled triangles Δ ABC, where AC is the hypotenuse,
1
Pythagoras Theorem: AB2 + BC2 = AC 2 ; Area of Δ ABC = × AB × BC
2
AC AB + BC – AC
Circumradius = ; Inradius =
2 2

14) Where the angles of a right-angled triangle are

➢ 300 – 600 – 900, then sides opposite them are in the ratio 1 : √3 : 2 .
➢ 450 – 450 – 900, then sides opposite them are in the ratio 1 : 1 : √2 .

15) Apollonius Theorem: In Δ ABC, where AD is the median, AB2 + AC2 = 2(AD2 + BD2)

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Formulae Book

16) Extension of Apollonius Theorem: In Δ ABC, where AD, BE and CF are the medians,
3
AD2 + BE2 + CF2 = (AB2 + BC2 + AC2)
4
AB BD
17) Interior Angle Bisector Theorem: In Δ ABC, where AD is the interior angle bisector, =
AC CD

18) Exterior Angle Bisector Theorem: In Δ ABC, where AD is the external angle bisector of ∠A and D is a
AB BD
point on extended BC, =
AC CD

19) Basic Proportionality Theorem: A line drawn parallel to one of the sides cuts the other 2 sides in the
AD AE
same ratio, i.e. in Δ ABC , if DE | | BC, then =
DB EC

20) Midpoint Theorem: The line joining the mid-points of any 2 sides of a triangle will be parallel to the
third side.
Likewise, if a line bisects one side and is parallel to another side of a triangle, then it bisects the third side.

21) Congruency Rules are SSS, SAS, ASA and RHS.

22) Similarity Rules are SSS, SAS and AA.

23) When Δ ABC ∼ Δ DEF, the following are to be noted.

AB BC CA
➢ = =
DE EF FD

➢ Ratio of Sides = Ratio of Perimeters = Ratio of Altitudes = Ratio of Medians = Ratio of Angle Bisectors =
Ratio of Perpendicular Bisectors = Ratio of Inradii = Ratio of Circumradii

area (Δ ABC) AB 2 BC2 CA 2

➢ = = =
area (Δ DEF) DE 2 EF2 FD 2

5.2 Quadrilaterals
1) Sum of interior angles of an n-sided polygon = (n – 2) × 1800
0
2) Sum of exterior angles of an n-sided polygon = 360

n (n – 3)
3) Number of diagonals in an n-sided polygon =
2

4) In a concave polygon, at least one angle measures more than 180 0, whereas all angles measure less than
1800 in a convex polygon.

(n – 2) × 1800 3600
5) In regular polygons, Each Interior Angle = ; Each Exterior Angle =
n n

1 1
6) Area of n-sided regular polygon = n × × a × h = nah
2 2

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Formulae Book

7) The following are select properties/formulae for certain quadrilaterals.

Type Perimeter Area Properties

Quadrilateral Sum of sides 1 Sum of the interior angles of a quadrilateral equals
× d × (h1 + h 2)
2 3600
Parallelogram 2(a + b) bh = absin θ 1) Opposite sides are equal, Opposite angles are equal
2) Sum of adjacent angles is 1800
3) Diagonals bisect each other
4) Sum of squares of diagonals = Sum of squares of
sides
Rhombus 4a 1 All the properties of parallelogram and
bh = d d
2 1 2 1) All sides are equal
2) Diagonals bisect each other at 900
3) Circle can be inscribed
Rectangle 2(l + b) lb All the properties of parallelogram and
1) All angles are equal and 900
2) Diagonals are equal and bisect each other
3) Circle can be circumscribed
Square 4a a2 All the properties of Rectangle & Rhombus
Trapezium Sum of sides 1 1) The triangles formed by the Diagonals along
h (b 1 + b 2)
2 parallel sides of a trapezium are similar triangles
2) Diagonals divide each other in the same proportion
Kite 2(a + b) 1 1) 2 pairs of adjacent sides are equal
absin θ = d d
2 1 2 2) Diagonals intersect at 900

5.3 Circles
1) Area & Circumference
2
Circumference of a circle = 2 π r Area of a circle = π r
0 0
Circumference of an arc = θ 0 2 π r Area of a sector = θ 0 π r 2
360 360

2) Chord Properties
(a) A line drawn from the centre of a circle to a chord's midpoint is perpendicular to the chord & vice-versa.
(b) Equal chords subtend equal angles at the centre.
(c) Equal chords subtend equal angles on the circle along their respective major or minor arcs.
(d) Equal chords are equidistant from the centre of the circle & vice-versa.
(e) When two chords AB and CD intersect at O, then AO × BO = CO × DO.

3) Angle Properties
(a) All angles subtended by an arc on the same side of its segment are equal.
(b) Angles subtended by the end points of the diameter at any point on circle is 90 0.
(c) Angles subtended by two points of the circle at the centre is twice the angle subtended by those two
points at any other point in the major segment, i.e., Central Angle = 2 × Inscribed Angle .

4) Cyclic Quadrilateral: A quadrilateral which can be circumscribed by a circle

(a) the sum of opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are equal and add up to 180 0.
(b) The exterior angle of a quadrilateral is equal to the interior opposite angle.
(c) Where AC and BD are the diagonals of Cyclic Quadrilateral ABCD, AC × BD = AB × CD + BC × DA
(d) Area = √( s − a)( s − b)( s − c)( s − d )

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Formulae Book

5) Tangential Quadrilateral: A quadrilateral which can be inscribed by a circle, wherein the sides are the
tangents of a circle. The sum of opposite sides of a tangential quadrilateral are equal.

6) Tangents:
(a) From any external point, exactly two tangents can be drawn to meet a circle, whose lengths are equal.
(b) From any point on a circle, only one tangent can be drawn.
(c) The line joining the centre to the tangential point is perpendicular to the tangent.
(d) If two tangents are drawn to a circle from an external point, then the line joining the the centre of the
circle and this external point,
(i) bisects the angle subtended by the tangents at the external point
(ii) bisects the central angle formed by the points where the common tangents touch the circle
(iii) is perpendicular to the line joining the points where the common tangents touch the circle
2
(e) Where PT is the tangent and PB is the secant intersecting the circle at A and B, PT = PA × PB
(f) The angle subtended by a chord and a tangent on one side equals the angle subtended by the chord in the
alternate segment.

7) Where AB and CD are the direct tangents, and EF and GH are the transverse tangents and where r1 & r2
are the radii of the circles with O & P as centres,
AB2 = CD2 = OP2 – (r1 – r2)2
EF2 = GH2 = OP2 – (r1 + r2)2

5.4 Mensuration

1) 2-D Mensuration

Shape Perimeter Area

1 1
× b × h = × ab × sin θ
2 2
Scalene Triangle a+b+c = √s( s − a)( s − b)( s − c)
abc
= = s× r
4R
2a + b b
× √4 a – b
2 2
Isosceles Triangle
4

Equilateral Triangle
3a √3 a2
4
1
Quadrilateral AB + BC + CD + DA × AC × (h1 × h2 )
2
Parallelogram 2(a + b) b×h
1
Rhombus 4a × d1 × d 2
2
Rectangle 2(l + b) lb
2
Square 4a a
1
Trapezium AB + BC + CD + AD h (a + b)
2
Circle 2πr πr
2

1 2
Semi Circle πr + 2r πr
2

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Formulae Book

2) 3-d Mensuration

Shape CSA/LSA (Curved TSA (Total surface area) Volume

surface area/Lateral
surface area)
Cuboid 2(l + b)h 2(lb + bh + hl) lbh
2 2 3
Cube 4a 6a a
Right circular 2πr h 2 π r (h + r) πr h
2

cylinder
Right circular cone πrl π r (l + r) 1 2
πr h
3
2 2
Sphere 4π r 4π r 4 3
πr
3
2 2
Hemisphere 2πr 3π r 2 3
πr
3
Frustum π (r + R)l LSA + π [ R + r ]
2 2 π h(r 2 + Rr + R 2 )
3
2 2
= π (r + R)l + π [ R + r ]
Prism Perimeter of the Base Lateral surface area + 2(area Area of base × height
× height of base)
Pyramid 1 LSA + area of the base 1
× perimeter of the × area of the base × height
2 3
base × slant height

5.5 Trigonometry

1) Ratios
(i) sin θ = opposite side / hypotenuse
(ii) cos θ = adjacent side / hypotenuse
(iii) tan θ = opposite side / adjacent side
(iv) 300-600-900 = 1 : √3 : 2
(v) 450-450-900 = 1 : 1 : √2

2) Basic Formulae
sin θ 1 1
(i) tan θ = , cosec θ = , sec θ =
cos θ sin θ cos θ
(ii) sin 2 θ + cos2 θ = 1

3) Additional Formulae
(i) sin ( A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B
(ii) sin ( A − B) = sin A cos B − cos A sin B
(iii)cos ( A + B) = cos A cos B − sin A sin B
(iv)cos ( A − B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B
tan A + tan B
(v) tan( A + B ) =
1 − tan A tan B
tan A − tan B
(vi) tan( A − B ) =
1 + tan A tan B
(vii) sin 2A = 2sin A cos A
C+ D C –D
(viii) sin C + sin D = 2sin cos
2 2

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Formulae Book

C+ D C−D
(ix) sin C − sin D = 2 cos sin
2 2
C+ D C−D
(x) cos C + cos D = 2 cos cos
2 2
D+ C D−C
(xi) cos C − cos D = 2 sin sin
2 2

5.6 Coordinate Geometry

1) A line is expressed as ax + by + c = 0 or y = mx + c, where m is the slope and c is the y-intercept.

y 2 − y1
2) If a line passes through (x1, y1) and (x2, y2), then m =
x 2 − x1

x y
3) Where p and q are the x & y intercepts, equation of the line is + =1
p q

4) Where m1 and m2 are the slopes of 2 lines, they are parallel if m1 = m2 and perpendicular if m1m2 = –1

5) If A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2) are the end points of a line, mid-point of line = (x +2 x , y +2 y )
2 1 2 1

6) The coordinates of point P that divides AB internally in m : n = (mxm++ nnx , mym++ nny )
2 1 2 1

7) Distance between points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) is √( x 2 − x 1) + ( y 2 − y 1)

2 2

∣ax1 + by 1 + c∣
8) Distance between point (x1, y1) and line ax + by + c = 0 is
√a 2 + b2

∣c1−c 2∣
9) Distance between parallel lines ax + by + c1 = 0 and ax + by + c2 = 0 is
√a 2+ b 2

10) If θ is angle between lines, tan θ = ±

( m2−m1
1+ m1 m2 )
11) For a triangle PQR with coordinates of vertices as P(x 1, y1), Q(x2, y2), R(x3, y3)

11.1) Centroid is (x + x3 + x , y + y3 + y )
1 2 3 1 2 3

1
11.2) Area is [ x ( y −y )+ x 2 ( y 3−y 1)+ x 3 ( y 1−y 2 )]
2 1 2 3
2 2
12) The equation of a circle with centre at coordinates (a, b) and radius r is ( x – a) + ( y – b) = r 2

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